Introduction: 3h
Hadean: 3h
Archaean: 3h
Proterozoic: 3h
Cambrian: 3h
Ordovician: 3h
Silurian: 3h
Devonian: 3h
Carboniferous: 3h
Permian: 3h
Triassic: 3h
Giurassic: 3h
Cretaceous: 3h
Paleogene: 3h
Neogene: 3h
Quaternary: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Earth System History, 4a edizione, S.M. STANLEY, J.A. LUCZAJ (2014)

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

Program of the course of "Physics of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere"
prof. Carlo Scotto
Most of the topics are dealt in the book by G.W. Prölss ("Physics of the Earth's Space Environment", ed. Springer). Reference is made to the paragraphs of this book. The remaining topics are reported in the distributed Lesson Notes. The relevant detailed bibliography is shown in them.
Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of the topics covered.

1. Notions of magneto-ionospheric plasma physics
Plasma frequency, Debye distance and Debye-Hückel potential, plasma conditions, free mean path, phase refraction index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and in the absence of magnetic field, cold plasma (Lesson notes). (P. 232, § 7.3.1, § 7.3.2, § 7.3.3). Energy of the electromagnetic field (Lesson notes). Motion of electric charges in a magnetic field: gyration motion, the magnetic moment as an adiabatic invariant, motion where grad(B) is parallel to B, bounce motion (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, pp. 220-228), gradient drift motion (§ 5.3.2, pp. 228-229), neutral shift drift, drift E x B and plasma conductivity in the absence of collisions, drift under the action of external forces (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, § 5.3.3 pp. 219-233).

2. The interplanetary medium.
The solar corona and the solar wind (§ 6.1 and 6.1.1, pp. 278-282, including all the references). Large-scale solar wind structure and on the ecliptic plane (§ 6.1.6). The interplanetary magnetic field: observations and physical characteristics (§ 6.2.1, pp. 300-304). The heliosferic current sheet (§ 6.2.4). Segment structure of the polar component of B (§ 6.2.5). Alfven's theorem (Appendix A.14, pp.484-487).

3. Magnetosphere
The geomagnetic field near the Earth (§ 5.2). Curvature drift (p. 233). Total drift (p. 234-235). Composed motion of charge carriers (§ 5.3.4). Particle populations in the internal magnetosphere: radiation belts, ring current, plasmashere (§ 5.4).
The distant geomagnetic field: configuration and classification, currents on the diurnal side of the magnetopause, reflection of the particles and formation of the current, system of currents in the geomagnetic tail (§ 5.5). Particle population in the external magnetosphere: magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer (§ 5.6). Formation of bow shock and the magnetosheat (§ 6.4 introduction and § 6.4.1, pp. 325-328).

4. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, gas radiation attenuation, energy deposition in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth ionosphere: historical outline, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and disappearance of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in E region and in region F2 region (§ 3.2; introduction of chap 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3). Ionosphere morphology: the cusps on the ionogram trace and the ionospheric regions (Lesson notes). Regular variations of the ionosphere: layers E and F1 (Lesson notes). Irregular variations of the ionosphere: F2 layer (Lesson notes). Sporadic E layer(Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for regions E and F: F1 layer (Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for region D (Lesson notes). Refraction index for radio waves with collisions and in the absence of a magnetic field; interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index: absorption ( Lesson notes). Solar flares and short waves fadeout (Lesson notes). Additional notes on the F1 layer (Lesson notes). Additional notes on layer E (Lesson notes).

5. Magnetoionic theory
Introduction. Constitutive equations for a cold plasma with collisions and in the presence of a magnetic field (Lesson notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, neglecting collisions and considering the Earth's magnetic field: Appleton-Hartree equation (Lesson notes). Continuity of nf in X = 1. The zeros of the collisionless Appleton-Hartree equation: longitudinal, transverse and general propagation case (Lesson notes). Polarization: continuity in X = 1 in the general case and in the case of longitudinal propagation. Polarization in case of longitudinal propagation: dependence on the sign of YL. Polarization in general conditions, for X = 1 (Lesson Notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, considering collisions and the earth's magnetic field. Mention upon the polarization in the collisional case. Curves of mi(X) with collisions: importance of the Booker rule (Lesson notes). Conditions of reflection and ionograms, ordinary, extraordinary trace. Ray Z (Lesson Notes). Examples of ionograms (Lesson notes).
As indicated in the lesson notes, the material of this teaching unit can be found at: Ratcliffe, J. A. (1959), The magneto-Ionic Theory and its Applications to the Ionosphere, Cambridge University Press.

6. Absorption and dissipation of solar wind energy
Topology of the high polar atmosphere (§ 7.1). Electric fields, and plasma convection (§ 7.2). Conductivity and currents in the polar ionosphere (§ 7.3). Polar auroras: energy dissipation of the auroral particles, origin of the auroral particles, diffuse and discrete aurora(§ 7. 4). Solar Wind Dynamo (§ 7.6.1), open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.2), plasma convection in the open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.3), open magnetosphere with tail (§ 7.6.4), mention upon the reconnection (part of § 7.6. 5) Birkeland currents in regions 1 and 2 (§ 7.6.6).

7. Geospheric storms
Magnetic storms: regular variation, equatorial electroject, magnetic activity at low, high and medium latitudes, geomagnetic indexes (§ 8.1). Magnetic substorms: growth and expansion phase, Alvfèn waves and their role (§ 8.3). Ionospheric storms: negative and positive storms (§ 8.5).

