The course approches the philosophy of medicine starting from Georges Canguilhem and Michel Foucault. Issues taken in exam will be, among others, nature, body, clinacal eye and healing.

Module A:

M. Foucault, Nascita della clinica, Einaudi.
G. Canguilhem, Sulla medicina, Einaudi.

Module B:

M. Foucault, Gli anormali, Feltrinelli.
G. Canguilhem, Il normale e il patologico, Einaudi.

We will discuss the contribution that physics can give to the fundamental question of metaphysics, namely why is there something rather than nothing? More in general, the course will focus on the history and philosophy of space and time, giving particular emphasis to the relationship between physical and experiential time. Within this relationship, the nature of the present moment is particularly important: while physics can safely ignore such a moment, in our experience it separates an immutable past from a future that is not conceived deterministically or fatalistically, but is rather regarded as open to our free decisions. We will read excerpts of classics authors in the history of philosophy that have dealt in particular with these questions.

i seguenti testi in inglese sono alternativi a quelli in italiano
1. Peter Lewis, Quantum Ontology. A guide to the metaphysics of quantum mechanics, 2016, in alternativa per chi non legge l’inglese Ghirardi G.C. Un occhiata alle carte di Dio. Il Saggiatore, 2002
2. Franck Lalöe, Do we really understand quantum mechanics? In alternativa David Albert, Meccanica quantistica e senso comune, Adelphi, 2003
3. Dispense del docente disponibili in rete sul suo sito didattico

The course opens with the presentation of the meaning and character of the philosophy of enlightenment through the reference and reading of texts by authors involved in the debate on the definition of Enlightenment, with particular attention to the issue of tolerance and religious freedom. The lessons will continue with the deepening of the relationship of the Enlightenment thought with the historical, theological and political reality of the Jewish people. Ample space will be reserved for the treatment of Voltaire's complex relationship with Judaism, by reading a series of texts by this author and discussing the main interpretations of scholars in this regard.

A.
E. Tortarolo, L’illuminismo: ragioni e dubbi della modernità, Roma, Carocci, 1999 (and subsequent reprints)
Voltaire, Trattato sulla tolleranza (erecommended edition: a cura di L. Bianchi, Milano, Feltrinelli, 1995 (and subsequent reprints)
Voltaire, voce «Ebrei» del Dizionario filosofico (recommended edition: a cura di D. Felice e R. Campi, Milano, Bompiani, 2015, pp. 2102-2141, with French text in front)
Voltaire, Lettera del signor Clocpicre al signor Eratou sulla questione se gli Ebrei abbiano mangiato carne umana e come l’abbiano cucinata (recommended edition: Gli ebrei mangiavano carne umana? E come la preparavano? A cura di A. Gurrado, Genova, Il Melangolo, 2015, 61 pp., with French text in front)
Voltaire, Sermone del rabbino Akib, pronunziato a Smirne il 20 novembre 1761 (tradotto dall’ebraico) (9 pp. text made available in the download area of the teacher in Italian translation)

B. One book at your choice between:
J. Israel, Una rivoluzione della mente. L’illuminismo radicale e le origini della democrazia moderna, Torino, Einaudi, 2011
D. Outram, L’illuminismo, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2006
G. Paganini, E. Tortarolo (a cura di), Illuminismo. Un vademecum, Torino, Bollati Boringhieri, 2008
A. Tagliapietra (a cura di), Che cos’è l’illuminismo? I testi e la genealogia del concetto, Milano, Bruno Mondadori, 2000 (new ed.: Pearson, 2010)

C. Any materials made available by the teacher in the download area of his personal page on the site of the Department.

The course intends to rediscover the fundamental features of the political philosophy of Thomas Aquinas, with particular emphasis on the interpretation of the notions of nature, society, property, citizenship and sovereignty offered by the philosophy of Aristotle.

J. Miethke, Le teorie politiche nel Medioevo, Marietti 2001.
W. Ullmann, Principi di Governo e politica nel Medioevo, Il Mulino1972.
Tommaso D'Aquino, Opuscoli politici, ESD 1997.
Tommaso d'Aquino, Commento alla Politica di Aristotele, EDS 1996.

Power and medicine

Analysis of the modern and contemporary concepts of:
- lite and death
- body
- norm
- medicalization

M. Foucault, Nascita della clinica, Einaudi.
I.Heat, Modi di morire, Bollati Boringhieri.
I.Heath, Contro il mercato della salute, Bollati Boringhieri.

Thinking within the Revolution

The course will investigate the relationships between thinking and social, political transformation processes. In fact, on the one hand, thinking and conceputalisation go beyond the contingency of action and the immediate present time, while on the other hand, there are peculiar forms of social change that are creating new thinking patterns.

The course will consider five different revolutionary periods - English Revolution (1640-1651); French Revolution; 1848 and the Paris Commune (1871); Russian Revolutions (1905 and 1917); the long '68 - through a selected literature relating to each period.

1. La rivoluzione inglese del 1640
Harrington J., La Repubblica di Oceana, UTET;
Revelli M. (a cura di), Putney. Alle radici della democrazia moderna, Baldini&Castoldi;
Astell, M., materiali scaricabili qui: http://www.comunicazione.uniroma3.it/it/download/2228

2. La rivoluzione francese
Saint-Just L., Frammenti sulle Istituzione repubblicane, Einaudi;
Olympe de Gouges, Dichiarazione dei diritti della donna e della cittadina, il melangolo;
de Maistre J.-M., Saggio sul principio generatore delle costituzioni politiche, Il Cerchio;

3. Dal 1848 alla Comune di Parigi
Engels F., Marx K., Il Manifesto comunista, nuova edizione e commento a cura di “C17”, Ponte alle Grazie;
Michel, Louise, La Comune, Editori Riuniti, capp. III, IV, V;
Marx K., La guerra civile in Francia, Editori Riuniti;

4. La rivoluzione russa, dal 1905 al 1917
Luxemburg R., Sciopero generale, partito e sindacati, in Scritti politici, Editori Riuniti;
Lenin V.I., Stato e rivoluzione, Editori Riuniti;
Schmitt C., Sul concetto di «politico», il Mulino;

5. Il lungo Sessantotto
Rivolta Femminile, Manifesto; Lonzi C., Sputiamo su Hegel. in Lonzi C., Sputiamo su Hegel e altri scritti, et al.;
Tronti M., Lenin in Inghilterra, in Operai e Capitale, Derive Approdi;
Krahl H.-J., Tesi sul rapporto generale tra intellighenzia scientifica e coscienza di classe proletaria, in Attualità della rivoluzione, manifestolibri.