1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Lecture Notes

first part

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

1 Solar System Part
- Overall description of the Solar System, mass and angular momentum distribution, astrophysical variables.
- Overall description of planets, their main characteristics ; description of planetary satellites systems and of minor bodies of the Solar System.
- Terrestrial planets: main characteristics and evolutive processes of planetary surfaces.
- Terrestrial planets: thermal history, impact cratering processes, volcanism, tectonics.Comparative planetology.
- Meteorites and minor bodies; radiometric dating and clues for the formation of the Solar System.
- Giant planets
- Planetary satellites
- Internal structure of planets, different evolution of terrestrial and giant planets.
- Planetary atmospheres
2 Extrasolar Planets Part
- Historical Introduction
- Exo planets Indirect discovery methods
- Exo planets Direct discovery methods
- Exo Planets Characteristics
- Physics of extrasolar Planets
- Characterization and results
- Which Life?
- Habitability and Habitable Zone
- The search for life
3 Common Part
- Introduction to the Planetary formation Theory

- There is no official text of the course. A suggested text is the following: Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press. During the course several scientific review papers will be suggested by the lecturers.

Material

- Course slides
- Scientific papers

The course program includes the presentation and discussion of the following topics:
Definition and types of urban systems. Natural hazards and risks of urban areas. Role of geological conditions, influence of natural factors and geographical conditions on the development of urban areas. Risk, hazard, exposed value and vulnerability in urban areas, and their evolution in time. Methodology for collection, normalization and processing of drilling data. Issues and real cases applications.

Geologia di Roma “Vol L” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (1995).
La geologia di Roma dal centro storico alla periferia “Vol LXXX” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (2008).
U. Ventriglia – Geologia del territorio del Comune di Roma, a cura dell’Amministrazione Provinciale di Roma, (2002).
G. Gisotti – Ambiente urbano. – Dario Flaccovio Editore, Palermo (2007).

Physical properties of minerals, mineral separation, principles of spectroscopy, X-rays: emission and absorption, X-ray diffraction, vibrational (Raman, FTIR) spectroscopies, electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), WDS microanalysis (EMPA), case studies, practicals, seminars.

A.F. GUALTIERI INTRODUZIONE ALLE TECNICHE ANALITICHE STRUMENTALI, ED. LIBRERIA UNIVERSITARIA
Dyar, Gunter, Tasa (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America. 708 pp. Disponibili versioni PDF e iPad.
Hutchison (1974) Laboratory handbook of petrographic techniques. Wiley, 527.

The environment of celestial bodies; the Solar System; the shape and size of the Earth; the main motions of the Earth (rotation and revolution); the long-term movements of the Earth; the Earth-Moon system.
Orientation; time and its measure; the representation of the earth's surface; the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude), the reading of topographic maps.
The shapes of the relief and the modeling of the terrestrial relief; the marine hydrosphere, the continental hydrosphere, the cryosphere; the atmosphere; the climate.
The materials of the Earth: the minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle.
The evolution of the Earth.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the principles of cell biology and tissue organization. Acquisition of conscious judgment autonomy with reference to: evaluation, interpretation and contextualization of photographs acquired with microscopic techniques. Ability to communicate effectively and with the correct terminology;
Applied skills: The basic knowledge acquired through the study of cytology will allow students to apply them to the study of tissues. In addition, students will be able to recognize and comment on a preparation or photograph acquired with a microscopic instrument. Finally, this knowledge will allow students to understand the disciplinary insights that will be carried out in the following years.

Cytology.
Cell theory. Methods of studying the cell: the microscope.
Macromolecules: The main carbohydrates of biological interest and their polymers. Notes on glycolysis. The main lipids of biological interest. Amino acids and proteins. Notes on the structure and function of proteins. Enzymes.
Nucleic acids. DNA and RNA structure. DNA replication, messenger transcription and RNA, genetic code, ribosomes and protein synthesis.
Cell membranes: chemical composition, The fluid mosaic model. Intrinsic and extrinsic proteins. Permeability and active transport. Ionic channels. Intercellular junctions: zonula occludens, zonula adherens and desmosomes.
Cytoplasmic and secretory pathway, The endoplasmic reticulum, Origin and sorting of secretory and membrane proteins. Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes, peroxisomes, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis.
Structure of mitochondria, Probable origin of mitochondria and plastids, DNA in mitochondria, Notes on energy metabolism: respiration.
The cytoskeleton: Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
The nucleus of eukaryotes, nuclear envelope and nuclear pores, histones and nucleosomes. Euchromatin and heterochromatin. The nucleolus. Chromosome structure.
The cell cycle: the interphase (phases G1, S and G2), Cell division. Haploid, diploid and polyploid cells. Mitosis in animal cells. Meiosis. Phases and sub-phases of meiosis. The meaning of meiosis and crossing over. Recombination.

Histology
Epithelial tissue. General characteristics. Coating epithelia. Classification and functions. The basal lamina.
Connective tissue. The different connective tissues: general characteristics and specific characteristics of the different connective tissues. The connective proper. Classification of connectives. Extracellular matrix. Connective cells and their function.
Blood and signs of cellular immunology. The plasma: composition and functions. Erythrocytes and white blood cells: morphological and functional characteristics.
Bone tissue. Spongy bone and compact bone. Microscopic structure of the bone: the osteone. Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.
Muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle tissue. Structure and ultrastructure of muscle fiber. Myofibrils and myofilaments: the sarcomere. Muscle contraction. Heart muscle tissue.
Nervous tissue. The central and peripheral nervous system. Morphology of the neuron. Notes on nerve impulse conduction. The synapse. Neurotransmitters. Neuroglia.

Cytology
Essential Cell Biology, Bruce Alberts, Karen Hopkin, Alexander D. Johnson, David Morgan, Martin Raff. Garland Science. Last edition
Histology
Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, Anthony Mescher. Lange. Last edition

Introduction: hazard and risk, historical perspective;
General concepts: Earth Science; energy and causes of natural hazards; managing, modelling and describing natural disasters; forecasting.
Analysis, physical understanding and social impact of the natural disasters in Earth science: earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, landslides, hurricanes, floods, drought, climate changes, sea level changes.
Synthesis: towards a general and shared vision to mitigate natural disasters.