Testi di accompagnamento:
Introduzione di G. Schiavone a S. Harrington, Oceana
Wu Ming, L'armata dei sonnambuli
C17, Note storiche a K.Marx, F. Engels, Manifesto dei comunisti
L. Trotskij, Storia della rivoluzione russa
F. Giardini, Concepire la trasformazione. Tra pensiero affermativo e vita concettuale (reperibile on line)
A. Negri, Il potere costituente

Political history of Russia (and the Soviet Union) in the twentieth century.
The course will address the main themes of the Russian (Soviet) history of the twentieth century, from the revolution of 1905 to the nineties marked by the transition from the USSR to Russia. They will be treated, with an interdisciplinary approach, political, economic, cultural, social and military aspects.

- one book among:
A. Graziosi, L’URSS di Lenin e Stalin. Storia dell’Unione Sovietica 1914-1945;
A. Graziosi, L’Unione Sovietica 1914-1991, Il Mulino;
N. Werth, Storia della Russia nel Novecento, Il Mulino;
A. Roccucci, Stalin e il patriarca. La Chiesa ortodossa e il potere sovietico 1917-1958, Einaudi.

- S. Aleksievic, La guerra non ha un volto di donna. L’epopea delle donne sovietiche nella seconda guerra mondiale, Bompiani

The origins of modern physics: matter, motion, void and forces (16th to 18th century)

Texts from:

Galileo Galilei, Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche;
René Descartes, Principia philosophiae;
Robert Boyle, The origin of forms and qualities;
Isaac Newton, De gravitatione et aequipondio fluidorum;
Isaac Newton, Principia mathematica;
Isaac Newton Opticks;
Leibniz, Hypothesis physica nova.

Emotions: definition, biological and social functions, types, regulation, expression and communication. Basic emotions, image, cognitive, social, moral emotions. Their relationships with interpersonal interaction and relations, on the job, in teaching and learning, politics, art, music, entertainment.

A. D’Urso V. e Trentin R.: Introduzione alla psicologia delle emozioni. Laterza, Bari 2006.
B. Poggi I. (a cura di): La mente del cuore. Armando, Roma 2008.
C. Un libro (o serie di articoli) a scelta fra le voci del seguente elenco:

1. Castelfranchi C. Che figura. Emozioni e immagine sociale. Il Mulino, Bologna 2005.
2. Levorato M.C.: Le emozioni della lettura. Mulino, Bologna, 1999.
3. Gallese V. e Guerra M.: Lo schermo empatico. Cinema e neuroscienze. Raffaello Cortina, Milano 2015.
4. Boulez P., Changeux J.P. e Manoury P.: I neuroni magici. Musica e cervello. Carocci, Roma 2016.
5. Nussbaum, M. L’intelligenza delle emozioni. Il Mulino, Bologna 2013.
6. Matarazzo O. e Zammuner V. (a cura di). La regolazione delle emozioni. Il Mulino, Bologna 2012.
7. Ledoux J. Il cervello emotivo. Baldini e Castoldi, Milano 2005.
8. Damasio A.R. Emozione e coscienza. Adelphi, Milano 2010.
9. Maturana H.R e Dàvila X. Emozione e linguaggio in educazione e politica. Elèutera, Milano 2015.
10. Miceli M. e Castelfranchi C. Expectancy and Emotion. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2013.
11. D’Amico A.: Intelligenza emotiva e metaemotiva. Il Mulino, Bologna. 2018.

12. 4 articoli scelti fra i seguenti, scaricabili dal link:
http://www.comunicazione.uniroma3.it/it/page/25/_/___22


Castelfranchi C. & Poggi I. (1990): "Blushing as a Discourse: Was Darwin Wrong?". In R.Crozier (Ed.) Shyness and Embarrassment. Perspectives from social Psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990, pp.230-251.

Poggi I. & Zuccaro V.: “Admiration”. Proceedings of the Workshop AFFINE: Affective Interaction in Natural Environment, Post-conference workshop of ICMI 2008, Chania, Crete, 24 sept. 2008.

Poggi I. & D’Errico F., (2009) “The mental ingredients of Bitterness”. Journal of multimodal user interface. Springer. DOI: 10.1007/s12193-009-0021-9

Poggi I, D’Errico F (2012) Pride and its expression in political debates. In Paglieri F, Tummolini L, Falcone R & Miceli M (eds) The goals of cognition. Festschrift for Cristiano Castelfranchi, London College Publications, London, pp. 221-253; 978-1-84890-094-3.

D’Errico F., Poggi I. (2014) Acidity. Emotional causes, effects, and multimodal communication. In A. Freitas-Magalhães (Ed.), Emotional Expression: The Brain and The Face (Vol.5). Porto: University Fernando Pessoa Press, pp.341-368.

D’Errico Francesca, Poggi Isabella (2016). Social emotions. A challenge for sentiment analysis and User Models. In: D’Errico F. Poggi I. (a cura di): Tkalčič M. De Carolis B. de Gemmis M. Odić A. Košir A., Emotions and Personality in Personalized Services. Models, Evaluation and Applications. vol. Social Emotions. A Challenge for Sentiment Analysis and User Models, Berlin:Springer International Publishing, ISBN: 978-3-319-31411-2, doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-31413-6

Poggi I. e Magno Caldognetto E.: “Il parlato emotivo. Aspetti cognitivi, linguistici e fonetici”. Atti del Convegno Il parlato italiano. Napoli, 12-15 febbraio 2003. Napoli, D’Auria. CdRom, 2004.

Poggi I., Pelachaud, C. & De Carolis B. (2001): “To display or not to display? Towards the architecture of a Reflexive Agent”. Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Attitude, “Personality and Emotions in User-adapted Interaction”. User Modeling 2001, Sonthofen (Germany), 13-17 July 2001.

Poggi I., and D’Errico, F. (2018): “Feeling offended”. A Blow to Our Image and Our Social Relationships. Frontiers in Psychology. January 17, 2018. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02221/full

Experiences of narrative in contemporary literature and film.

Texts
A. Mazzarella, La grande rete della scrittura, Bollati Boringhieri, Torino 2008.

I. Calvino, Palomar, Mondadori, Milano 2016.

I. Calvino, Lezioni americane, Mondadori, Milano 2016.

Filmography

I. Bergman, Il posto delle fragole (1957);

A. e L. Wachowski, Matrix (1999).

Introduction to and critical assessment of philosophical questions concerning inductive reasoning, the problem of induction and alleged solutions to it

D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, ed. Selby-Bigge (Clarendon) or Norton and Norton (Oxford University Press), book I, part I and part III
N. Goodman, Fact, Fiction and Forecast, Harvard University Press, chs. 1-3
K.R. Popper, Conjectural Knowledge: My Solution to the Problem of Induction, in Revue Internationale de Philosophie, XXV, 95-96, 1-2 (1971), or in Objective Knowledge. An Evolutionary Approach, Oxford University Press
I. Hacking, An Introduction to Probability and Inductive Logic, Cambridge University Press, chs. 13-22
Additional material may be indicated by the lecturer during the course

Knowledge and critical evaluation of some theoretical-ethical questions of Kant's philosophy in the history of contemporary European and American philosophy.
The course aims to offer a critical reflection on Kant's categories of world, action, morality interpreted by contemporary thinkers McDowell, Simmel, Nancy.
The lessons start from the role of the concept of the world in McDowell's Kantian exegesis and then critically investigate the distance from the world in Kantian morality according to the Berlin Lessons of Simmel dedicated to Kant and offer critical ideas derived from the particular analysis of the concept of categorical imperative developed by Nancy.

John McDowell, Mind and World, 1999;
Georg Simmel, Kant: Sixteen Lectures in Berlin, 1999;
Jean-Luc Nancy, The Categorical Imperative, 2007 or 2011.

This course will provide students with an introduction to some of the main topics in philosophy of mind. The course will be broken down into two parts. In the first part, we will look mostly at recent versions of “functionalist” theories of mind. On the basis of that introduction and overview, we shall then discuss a series of very recent debates in the philosophy of mind that centre around the view that the mind is a physical and naturally evolved computational device.

M. Di Francesco, M. Marraffa e A. Tomasetta, Introduzione alla filosofia della mente, Carocci, Roma 2017.

Genealogy of the Homo Œconomicus's Autonomy

The course reconstructs the process of formation of the individual's enterprise autonomy, going back to the crisis context of 19th-century Paris. Through the interpretations of Walter Benjamin and Michel Foucault, the second module focuses on the figure of Charles Baudelaire as paradigmatic of the production process of the self.

- Karl Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon (any edition).
- Dario Gentili, Crisis as Art of Government, Verso, London-New York 2018.
- Walter Benjamin, Charles Baudelaire: A Lyric Poet in the Era of High Capitalism, Verso, London-New York 1997.
- Michel Foucault, “What is Enlightenment?” In The Foucault Reader, by P. Rabinow, pp. 32-50. Pantheon Books, 1984.

Reading of two greek tragedies. General informations conecerning attic tragedy. Direct knowledge of Aristotle's Poetics. Aristotle Poetics and ancient aesthetics.

Aristotele, Poetica, edited by G. Paduano, Bari, Laterza
U. von Wilamowitz, Che cos'è una tragedia attica, Brescia, La Scuola
G. Lombardo, L'estetica antica, Bologna, Il Mulino.
Sofocle, Edipo Re, every edition
Euripide, Medea, every edition

Marxism and Philosophy of Language

The course proposes two distinct and correlated objectives: to reconstruct the role that verbal language plays in philosophical anthropology and in the philosophy of mind of Karl Marx; evaluate the relationship between Marxism and the main trends of modern and contemporary philosophy of language.

Program Module A "Historical Materialism and Verbal Launguage":

P. Virno, Notes on Marx philosopher of mind and language (notes of professor). Photocopy avaible.
K. Marx, Thesis on Feuerbach.Photocopy avaible.
K. Marx, F. Engels, The German Ideology, Editori Riuniti, only pp. 4-39. Photocopy avaible.
K. Marx, Capital, Book I, only chapter IV (“Trasformazione del denaro in capitale”) e XI (“Cooperazione”). Photocopy avaible.
K. Marx, Foundamental Lineaments of Economical Policy, La Nuova Italia, 2 voll., only pp. 389-403 of 2° volume (p. 389 from “Finché il mezzo di lavoro…”; p. 403 to “…processo di vita reale”). Photocopy avaible.
V. N. Volosinov, M. Bachtin, Marxism and Philosophy of Language, Piero Manni editore, only chapters: Part I, chap. III; Part II, chap. I, II, III, IV; Part III, chap. I and II.Photocopy avaible.
L. S. Vygotskij, Thought and Language, Laterza, only these parts: Preface, chap. I, chap. II (to p. 60), chap. IV, chap. VII. To purchase.

Program Module B "Language, praxis and policy":

A. Gramsci, Prison Notebooks, Einaudi, only Notebook 29 "Notes on the study of Grammar. Photocopy avaible.
F. Lo Piparo, Gramsci e Wittgenstein. Photocopy avaible..
L. Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, Einaudi, only ai §§ 1-32, 65-98, 198-207, 243-265. To purchase.
P. Virno, La decisione come applicazione di una regola (notes on Wittgenstein). Photocopy avaible.
F. Rossi Landi, Il linguaggio come lavoro e come mercato, Bompiani, only pp. 61-104. Photocopy avaible.
P. Virno, Lavoro e linguaggio, in A. Zanini e U. Fadini (a cura di), Lessico postfordista, Feltrinelli, pp. 181-5. Photocopy avaible.
L. S. Vygotskij, Tool an symbol in child development, in Id. The cognitive process, Bollati Boringhieri, pp. 35-51. Photocopy avaible.
N. Chomsky, M. Foucault, On Human Nature. Invariante biologico e potere politico, Derive Approdi. Photocopy avaible.
N. Chomsky, Language and Freedom, in Id., Language and Freedom. Behind the masks of Ideology, il Saggiatore Net, pp. 215-234. Photocopy avaible.
P. Virno, When verb becomes flesh. Language and Human Nature, Bollati Boringhieri, only chap. 6° (“Natural History”). Photocopy avaible.

Aristotle on demonstrative science (Posterior Analytics 1.1-6)

[a] Aristotle, Posterior Analytics, Translated with a Commentary by J. Barnes, Clarendon Press, Oxford 2002 (second edition), pp. xi-xxv (Introduction); 1-12 (ch. 1-6); 81-130 (Commentary).