Patrick L. Abbott (2017) Natural Disasters. McGraw-Hill, 556 pp.

Introduction to mineral resources, environmental sustainability and energy, the role of mineral resources for the development of human society, principles of ore deposits, classification and geology of ore deposits, quarries and mines, environmental mineralogy. Case studies: pigments, metals, cement and concrete, zeolites, ceramics, materials for cultural heritage, seminars.

VARIOUS MATERIAL PROVIDED BY THE TEACHER AND ALSO
SE Kesler e AC Simon (2015). Mineral resources, economics and the environment. Cambridge University press. 433 pp.
Ugo Bardi (2011) La terra svuotata. Editori Riuniti, 295 pp.
G. Tanelli (2009) Georisorse e ambiente. Aracne. 280 pp.

Water chemistry. Gas-water-rock interaction (dissolution, leaching, mixing, redox processes, adsorption, precipitation, base exchange). Groundwater classification using Piper, Schoeller, Chada and Stiff diagrams. Chemical equilibria and speciation. Dissolved gases. Ancient and modern groundwater dating using 14C, 3H and CFC methods. Environmental isotopes in hydrogeology ---- Water sampling (springs and streams) in Valle della Caffarella area (Roma) and in situ analyses (T, pH, EC, TDS). Laboratory determination of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3- NO2-, SiO2, PO43- concentration. Data elaboration and modelling using PHREEQC code. Relationships between chemical facies of groundwater and geological setting of Roma area.

C.A.J. Appelo, Dieke Postma Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution, CRC Press Second Edition, 2005, ISBN 9780415364218

The materials of the Earth: minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle, the magmatic rocks, the sedimentary rocks, the metamorphic rocks, the bedding and the deformation of the rocks.
Volcanic phenomena: magma and volcanic activity, the main types of eruptions, shape of volcanic buildings, products of volcanic activity, the geographic distribution of volcanoes, volcanoes and man (the volcanic risk).
Seismic phenomena: the theory of elastic rebound, the seismic cycle, types of seismic waves and their propagation and registration, the force of an earthquake (scales of intensity and magnitude), the geographic distribution of earthquakes, the seismic activity and the man (seismic risk)
Plate tectonics: the internal structure of the Earth, the structure of the crust, the Earth's magnetic field, Earth’s internal heat, the convective mantle, from the hypothesis of the drift of the continents to the formulation of the theory of plate tectonics.
The Earth as an integrated system: interaction between the different systems of the planet (biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, cryosphere), the earth's atmosphere, climate and meteorological phenomena, renewable and non-renewable natural resources.
Field trip in Caffarella Valley
Field trip in the city of Rome

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

TEACHING MATHEMATICS WITH THE HELP OF A COMPUTER: GEOGEBRA AND MATHEMATICA SOFTWARES.
COMMANDS FOR NUMERICAL AND SYMBOLIC CALCULUS, GRAPHICS VISUALIZATION, PARAMETRIC SURFACES AND CURVES WITH ANIMATIONS IN CHANGING PARAMETERS.
SOLVING PROBLEMS: TRIANGLE'S PROPERTIES IN EUCLIDEAN AND NON-EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY WITH EXAMPLES, APPROXIMATION OF PI AND OTHER IRRATIONAL NUMBERS, SOLUTIONS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES, SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS, DEFINING AND VISUALIZING GEOMETRICAL LOCI, FUNCTION INTEGRAL AND DERIVATIVES, APPROXIMATION OF SURFACE AREA.

LIST OF PROBLEMS GIVEN IN CLASS WITH VISUALIZATION AND SOLUTIONS WITH THE HELP OF SOFTWARE MATHEMATICA OR GEOGEBRA.

The metamorphic process and the controlling factors; metamorphic gradients and geodynamic setting. Metamorphic rocks: structure, classification, chemical compositional classes. Metamorphic grade, index minerals and the main metamorphic facies. Mineralogical assemblage and metamorphic paragenesis. Phase diagrams, AFM and ACF projections. Mineral growth and deformation: criteria for pre-, syn- and post-kinematic crystallization. Thermobarometry: basic concepts, assumptions and limits; the main geothermometers and geobarometers; uncertainty associated with thermodynamic calibration and analytical uncertainty, "geological" error; classical thermometry; multi-equilibrium thermobarometry; inverse and forward modelling thermobarometry; introducing the main software for thermodynamic modeling. Orogenesis and metamorphism: regional examples. Exercises: reconstruction of pressure-temperature-time-strain (P-T-t-d) paths in polyphase metamorphism rocks

J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey

Bucher & Grapes - Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer

Part one: the igneous process
Use of main element geochemistry to model the origin and development of various types of magma. Binary Harker diagrams. Mass balance calculations. Partial melting, crystal fractionation and assimilation modeling. Geothermobarometers. Trace element geochemistry. Incompatibility and compatibility. Differentiation modeling use trace element partitioning. The use of isotopes(Rb / Sr, Sm / Nd, U / Pb) ) to understand the origin, age and development of various types of magma. Geochemical data processing. Magmatic activity in different tectonic environment, with emphasis on mid-ocean ridges and oceanic and continental subduction zones and on the origin of magmas in the mediterranean area.

Part two: the metamorphic process
The metamorphic process and the controlling factors; gradients of metamorphism and geodynamic setting. Metamorphic rocks: structure, classification, chemical compositional classes. Metamorphic grade, index minerals and the main metamorphic facies. Mineralogical assemblage and metamorphic paragenesis. Phase diagrams, AFM and ACF projections. Mineral growth and deformation: criteria for pre-, syn- and post-kinematic crystallization. Thermobarometry: basic concepts, assumptions and limits; the main geothermometers and geobarometers; uncertainty associated with thermodynamic calibration and analytical uncertainty, "geological" error; classical thermometry; multi-equilibrium thermobarometry; inverse and forward modelling thermobarometry; introducing the main software for thermodynamic modeling. Orogenesis and metamorphism: regional examples. Exercises: reconstruction of pressure-temperature-time-strain (P-T-t-d) paths in polyphase metamorphism rocks

Part I
J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey
Rollinsons H., 1993. Using geochemical data: evaluation, presentation, interpretation. Longman Scientific & Techinal

Part II
Bucher & Fry - Petrology Of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer

History of climatology, international organizations, Global warming: reality and negation (3 h)
The climate system: atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere (3 h)
Climate variability, climate change, anthropocene (3h)
The cryosphere: glaciers, permafrost, ice sheet, sea ice (3 h)
The climate system and its natural and anthropogenic perturbations: Variation of the relative position of the continents, astronomical, greenhouse gases, aerosols, volcanic eruptions, solar activity, land use variations, meteorite impacts, (3h)
Sea Level rise (6 h)
The paleoclimate: reconstruction of climate change in the past (ice cores, speleothems, marine cores, etc.). (3 hours)
Points of no return "Tipping Point" (3 h)
Extreme events (3 h)
Climate Models (3 h)
Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (3 h)
Climate change simulations for the 21st century (3 h)
Impacts of Climate Change: cryosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere. (3h).
The economic costs of climate change (3 h)
Technological innovation for a decarbonised society (3 h)

Pdf and copies of recent specialistic scientific publications given by the teacher

Introduction: 3h
Hadean: 3h
Archaean: 3h
Proterozoic: 3h
Cambrian: 3h
Ordovician: 3h
Silurian: 3h
Devonian: 3h
Carboniferous: 3h
Permian: 3h
Triassic: 3h
Giurassic: 3h
Cretaceous: 3h
Paleogene: 3h
Neogene: 3h
Quaternary: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Earth System History, 4a edizione, S.M. STANLEY, J.A. LUCZAJ (2014)

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

Program of the course of "Physics of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere"
prof. Carlo Scotto
Most of the topics are dealt in the book by G.W. Prölss ("Physics of the Earth's Space Environment", ed. Springer). Reference is made to the paragraphs of this book. The remaining topics are reported in the distributed Lesson Notes. The relevant detailed bibliography is shown in them.
Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of the topics covered.

1. Notions of magneto-ionospheric plasma physics
Plasma frequency, Debye distance and Debye-Hückel potential, plasma conditions, free mean path, phase refraction index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and in the absence of magnetic field, cold plasma (Lesson notes). (P. 232, § 7.3.1, § 7.3.2, § 7.3.3). Energy of the electromagnetic field (Lesson notes). Motion of electric charges in a magnetic field: gyration motion, the magnetic moment as an adiabatic invariant, motion where grad(B) is parallel to B, bounce motion (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, pp. 220-228), gradient drift motion (§ 5.3.2, pp. 228-229), neutral shift drift, drift E x B and plasma conductivity in the absence of collisions, drift under the action of external forces (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, § 5.3.3 pp. 219-233).

2. The interplanetary medium.
The solar corona and the solar wind (§ 6.1 and 6.1.1, pp. 278-282, including all the references). Large-scale solar wind structure and on the ecliptic plane (§ 6.1.6). The interplanetary magnetic field: observations and physical characteristics (§ 6.2.1, pp. 300-304). The heliosferic current sheet (§ 6.2.4). Segment structure of the polar component of B (§ 6.2.5). Alfven's theorem (Appendix A.14, pp.484-487).

3. Magnetosphere
The geomagnetic field near the Earth (§ 5.2). Curvature drift (p. 233). Total drift (p. 234-235). Composed motion of charge carriers (§ 5.3.4). Particle populations in the internal magnetosphere: radiation belts, ring current, plasmashere (§ 5.4).
The distant geomagnetic field: configuration and classification, currents on the diurnal side of the magnetopause, reflection of the particles and formation of the current, system of currents in the geomagnetic tail (§ 5.5). Particle population in the external magnetosphere: magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer (§ 5.6). Formation of bow shock and the magnetosheat (§ 6.4 introduction and § 6.4.1, pp. 325-328).

4. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, gas radiation attenuation, energy deposition in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth ionosphere: historical outline, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and disappearance of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in E region and in region F2 region (§ 3.2; introduction of chap 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3). Ionosphere morphology: the cusps on the ionogram trace and the ionospheric regions (Lesson notes). Regular variations of the ionosphere: layers E and F1 (Lesson notes). Irregular variations of the ionosphere: F2 layer (Lesson notes). Sporadic E layer(Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for regions E and F: F1 layer (Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for region D (Lesson notes). Refraction index for radio waves with collisions and in the absence of a magnetic field; interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index: absorption ( Lesson notes). Solar flares and short waves fadeout (Lesson notes). Additional notes on the F1 layer (Lesson notes). Additional notes on layer E (Lesson notes).

5. Magnetoionic theory
Introduction. Constitutive equations for a cold plasma with collisions and in the presence of a magnetic field (Lesson notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, neglecting collisions and considering the Earth's magnetic field: Appleton-Hartree equation (Lesson notes). Continuity of nf in X = 1. The zeros of the collisionless Appleton-Hartree equation: longitudinal, transverse and general propagation case (Lesson notes). Polarization: continuity in X = 1 in the general case and in the case of longitudinal propagation. Polarization in case of longitudinal propagation: dependence on the sign of YL. Polarization in general conditions, for X = 1 (Lesson Notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, considering collisions and the earth's magnetic field. Mention upon the polarization in the collisional case. Curves of mi(X) with collisions: importance of the Booker rule (Lesson notes). Conditions of reflection and ionograms, ordinary, extraordinary trace. Ray Z (Lesson Notes). Examples of ionograms (Lesson notes).
As indicated in the lesson notes, the material of this teaching unit can be found at: Ratcliffe, J. A. (1959), The magneto-Ionic Theory and its Applications to the Ionosphere, Cambridge University Press.