[b] A. Marmodoro – E. Mayr, Breve introduzione alla metafisica, Carocci, Roma, 2017.
M. Vegetti – F. Ademollo, Incontro con Aristotele, Einaudi, Torino, 2016.
R. Smith, Aristotle’s Logic, “The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2018 Edition)”, Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = .
H. Mendell, Aristotle and Mathematics, “The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2017 Edition)”, Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = .

[c] Una tesina in italiano o in inglese (3500 parole ca.). Il tema e la bibliografia di riferimento devono essere concordati con il docente.
Students are requested to write a paper, in Italian or in English (ca 3500 words). For further information please contact Prof. R. Chiaradonna.

There will be analyzed some particularly important female figures who played an important role between the end of the Republic and the first decades of the Principality, first of all Livia and Antonia Minore. Their role will also be reconstructed with respect to the question of dynastic succession.

Svetonio- Vita di Augusto e di Tiberio (qualsiasi edizione)


P. Arena- A. Marcone- Augusto e la creazione del Principato. La questione dinastica, Le Monnier Università, Milano 2018
A. Momigliano, L'opera dell'imperatore Claudio (nuova ed. a cura di D. Faoro), Jouvence, Napoli 2016

G. Geraci-A. Marcone, Storia romana, Editio Maior, Roma-Bari 2017

Bibliografia aggiuntiva per i non frequentanti

P. Buongiorno, Claudio, Il principe inatteso, 21 Editore, Palermo 2017.

F. Guidetti, L'Impero romano in 100 date, Dalla Porta, Pisa 2016.

"Cruel Venus": Seneca's Phaedra. In the course a full setting of the latin tragedy will be offered, together with a close reading in latin, an italian interpretation and a commentary of Seneca's play, paying particular attention to aspects of dramaturgy and poetic shape (models, esp. Euripides' Hippolytus, metrics, style).

- Seneca, Fedra, introduzione, traduzione e commento a cura di A. Casamento, Roma, Carocci, 2011
- Further bibliography will be given at the beginning of the course.

The sophistic movement was a cultural and intellectual revolution in fifth-century Athens and Greece. They defied traditional paideia, but unfortunately only a fraction of their texts has been transmitted by ancient sources. A selection of key texts will be the basis for an assessment of crucial aspects of the sophistic revolution (myth, ethics, politics, intellectual paideia). The following texts will be discussed and commented upon in class (the references are to the sixth edition of pre-Socratic philosophers by Diels and Kranz): Protagoras, 80 B1-4, C 1; Gorgias, 82 B 11 (encomium of Helen) and 11a (Palamedes’ apology); Prodicus of Ceos, 84 B 1-2 (Heracles at the crossroads); Thrasymachus, 85 B 1; Antiphon, 87 B 44, 44a, 49, 53, 54, 58-61; Critias, 88 B 1, 2, 4, 5, 25 (from the Sisyphus).

The selection of texts discussed in class will be circulated via the website of the teacher (http://studiumanistici.uniroma3.it/mgiuseppetti/bacheca/). Students are also encouraged to read M. Untersteiner, I sofisti, Mondadori, Milan 1996; M. Bonazzi, I sofisti, Carocci, Rome 2010.

The course deals with the Bretton Woods currency system and the financial and trading networks of the 20th century; special emphasis is given to the problems of the integration of the underdeveloped countries into the global economy.

I. Cycles and trends in the Second World War
- The conversion of war economies and the rise of mixed economies.
II. The circuits of international trade.
- The Marshall Plan, the birth of the European Union and the Comecon.
- The integration of developing countries and neo 70s.
- The return to free trade in the 80s and the birth of the World Trade Organization.
III. Currency systems
- The Bretton Woods currency system.
- Apogee and decline of the gold-dollar standard exchange rate and flexible regional monetary agreements.

For the students following the course:
- L. Conte, V. Torreggiani, Istituzioni, capitali e moneta. Storia dei sistemi finanziari contemporanei, Milano, Mondadori, 2017, capp. 4-5 + Epilogo.
A book to be chosen between:
- H. Van der Wee, L'economia mondiale tra crisi e benessere, Milano, Hoepli, 1998, capp. 1-2 e 7-12.
or
- G. Feliu, C. Sudrià, Introduzione alla storia economica mondiale, Padova, CEDAM, 2013, capp. 12-18.

The students that will not follow the course must add:
- M. Fornasari, La banca, la borsa, lo Stato. Una storia della finanza (secc. XIII-XXI), Torino, Giappichelli, 2017, pp. 154-200.

The course deals with the processes of cooperation for development and the formation of trade regional agreements in Latin American, in the Mediterranean area, in the Near and Far East areas from the early twentieth century to the present.

The course will be organized in seminars: the material to be studied will be distributed by the teacher during the lessons; the students not attending the course are requested to contact the teacher to agree on the texts on which to prepare for the exam.

Towards model theory: some consequences of the compactness theorem

Proof of the compactness theorem for languages of any cardinality. Languages with equality. The compactness theorem for languages with equality. Correctness and completeness for languages with equality. L"owenheim-Skolem's theorem for (denumerable) languages with equality. The limits of the expressive power of first order languages. Elementary equivalence, substructures, elementary substructures. Isomorphsims and elementary equivalence. The notion of substructure. Elementary substructures and diagrams. The preservation theorems. Generalisations of the L"owenheim-Skolem's theorem. Completeness of a theory.

Logic and Arithmetic: incompleteness

Decidability and fundamental results of recursion theory: primitive recursive functions and elementary functions, Ackermann's function and the (partial) recursive functions, arithmetical hierarchy and representation (in N) of recursive functions, arithmetization of syntax, fundamental theorems of recursion theory, decidability, semi-decidability, undecidability.

Peano arithemtic

Peano arithmetic: Peano's axioms, the models of (first order) Peano arithmetic, the representable functions in (first order) Peano arithmetic, incompleteness and undecidability.

V.M. Abrusci, L. Tortora de Falco, Logica Volume 1- Dimostrazioni e modelli al primo
ordine. Springer, (2014).

V.M. Abrusci, L. Tortora de Falco, Logica Volume 2- Incompletezza, teoria assiomatica degli insiemi. Springer, (2018).