6. Absorption and dissipation of solar wind energy
Topology of the high polar atmosphere (§ 7.1). Electric fields, and plasma convection (§ 7.2). Conductivity and currents in the polar ionosphere (§ 7.3). Polar auroras: energy dissipation of the auroral particles, origin of the auroral particles, diffuse and discrete aurora(§ 7. 4). Solar Wind Dynamo (§ 7.6.1), open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.2), plasma convection in the open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.3), open magnetosphere with tail (§ 7.6.4), mention upon the reconnection (part of § 7.6. 5) Birkeland currents in regions 1 and 2 (§ 7.6.6).

7. Geospheric storms
Magnetic storms: regular variation, equatorial electroject, magnetic activity at low, high and medium latitudes, geomagnetic indexes (§ 8.1). Magnetic substorms: growth and expansion phase, Alvfèn waves and their role (§ 8.3). Ionospheric storms: negative and positive storms (§ 8.5).

1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Lecture Notes

first part

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

1 Solar System Part
- Overall description of the Solar System, mass and angular momentum distribution, astrophysical variables.
- Overall description of planets, their main characteristics ; description of planetary satellites systems and of minor bodies of the Solar System.
- Terrestrial planets: main characteristics and evolutive processes of planetary surfaces.
- Terrestrial planets: thermal history, impact cratering processes, volcanism, tectonics.Comparative planetology.
- Meteorites and minor bodies; radiometric dating and clues for the formation of the Solar System.
- Giant planets
- Planetary satellites
- Internal structure of planets, different evolution of terrestrial and giant planets.
- Planetary atmospheres
2 Extrasolar Planets Part
- Historical Introduction
- Exo planets Indirect discovery methods
- Exo planets Direct discovery methods
- Exo Planets Characteristics
- Physics of extrasolar Planets
- Characterization and results
- Which Life?
- Habitability and Habitable Zone
- The search for life
3 Common Part
- Introduction to the Planetary formation Theory

- There is no official text of the course. A suggested text is the following: Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press. During the course several scientific review papers will be suggested by the lecturers.

Material

- Course slides
- Scientific papers

The course program includes the presentation and discussion of the following topics:
Definition and types of urban systems. Natural hazards and risks of urban areas. Role of geological conditions, influence of natural factors and geographical conditions on the development of urban areas. Risk, hazard, exposed value and vulnerability in urban areas, and their evolution in time. Methodology for collection, normalization and processing of drilling data. Issues and real cases applications.

Geologia di Roma “Vol L” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (1995).
La geologia di Roma dal centro storico alla periferia “Vol LXXX” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (2008).
U. Ventriglia – Geologia del territorio del Comune di Roma, a cura dell’Amministrazione Provinciale di Roma, (2002).
G. Gisotti – Ambiente urbano. – Dario Flaccovio Editore, Palermo (2007).

Physical properties of minerals, mineral separation, principles of spectroscopy, X-rays: emission and absorption, X-ray diffraction, vibrational (Raman, FTIR) spectroscopies, electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), WDS microanalysis (EMPA), case studies, practicals, seminars.

A.F. GUALTIERI INTRODUZIONE ALLE TECNICHE ANALITICHE STRUMENTALI, ED. LIBRERIA UNIVERSITARIA
Dyar, Gunter, Tasa (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America. 708 pp. Disponibili versioni PDF e iPad.
Hutchison (1974) Laboratory handbook of petrographic techniques. Wiley, 527.

The environment of celestial bodies; the Solar System; the shape and size of the Earth; the main motions of the Earth (rotation and revolution); the long-term movements of the Earth; the Earth-Moon system.
Orientation; time and its measure; the representation of the earth's surface; the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude), the reading of topographic maps.
The shapes of the relief and the modeling of the terrestrial relief; the marine hydrosphere, the continental hydrosphere, the cryosphere; the atmosphere; the climate.
The materials of the Earth: the minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle.
The evolution of the Earth.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the principles of cell biology and tissue organization. Acquisition of conscious judgment autonomy with reference to: evaluation, interpretation and contextualization of photographs acquired with microscopic techniques. Ability to communicate effectively and with the correct terminology;
Applied skills: The basic knowledge acquired through the study of cytology will allow students to apply them to the study of tissues. In addition, students will be able to recognize and comment on a preparation or photograph acquired with a microscopic instrument. Finally, this knowledge will allow students to understand the disciplinary insights that will be carried out in the following years.

Cytology.
Cell theory. Methods of studying the cell: the microscope.
Macromolecules: The main carbohydrates of biological interest and their polymers. Notes on glycolysis. The main lipids of biological interest. Amino acids and proteins. Notes on the structure and function of proteins. Enzymes.
Nucleic acids. DNA and RNA structure. DNA replication, messenger transcription and RNA, genetic code, ribosomes and protein synthesis.
Cell membranes: chemical composition, The fluid mosaic model. Intrinsic and extrinsic proteins. Permeability and active transport. Ionic channels. Intercellular junctions: zonula occludens, zonula adherens and desmosomes.
Cytoplasmic and secretory pathway, The endoplasmic reticulum, Origin and sorting of secretory and membrane proteins. Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes, peroxisomes, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis.
Structure of mitochondria, Probable origin of mitochondria and plastids, DNA in mitochondria, Notes on energy metabolism: respiration.
The cytoskeleton: Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
The nucleus of eukaryotes, nuclear envelope and nuclear pores, histones and nucleosomes. Euchromatin and heterochromatin. The nucleolus. Chromosome structure.
The cell cycle: the interphase (phases G1, S and G2), Cell division. Haploid, diploid and polyploid cells. Mitosis in animal cells. Meiosis. Phases and sub-phases of meiosis. The meaning of meiosis and crossing over. Recombination.

Histology
Epithelial tissue. General characteristics. Coating epithelia. Classification and functions. The basal lamina.
Connective tissue. The different connective tissues: general characteristics and specific characteristics of the different connective tissues. The connective proper. Classification of connectives. Extracellular matrix. Connective cells and their function.
Blood and signs of cellular immunology. The plasma: composition and functions. Erythrocytes and white blood cells: morphological and functional characteristics.
Bone tissue. Spongy bone and compact bone. Microscopic structure of the bone: the osteone. Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.
Muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle tissue. Structure and ultrastructure of muscle fiber. Myofibrils and myofilaments: the sarcomere. Muscle contraction. Heart muscle tissue.
Nervous tissue. The central and peripheral nervous system. Morphology of the neuron. Notes on nerve impulse conduction. The synapse. Neurotransmitters. Neuroglia.

Cytology
Essential Cell Biology, Bruce Alberts, Karen Hopkin, Alexander D. Johnson, David Morgan, Martin Raff. Garland Science. Last edition
Histology
Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, Anthony Mescher. Lange. Last edition

Introduction: hazard and risk, historical perspective;
General concepts: Earth Science; energy and causes of natural hazards; managing, modelling and describing natural disasters; forecasting.
Analysis, physical understanding and social impact of the natural disasters in Earth science: earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, landslides, hurricanes, floods, drought, climate changes, sea level changes.
Synthesis: towards a general and shared vision to mitigate natural disasters.

Patrick L. Abbott (2017) Natural Disasters. McGraw-Hill, 556 pp.

Part I: The igneous process. geochemical characteristics of magmas as petrogenetic indicators. trace elements and isotopic distribution in magmas. magma melting and diversity. magmatic series. geochemical features and eruptive style in the main petrogenetic provinces. mid-ocean ridge volcanism, subduction-related igneous activity and granitoid rocks. orogenesis and magmatism: the meditteranean province.


Part II: the metamorphic process: lithological types and the main metamorphic facies; gradient of metamorphism and geodynamic settings. the orogenic and subduction-zone metamorphism.the contact metamorphism; migmatites and partial melting processes. mineral growth and rock fabrics: pre-, syn- , post-kinematic crystallization. metamorphic thermobarometry and reconstruction of the pressure-temperature-time (p-t-t) paths in polyphase metamorphism. orogeny and metamorphism: regional examples.



Part III: Main isotopic dating methods used in different geodynamic settings with the aim to understand potential and limits of each method. theory and applications of the following methods: k/ar, ar/ar, rb/sr, u-th/pb, sm/nd. radiation damage methods, as fission tracks and luminescence, particularly useful in thermochronometric reconstruction.

Part I

J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey



Part II

Bucher & Fry - Petrology Of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer



Part III

Faure, T. M. Mensing – Isotopes. Principles And Applications. Wiley, 2005

Part I: The igneous process. geochemical characteristics of magmas as petrogenetic indicators. trace elements and isotopic distribution in magmas. magma melting and diversity. magmatic series. geochemical features and eruptive style in the main petrogenetic provinces. mid-ocean ridge volcanism, subduction-related igneous activity and granitoid rocks. orogenesis and magmatism: the meditteranean province.
Part II: the metamorphic process: lithological types and the main metamorphic facies; gradient of metamorphism and geodynamic settings. the orogenic and subduction-zone metamorphism.the contact metamorphism; migmatites and partial melting processes. mineral growth and rock fabrics: pre-, syn- , post-kinematic crystallization. metamorphic thermobarometry and reconstruction of the pressure-temperature-time (P-T-t) paths in polyphase metamorphism. orogeny and metamorphism: regional examples.
Part III: Main isotopic dating methods used in different geodynamic settings with the aim to understand potential and limits of each method. theory and applications of the following methods: k/ar, ar/ar, rb/sr, u-th/pb, sm/nd. radiation damage methods, as fission tracks and luminescence, particularly useful in thermochronometric reconstruction.

J. D. Winter - An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey

Bucher & Grapes - Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer

Faure, T. M. Mensing – Isotopes. Principles And Applications. Wiley, 2005

Part I: The igneous process. geochemical characteristics of magmas as petrogenetic indicators. trace elements and isotopic distribution in magmas. magma melting and diversity. magmatic series. geochemical features and eruptive style in the main petrogenetic provinces. mid-ocean ridge volcanism, subduction-related igneous activity and granitoid rocks. orogenesis and magmatism: the meditteranean province.

Part II: the metamorphic process: lithological types and the main metamorphic facies; gradient of metamorphism and geodynamic settings. the orogenic and subduction-zone metamorphism.the contact metamorphism; migmatites and partial melting processes. mineral growth and rock fabrics: pre-, syn- , post-kinematic crystallization. metamorphic thermobarometry and reconstruction of the pressure-temperature-time (p-t-t) paths in polyphase metamorphism. orogeny and metamorphism: regional examples.

Part III: Main isotopic dating methods used in different geodynamic settings with the aim to understand potential and limits of each method. theory and applications of the following methods: k/ar, ar/ar, rb/sr, u-th/pb, sm/nd. radiation damage methods, as fission tracks and luminescence, particularly useful in thermochronometric reconstruction.

Part I
J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey

Part II
Bucher & Fry - Petrology Of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer

Part III
Faure, T. M. Mensing – Isotopes. Principles And Applications. Wiley, 2005

Introduction to mineral resources, environmental sustainability and energy, the role of mineral resources for the development of human society, principles of ore deposits, classification and geology of ore deposits, quarries and mines, environmental mineralogy. Case studies: pigments, metals, cement and concrete, zeolites, ceramics, materials for cultural heritage, seminars.