An introduction to Data Mining and Data Journalism by means of the Python programming language.

General aspects. Freudian theory of the unconscious. primary process and secondary process. Logic and biologic. Dreams, lips, symptoms and wits.. The cognitive unconscious.
Specific aspects. Unconscious process and process of artistic creation. Analogy and differences. Humor as tertiary process. The freudian concept of historical true. judaism and Christianity in the sought prof Sigmund Freud. Antisemitism and Racism in the sough of Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalytic exploration in art and literature. Psychoanalytic insights on the religious experience.

Freud S. Il disagio della civiltà. In Opere complete, Bollati Boringhieri.
Freud S. L'umorismo. In Opere complete, Bollati Boringhieri.
Freud S. Il motto di spirito. In Opere complete, Bollati Boringhieri.
Meghnagi, S. Interpretare Freud, Venezia, Marsilio, 2003.


Seminario su Trauma psichico e memoria.

First module (6 ECTS)

The first module intends to address the main critical and problematic nodes of early modern history in a perspective aimed at enucleating original characters and identity processes of the European continent. Particular attention will be devoted to the philosophical-political and political-institutional peculiarities that emerged in European states between the end of the 15th and the beginning of the 19th century. From the English Revolutions of the 17th Century and later with the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, parliamentary democracy, secularization, religious tolerance and the recognition of human rights became traditionally not only the key ideas of the definition of "being European", but real universal guiding principles to export and, if necessary, to impose on the rest of the globe. But can we really coincide the advent of modernity with the beginnings of the process of secularization? What was the relationship between Christian churches and modernity? What was the relationship between Catholic Church and human rights since the Lumières century?

Second module (6 ECTS)

According to the definition of the League of Nations, slavery is “the status or condition of a person over whom any or all of the powers attaching to the right of ownership are exercised” (September 25th 1926). Slavery had an enormous importance and impact in the early modern age, but compared to the Atlantic tract, only more recently Mediterranean slavery has received the attention it deserves from historiography. Reductions in slavery are one of the (dramatic) consequences of the stormy relations between Christian states and the Ottoman empire, with repercussions of great importance not only from a social and economic point of view, but also from a religious point of view. The second part of the course intends to focus on the consistent and significant presence of slaves, often of Islamic religion, in the Italian states of the early modern age, as well as the policies posed in this regard to religious minorities moving in the Mediterranean area, such as the moriscos, expelled from the Iberian peninsula since 1609. For the Christian European countries, the Turk is the natural catalyst of an inveterate hatred, an obscure entity ready to destroy their culture and their religion. Yet, starting from the Renaissance, between the European sovereigns (and the Pope, among them) and their archenemies also exchanges and calls for collaboration happened, which provide evidence of the permeability of the borderline between two apparently irreconcilable worlds.

For the first module (6 ECTS)

F. Chabod, Storia dell’idea di Europa, Roma-Bari, Laterza.
P. Prodi, Homo Europaeus, Bologna, Il Mulino
V. Ferrone, Lo strano Illuminismo di Joseph Ratzinger. Chiesa, modernità e diritti dell’uomo, Roma-Bari, Laterza.

For the second module (6 ECTS)

S. Bono, Schiavi. Una storia mediterranea (XVI-XIX secolo), Bologna, Il Mulino.
G. Fiume, Schiavitù mediterranee. Corsari, rinnegati e santi di età moderna, Milano, Mondadori.
B. Pomara Saverino, Rifugiati. I moriscos e l’Italia, Firenze, Firenze University Press (il volume è scaricabile gratuitamente dalla piattaforma Open Access:
http://www.fupress.com/catalogo/rifugiati/3516

Knowledge, deception and self-deception. A pathway to the epistemology of the Self.

A theoretical-historical presentation of the relationship between knowledge, deception and self-deception of the epistemology of the self; a critical analysis of representative texts of the theoretical-methodological issues involved.

Ch. S. Peirce, "Questioni riguardo a certe pretese capacità umane" e "Alcune conseguenze di quattro incapacità" in "Opere", Torino: UTET 2005, pp. 83-105; 107-143.
D. Davidson, "Soggettivo, intersoggettivo, oggettivo", Milano: Raffaele Cortina Editore 2003.
A. O. Rorty, "User-Friendly Self-Deception: A Traveller’s Manual", in C. Martin (a cura di), "The Philosophy of Deception", Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 244-59.
R. M. Calcaterra, G. Marchetti, G. Maddalena (a cura di), "Il pragmatismo. Dalle origini agli sviluppi contemporanei", Roma: Carocci 2015.
R. M.Calcaterra, "Emozioni e sensazioni nella semiotica di Ch. S. Pierce", in Eadem, "Pragmatismo: i valori dell’esperienza", Roma: Carocci 2003, pp. 17-41 (fotocopie disponibili presso la copisteria “Copyando”).

Reccomended Texts:
G. Maddalena, "Peirce", La Scuola 2015.
M. Failla (a cura di), "Inganno e autoinganno", Roma: Fattore Umano Edizioni 2017.
D. Davidson, "Paradoxes of Irrationality", in R. Wollheim, J. Hopkins (eds.), "Philosophical Essays on Freud", New York: Cambridge University Press 1982, pp. 289-305.

The course will try to delineate the possible relationship between Kant's writing on history, politics and right and the concepts of "right" and "justice" in Walter Benjamin's theory of politics of the early Twenties.

We will examinate Kant's writings on history, politics and right, among them them "Metaphysical first Principles of the Doctrine of Right" (in the "Metaphisics of Moral"), "What Is Enlightenment?", "On perpetual Peace", "Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View" and others.
We will relate these writings to Benjamin's writings on politics, among them the "Critique of violence" and the "Theological-political Fragment" (1920-21).

Immanuel Kant, "Scritti di storia, politica e diritto", a cura di Filippo Gonnelli, Laterza, Roma-Bari 1995. (English version)
Immanuel Kant, "La metafisica dei costumi”, Parte prima, "Principi metafisici della dottrina del diritto", pp. 3-51 e paragrafi 43-62, pp. 139-195, Laterza, Bari-Roma, 1991 (or other editions). (English version)
Walter Benjamin, La politica e altri scritti. Frammenti III, cura di Dario Gentili, Mimesis 2016.

Optional: "Massimiliano Tomba, La "vera politica". Kant e Benjamin: la possibilità della giustizia, Quodlibet, Macerata 2006.

The course focuses on language pathologies, with particular attention to the deficits related to the discursive communication. Among the cases discusses, there are the communicative deficits characterizing pathologies such as autism, schizophrenia, and traumatic brain injury. In such cases, as well as in many neuropsychological and psychopathological disorders, the communicative impairments mainly concern the level of discourse and depend on deficits that primarily involve the cognitive dimension, rather than the linguistic one. Thus, the study of discourse disorders is particularly useful to investigate a more general question that is extremely relevant from a theoretical point of view: the relationships between language and cognition.

Mandatory book:

- Adornetti I., 2018, Patologie del linguaggio e della comunicazione. Carocci, Roma

One book among the following:

- Adornetti I., a cura di, 2015, Pragmatica del discorso e della conversazione, Corisco, Roma-Messina.
- Bambini V., 2017, Il cervello pragmatico, Carocci (Le Bussole), Roma.
- Surian, L., 2002, Autismo. Indagini sullo sviluppo mentale, Laterza, Roma-Bari.

A) STRUCTURAL RULES EXPRESSED AS LOGICAL RULES: SEQUENT CALCULUS AND DERIVABILITY IN LINEAR LOGIC
B) POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE: FOCUSED SEQUENT CALCULUS FOR LINEAR LOGIC, LUDICS
C) IMPLICIT COMPLEXITY AND LINEAR LOGIC
D) GEOMETRY OF PROOFS: PROOF NETS IN LINEAR LOGIC
E) INVARIANTS AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERACTION OF PROOFS: COHERENT SPACES, GEOMETRY OF INTERACTION


The course will be held during in the second semester of the academic year 2018-19 (25.02.2019 – 04.04.2019). The course is an introduction to to Linear Logic, given by two teachers
Prof. Jean-Baptiste Joinet (Université Lyon 3, Lyon, France)
Prof. Vito Michele Abrusci (Università Roma Tre, Roma, Italia)

Program
- Provability and proofs in linear logic
- Semantics of provability and semantics of proofs in linear logic
- Complexity and linear logic
- Applications of linear logic

The program will be performed by Jean-Baptiste Joinet in the first part of course and by V. Michele Abrusci in the second part of course, under two complementary approaches

I part: Lectures given by Jean-Baptiste Joinet
25.02.2019, 13:00-16:00
28.02.2019, 11:00-14:00
04.03.2019, 13:00-16:00
07.03.2019, 11:00-14:00
11.03.2019, 13:00-14:00
14.03.2019, 11:00-14:00

II part: Lectures given by Vito Michele Abrusci
18.03.2019, 13:00-16:00
21.03.2019, 11:00-14:00
25.03.2019, 13:00-16:00
28.03.2019, 11:00-14:00
01.04.2019, 13:00-16:00
04.04.2019, 11:00-14:00

Lectures will be held at the following address
Scuola di Lettere Filosofia Lingua
Via Ostiense 234
Roma
Metro B : Marconi

Languages: Italian and English

Participation is free. Those interested in participating are invited to communicate their name to the address vitomichele.abrusci@uniroma3.it as soon as possible.

V. MICHELE ABRUSCI, LEZIONI DI LOGICA LINEARE, 2018 (FORTH COMING)

Introduction to set theory: aggregates and sets, necessity of a theory, ordinals and cardinals, antinomies and paradoxes, main characteristics of axiomatic set theory. Zermelo’s axiomatic set theory and Zermelo-Fraenkel’s axiomatic set theory: preliminaries and conventions, Zermelo’s axioms, the replacement axiom and Zermelo-Fraenkel’s theory, extensions of the language by definition. Ordinals: orders, well-orders and well-foundedness, well-foundedness and induction principle, the ordinal numbers, well-orders and ordinals, ordinal induction (proofs and definitions), diagonal argument and limit ordinals, infinity axiom and ordinal arithmetic, hints on the use of ordinals in proof-theory. Axiom of choice: equivalent formulations (and proof of the equivalence), infinite sets and axiom of choice. Cardinals: equipotent sets and infinite sets, the cardinal numbers, cardinal arithmetic.

V.M. Abrusci, L. Tortora de Falco, Logica Volume 2- Incompletezza, teoria assiomatica degli insiemi. Springer, (2018).

Advanced course on linguistic change, its mechanisms and explanations at the different levels of analysis. Grammaticalization, degrammaticalization, reanalysis and their relationship with Construction Grammar. Historical grammar of IE languages known by students. Etymology and its bibliografical instruments.

Benedetti, Marina, 2003, “L’etimologia fra tipologia e storia”, in M. Mancini (a cura di), Il cambiamento linguistico, Roma, Carocci, 209-262.
Lazzeroni, Romano, 1995, “L’espressione dell’agente come categoria linguistica. I nomi in -tḗr e -tōr, in P. Cuzzolin (ed.), Studi di linguistica greca, Milano, Francoangeli, 165-171.
Lazzeroni, Romano 2010, Nomi d’agente e composizione. Una scala di nominalità. ”, in I. Putzu – G. Paulis – G. Nieddu – P. Cuzzolin, eds., La morfologia del greco tra tipologia e diacronia. Atti del VII Incontro internazionale di linguistica greca (Cagliari, 13-15 settembre 2007), Milano, FrancoAngeli, 256-265.
Marazzini ,Claudio, 2010, La lingua italiana, Bologna, il Mulino, 138-148.
Pompei Anna, 2006, “Tracce di incorporazione in greco antico”, in P. Cuzzolin – M. Napoli, eds., Fonologia e tipologia lessicale nella storia della lingua greca. Atti del VI Incontro Internazionale di linguistica greca, Milano, FrancoAngeli, 216-237.
Pompei Anna, 2010, “Space coding in verb-particle constructions and prefixed verbs”, in on G. Marotta – A. Lenci – L. Meini – F. Rovai, eds., Space in Language, Proceedings of the Pisa International Conference, (Pisa, 8-10 ottobre 2009), Pisa, Edizioni ETS, 401-418.
Pompei Anna, 2011, “Typologie des constructions relatives en latin”, Les Études classiques, 79, 65-91.
Pompei Anna – Nicola Grandi, 2012, “Per una tipologia dei composti del greco”, in I. Putzu – G. Paulis – G. Nieddu – P. Cuzzolin, eds., La morfologia del greco tra tipologia e diacronia. Atti del VII Incontro internazionale di linguistica greca (Cagliari, 13-15 settembre 2007), Milano, FrancoAngeli, 209-232.
Simone, Raffaele, 1996, “Esistono verbi sintagmatici in italiano?”, Cuadernos de Filología Italiana, 3, 47-61.
[http://revistas.ucm.es/fll/11339527/articulos/CFIT9696110047A.PDF]
Simone Raffaele, 2009, “Verbi sintagmatici come categoria e come costruzione”, in in M. Cini (ed.), I verbi sintagmatici in italiano e nelle varietà dialettali. Stato dell’arte e prospettive di ricerca, Frankfurt am Main, Peter Lang, 13-30.
[http://host.uniroma3.it/laboratori/triple/Pubblicazioni_Publications_files/Simone%20in%20press%20-%20Verbi%20sintagmatici%20come%20costruzione%20e%20come%20categoria.pdf]

The course aims to investigate the Conception of Religion in Hegel starting from the correspondence with Hölderlin up to the writing of the Phenomenology of the Spirit

Hegel- Hölderlin, Eluisis – Carteggio, Mimesis
Hegel, Lo spirito del Cristianesimo e il suo destino
Hegel, Fenomenologia dello spirito, pagine scelte

The course aims to deepen the relationship between literature, philosophy and politics in Gilles Deleuze's thought.

G. Deleuze, Marcel Proust e i segni, Einaudi, Torino.
G. Deleuze, Kafka. Per una letteratura minore, Quodlibet, Macerata.
G. Deleuze, C. Parnet, Conversazioni, Ombre corte, Verona
G. Deleuze, F. Guattari, Mille piani. Capitalismo e schizofrenia, 1980, in particolare Introduzione: Rizoma e 4. 20 novembre 1923. Postulati della linguistica, qualsiasi edizione.

A novel among:
F. Kafka, Il processo, qualsiasi edizione.
M. Proust, Dalla parte di Swann, qualsiasi edizione.
M. Proust, Il tempo ritrovato, qualsiasi edizione.

A film among:
O. Welles, Il processo.
R. Ruiz, Il tempo ritrovato.
C. Akerman, La captive.

The course will address the relationships between technology, science and philosophy.
Philosophy of technology is a relatively recent discipline that deals with relationships between Technology, knowledge and society.
The course wants to answer to the following questions:
What is technology?
Is it possible to think about science without a reflexion on technology in the present technoscientific environment?
Which are the relationships between society and technology?
Which are the relevant changes introduced by technology in living styles?
Is it possible to consider technology as neutral and value and ideology free?
Technology has a relevant and permanent influence on science and on knowledge building in general but also on the definition of society and its working assets. Technical artefacts produce changes on society and are influenced by social choices, political constraints and economical investments.
In this course we will discuss the importance of philosophy of technology for philosophy itself, if we accept the idea that philosophy is a research for understanding and for acting on present. If we accept this perspective we cannot ignore the importance of technology.
Technology is created according to projects, objectives and standards on which society has no direct control, but technical objects have relevant consequences on the functioning of social practices including the epistemological ones.

Parini E. G. e Pellegrino G. (2009) (eds) S come scienza T come tecnica e riflessione sociologica, Liguori Ed., Milano, pp. 120-264.
Meldolesi A. (2017) E l'uomo creò l'uomo. Crispr e la rivoluzione dell'editing genomico, Bollati Boringhieri, Torino.
Stiegler B.(2015) Platone digitale, Mimesis, Milano.

The course is composed of two parts: in the first, we will discuss the contemporary debates on communication ethics, neuroethics and neurolaw; in the second, we will consider the ways in which some of the most relevant ethical and scientic problems are communicated by using films.

TEXTS FOR THE STUDENTS WHO ATTEND THE COURSE, WRITE THE TWO MOVIE REVIEWS, AND PASS THE TEST AT THE PRE-EXAM AT THE END OF THE COURSE (During the course, the instructor will say which parts of the following texts won't be part of the program for this group of the students):

1. Ceri, Etica della comunicazione, Il Mulino
2. Lavazza e Sartori (a cura di), Neuroetica, Il Mulino
3. Massarenti, Stramaledettamente logico, Mondadori


TEXTS FOR ALL OTHER STUDENTS (to be studied entirely):

1. Ceri, Etica della comunicazione, Il Mulino
2. Lavazza e Sartori (a cura di), Neuroetica, Il Mulino
3. Massarenti, Stramaledettamente logico, Mondadori
4. Terrell Bynum, "Computer and Communication Ethics", https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-computer/
5. Roskies, Neuroethics, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/neuroethics/

The lectures treat with the issue of the language faculty by taking into account the interpretive models prevalent in cognitive sciences. In an evolutionary perspective that takes into account the empirical results from cognitive psychology, cognitive ethology and neurosciences, the lectures deal with the biocognitive foundation of language and how it is relevant for the study of human nature.

2 mandatory books:
- Ferretti F., 2015, La facoltà di linguaggio. Determinanti biologiche e variabilità culturale. Carocci, Roma.
- Scott-Phillips, 2017, Dì quello che hai in mente. Le origini della comunicazione umana, Carocci, Roma

2 books among:
- Berwick R., Chomsky N., 2016, Perché solo noi: Linguaggio ed evoluzione, Bollati Boringhieri, Torino.
- Caruana F., Borghi A., 2016, Il cervello in azione, Il Mulino, Bologna.
- Chiera A., 2015, Appesi a un filo. La comunicazione in bilico tra comprensione e fraintendimento, Le Lettere, Firenze.
- Donald M., 2011, Evoluzione della mente. Per una teoria darwiniana della coscienza. Bollati Boringhieri, Torino.
- Ferretti F. (in stampa), Linguaggio e narrazione, Carocci, Roma (TESTO IN USCITA NEL MESE DI MARZO 2019).

Course articulation:
1) genealogy of the body (machine, organism, code)
2) genealogy of the mind (soul, spirit, consciousness)
3) Geist and Mind
4) matter and memory: body as unconscious
5) coded bodies: from mechanic robot to anthropomorphic androids

G. Marramao, The Passion of the Present (Bollati Boringhieri)
+ one of the following texts:
Heidegger, Identity and Difference(Adelphi)
A. Damasio, Alla ricerca di Spinoza (Adelphi)
Ph. K. Dick, Esegesi (Fanucci)

From the Natural to the Artificial: the philosophical Anthropology of Arnod Gehlen

A. A. Gehlen, L’uomo. La sua natura e il suo posto nel mondo, Mimesis, Milano 2010
B. A. Gehlen, L’uomo nell’era della tecnica, a cura di M.T. Pansera, Armando, Roma 2003
M.T. Pansera, Tecnica, Guida, Napoli 2013

The course deals especially with a series of texts directly or indirectly linked to the theme of philosophical or aesthetic education in Western philosophy of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries – from Kant, Hegel and Nietzsche to Arendt, Lyotard and Danto – in order to compare them with the particular attitude of conceiving philosophy as a way of life in China and Japan. The theoretical texts will be accompanied by eight films that problematize some great questions about education, existence and freedom of thought.

a)
- I. Kant: Che cosa significa orientarsi nel pensiero? Mimesis, Milano 2015.
- G.W.F. Hegel: La Scuola. Discorsi e relazioni, Norimberga 1808-1816, Ed. Riuniti, Roma 1993, pp. 43-98.

b)
- F. Nietzsche: Schopenhauer come educatore, Adelphi, Milano 1985.
- H. Arendt, Socrate, Raffaello Cortina, Milano 2015.

c)
- J. F. Lyotard, Pourquoi philosopher? Presses Universitaires de France 2015
- A.C. Danto: "The Artworld," Journal of Philosophy 61 (1964), 571-584.

d)
- F. Jullien, De l'Être au vivre, Lexique euro-chinois de la pensée, Gallimard, 2015, (students may choose three chapters)
- D. Richie, A Tractate on Japanese Aesthetics, Stone Bridge Press, 2007.

Students (whether attending or not) should choose one text from each session (a, b, c, d) for a total of four texts. In addition, the attending students will have to choose one of the following texts (both compulsory for the non attending students):


E. Morin, Enseigner à vivre. Manifeste pour changer l'éducation, Actes Sud Editions, 2014.

or

M.C. Nussbaum: Cultivating Humanity. A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education. Harvard University Press 1998.


The following films will be shown in the classroom, followed by a debate and accompanied by a critical reflection questionnaire (which must also be watched by non-attendants):

Doubt (2008) by John Patrick Shanley
Entre les murs (2008) by Laurent Cantet
When Nietzsche wept (2007) by Pinchas Perry
Hannah Arendt (2013) by Margarethe von Trotta
The Tree of Life (2011) by Terrence Malick
The square (2017) by Ruben Östlund
Balzac et la petite tailleuse chinoise (2002) by Dai Sijie
An (2015) by Naomi Kawase

Italian literature and photography

a) Silvia Albertazzi, Letteratura e fotografia, Roma, Carocci, 2017

b) Fototesti. Letteratura e cultura visuale, a cura di Michele Cometa e Roberta Coglitore, Macerata, Quodlibet, 2016

c) plus one author, by choice, among:

Elio Vittorini, Conversazione in Sicilia [1941], illustrated by the authore, edited by Maria Rizzarelli, Milano, Rizzoli, 2007

Gianni Celati, Il chiodo in testa [1974] e La bottega dei mimi [1977], in Id., Animazioni e incantamenti, a cura di Nunzia Palmieri, Roma, L’orma, 2017 + Verso la foce [1984], Milano, Feltrinelli, 2011

Pier Paolo Pasolini, La Divina Mimesis [1975], Milano, Mondadori, 2006

Nanni Balestrini, Blackout [1980], in Id., Poesie complete volume secondo, Roma, DeriveApprodi, 2016

Lalla Romano, Nuovo romanzo di figure [1986], Torino, Einaudi, 1997

d) plus one author, by choice, among:

Tommaso Pincio, Lo spazio sfinito [2000], Roma, minimum fax, 2010

Sara Ventroni, Nel Gasometro, Firenze, Le Lettere, 2006 + Ead., La sommersione, Torino, Aragno, 2016

Walter Siti, Autopsia dell’ossessione, Milano, Mondadori, 2010

Antonella Anedda, La vita dei dettagli, Roma, Donzelli, 2009

Giorgio Falco e Sabrina Ragucci, Condominio Oltremare, Roma, L’orma, 2014

Giorgio Agamben, Autoritratto nello studio, Roma, nottetempo, 2017

Michele Mari, Leggenda privata, Torino, Einaudi, 2017

e) to give a context in the 20th and 21st century italian literary history:
Giulio Ferroni, Storia della letteratura italiana, vol. IV: Il Novecento e il nuovo millennio, Milano, Mondadori Università, 2012; and/or La terra della prosa. Narratori italiani degli anni zero (1999-2014), edited by Andrea Cortellessa, Roma, L’orma, 2014

Philosophy and Psychology. Pragmatist perspectives.

The seminar aims to reflect on the relationship between philosophy and psychology from pragmatist perspectives. In particular, starting from the analysis of some key texts, we will try to highlight the elements of continuity and discontinuity between classical and contemporary authors that can be closely related to this tradition of thought.

Reference list will be provided during the seminar.

Music as a non paraphrasable form of expression; linguistic expression and musical expression; non reducibility of the gesture to the sign; the gesture as precipitate of linguistic activity; difference between silence and mutism; silence as expressive resource.

L. Berio, "About gesture and Piazza Carità ", in Id., "Scritti sulla musica" Einaudi, Torino 2013, pp. 30-36.
M. de Certau, "Fabula Mistica. XVI-XVII century", vol.1 chapter IV, "Way of speaking", Jaca Book, Milano 2008.
V. Jankélévitch, "Music and the ineffable" Bompiani, Milano 2001.
M. Merleau-Ponty "Phenomenology of Perception", part I chapter VI, "The body as expression and word", Bompiani, Milano 2003.
L. Wittegentstein, "Tractatus logic-philosophicus", Einaudi, Torino 2012 (selected parts).
L. Wittgenstein, “Blue book and Brown Book”, Einaudi, Torino 2000 (selected parts).
L. Wittgenstein, “Philosophical Investigations”, Einaudi, Torino 2014 (selected parts).
S. Sontag, “The Aesthetics of Silence”, in Ead., “Styles of Radical Will”, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York 1969.
P. Virno, “When the verb becomes flesh. Language and Human Nature”, chapter 2, “The absolute performative”, Bollati Boringhieri, Torino 2003