VARIOUS MATERIAL PROVIDED BY THE TEACHER AND ALSO
SE Kesler e AC Simon (2015). Mineral resources, economics and the environment. Cambridge University press. 433 pp.
Ugo Bardi (2011) La terra svuotata. Editori Riuniti, 295 pp.
G. Tanelli (2009) Georisorse e ambiente. Aracne. 280 pp.

Water chemistry. Gas-water-rock interaction (dissolution, leaching, mixing, redox processes, adsorption, precipitation, base exchange). Groundwater classification using Piper, Schoeller, Chada and Stiff diagrams. Chemical equilibria and speciation. Dissolved gases. Ancient and modern groundwater dating using 14C, 3H and CFC methods. Environmental isotopes in hydrogeology ---- Water sampling (springs and streams) in Valle della Caffarella area (Roma) and in situ analyses (T, pH, EC, TDS). Laboratory determination of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3- NO2-, SiO2, PO43- concentration. Data elaboration and modelling using PHREEQC code. Relationships between chemical facies of groundwater and geological setting of Roma area.

C.A.J. Appelo, Dieke Postma Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution, CRC Press Second Edition, 2005, ISBN 9780415364218

The course is intended to provide students with the tools and methods for the study of rocks-forming minerals. After a recall of the basic concepts of structural and morphological crystallography, the most important minerals in geological environments, in particular, the silicates, will be studied from the point of view of their systematic and crystal-chemical aspects. The use of natural materials in industry, technology and in cultural heritage will be also treated. The basic elements of modern techniques for the analysis of minerals and for the use of quantitative data in mineralogy will be given.

Klein c. (2004). Mineralogia. Zanichelli.
Deer W.A., Howie R.A. & Zussman Jj. (1994). Introduzione ai minerali che costituiscono le rocce. Zanichelli.
Mottana A. (1989). Fondamenti di mineralogia geologica. Zanichelli.

And eventually also:
Dyar M.D. e Gunter M. (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America.
Putnis A. (1992). Introduction to Mineral Sciences. Cambridge University Press.

TEACHING MATHEMATICS WITH THE HELP OF A COMPUTER: GEOGEBRA AND MATHEMATICA SOFTWARES.
COMMANDS FOR NUMERICAL AND SYMBOLIC CALCULUS, GRAPHICS VISUALIZATION, PARAMETRIC SURFACES AND CURVES WITH ANIMATIONS IN CHANGING PARAMETERS.
SOLVING PROBLEMS: TRIANGLE'S PROPERTIES IN EUCLIDEAN AND NON-EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY WITH EXAMPLES, APPROXIMATION OF PI AND OTHER IRRATIONAL NUMBERS, SOLUTIONS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES, SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS, DEFINING AND VISUALIZING GEOMETRICAL LOCI, FUNCTION INTEGRAL AND DERIVATIVES, APPROXIMATION OF SURFACE AREA.

LIST OF PROBLEMS GIVEN IN CLASS WITH VISUALIZATION AND SOLUTIONS WITH THE HELP OF SOFTWARE MATHEMATICA OR GEOGEBRA.

Introduction: 3h
Hadean: 3h
Archaean: 3h
Proterozoic: 3h
Cambrian: 3h
Ordovician: 3h
Silurian: 3h
Devonian: 3h
Carboniferous: 3h
Permian: 3h
Triassic: 3h
Giurassic: 3h
Cretaceous: 3h
Paleogene: 3h
Neogene: 3h
Quaternary: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Earth System History, 4a edizione, S.M. STANLEY, J.A. LUCZAJ (2014)

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

Program of the course of "Physics of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere"
prof. Carlo Scotto
Most of the topics are dealt in the book by G.W. Prölss ("Physics of the Earth's Space Environment", ed. Springer). Reference is made to the paragraphs of this book. The remaining topics are reported in the distributed Lesson Notes. The relevant detailed bibliography is shown in them.
Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of the topics covered.

1. Notions of magneto-ionospheric plasma physics
Plasma frequency, Debye distance and Debye-Hückel potential, plasma conditions, free mean path, phase refraction index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and in the absence of magnetic field, cold plasma (Lesson notes). (P. 232, § 7.3.1, § 7.3.2, § 7.3.3). Energy of the electromagnetic field (Lesson notes). Motion of electric charges in a magnetic field: gyration motion, the magnetic moment as an adiabatic invariant, motion where grad(B) is parallel to B, bounce motion (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, pp. 220-228), gradient drift motion (§ 5.3.2, pp. 228-229), neutral shift drift, drift E x B and plasma conductivity in the absence of collisions, drift under the action of external forces (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, § 5.3.3 pp. 219-233).

2. The interplanetary medium.
The solar corona and the solar wind (§ 6.1 and 6.1.1, pp. 278-282, including all the references). Large-scale solar wind structure and on the ecliptic plane (§ 6.1.6). The interplanetary magnetic field: observations and physical characteristics (§ 6.2.1, pp. 300-304). The heliosferic current sheet (§ 6.2.4). Segment structure of the polar component of B (§ 6.2.5). Alfven's theorem (Appendix A.14, pp.484-487).

3. Magnetosphere
The geomagnetic field near the Earth (§ 5.2). Curvature drift (p. 233). Total drift (p. 234-235). Composed motion of charge carriers (§ 5.3.4). Particle populations in the internal magnetosphere: radiation belts, ring current, plasmashere (§ 5.4).
The distant geomagnetic field: configuration and classification, currents on the diurnal side of the magnetopause, reflection of the particles and formation of the current, system of currents in the geomagnetic tail (§ 5.5). Particle population in the external magnetosphere: magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer (§ 5.6). Formation of bow shock and the magnetosheat (§ 6.4 introduction and § 6.4.1, pp. 325-328).

4. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, gas radiation attenuation, energy deposition in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth ionosphere: historical outline, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and disappearance of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in E region and in region F2 region (§ 3.2; introduction of chap 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3). Ionosphere morphology: the cusps on the ionogram trace and the ionospheric regions (Lesson notes). Regular variations of the ionosphere: layers E and F1 (Lesson notes). Irregular variations of the ionosphere: F2 layer (Lesson notes). Sporadic E layer(Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for regions E and F: F1 layer (Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for region D (Lesson notes). Refraction index for radio waves with collisions and in the absence of a magnetic field; interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index: absorption ( Lesson notes). Solar flares and short waves fadeout (Lesson notes). Additional notes on the F1 layer (Lesson notes). Additional notes on layer E (Lesson notes).

5. Magnetoionic theory
Introduction. Constitutive equations for a cold plasma with collisions and in the presence of a magnetic field (Lesson notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, neglecting collisions and considering the Earth's magnetic field: Appleton-Hartree equation (Lesson notes). Continuity of nf in X = 1. The zeros of the collisionless Appleton-Hartree equation: longitudinal, transverse and general propagation case (Lesson notes). Polarization: continuity in X = 1 in the general case and in the case of longitudinal propagation. Polarization in case of longitudinal propagation: dependence on the sign of YL. Polarization in general conditions, for X = 1 (Lesson Notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, considering collisions and the earth's magnetic field. Mention upon the polarization in the collisional case. Curves of mi(X) with collisions: importance of the Booker rule (Lesson notes). Conditions of reflection and ionograms, ordinary, extraordinary trace. Ray Z (Lesson Notes). Examples of ionograms (Lesson notes).
As indicated in the lesson notes, the material of this teaching unit can be found at: Ratcliffe, J. A. (1959), The magneto-Ionic Theory and its Applications to the Ionosphere, Cambridge University Press.

6. Absorption and dissipation of solar wind energy
Topology of the high polar atmosphere (§ 7.1). Electric fields, and plasma convection (§ 7.2). Conductivity and currents in the polar ionosphere (§ 7.3). Polar auroras: energy dissipation of the auroral particles, origin of the auroral particles, diffuse and discrete aurora(§ 7. 4). Solar Wind Dynamo (§ 7.6.1), open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.2), plasma convection in the open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.3), open magnetosphere with tail (§ 7.6.4), mention upon the reconnection (part of § 7.6. 5) Birkeland currents in regions 1 and 2 (§ 7.6.6).

7. Geospheric storms
Magnetic storms: regular variation, equatorial electroject, magnetic activity at low, high and medium latitudes, geomagnetic indexes (§ 8.1). Magnetic substorms: growth and expansion phase, Alvfèn waves and their role (§ 8.3). Ionospheric storms: negative and positive storms (§ 8.5).

1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Lecture Notes

first part

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

1 Solar System Part
- Overall description of the Solar System, mass and angular momentum distribution, astrophysical variables.
- Overall description of planets, their main characteristics ; description of planetary satellites systems and of minor bodies of the Solar System.
- Terrestrial planets: main characteristics and evolutive processes of planetary surfaces.
- Terrestrial planets: thermal history, impact cratering processes, volcanism, tectonics.Comparative planetology.
- Meteorites and minor bodies; radiometric dating and clues for the formation of the Solar System.
- Giant planets
- Planetary satellites
- Internal structure of planets, different evolution of terrestrial and giant planets.
- Planetary atmospheres
2 Extrasolar Planets Part
- Historical Introduction
- Exo planets Indirect discovery methods
- Exo planets Direct discovery methods
- Exo Planets Characteristics
- Physics of extrasolar Planets
- Characterization and results
- Which Life?
- Habitability and Habitable Zone
- The search for life
3 Common Part
- Introduction to the Planetary formation Theory

- There is no official text of the course. A suggested text is the following: Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press. During the course several scientific review papers will be suggested by the lecturers.

Material

- Course slides
- Scientific papers

The course program includes the presentation and discussion of the following topics:
Definition and types of urban systems. Natural hazards and risks of urban areas. Role of geological conditions, influence of natural factors and geographical conditions on the development of urban areas. Risk, hazard, exposed value and vulnerability in urban areas, and their evolution in time. Methodology for collection, normalization and processing of drilling data. Issues and real cases applications.

Geologia di Roma “Vol L” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (1995).
La geologia di Roma dal centro storico alla periferia “Vol LXXX” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (2008).
U. Ventriglia – Geologia del territorio del Comune di Roma, a cura dell’Amministrazione Provinciale di Roma, (2002).
G. Gisotti – Ambiente urbano. – Dario Flaccovio Editore, Palermo (2007).

Physical properties of minerals, mineral separation, principles of spectroscopy, X-rays: emission and absorption, X-ray diffraction, vibrational (Raman, FTIR) spectroscopies, electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), WDS microanalysis (EMPA), case studies, practicals, seminars.

A.F. GUALTIERI INTRODUZIONE ALLE TECNICHE ANALITICHE STRUMENTALI, ED. LIBRERIA UNIVERSITARIA
Dyar, Gunter, Tasa (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America. 708 pp. Disponibili versioni PDF e iPad.
Hutchison (1974) Laboratory handbook of petrographic techniques. Wiley, 527.

The environment of celestial bodies; the Solar System; the shape and size of the Earth; the main motions of the Earth (rotation and revolution); the long-term movements of the Earth; the Earth-Moon system.
Orientation; time and its measure; the representation of the earth's surface; the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude), the reading of topographic maps.
The shapes of the relief and the modeling of the terrestrial relief; the marine hydrosphere, the continental hydrosphere, the cryosphere; the atmosphere; the climate.
The materials of the Earth: the minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle.
The evolution of the Earth.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the principles of cell biology and tissue organization. Acquisition of conscious judgment autonomy with reference to: evaluation, interpretation and contextualization of photographs acquired with microscopic techniques. Ability to communicate effectively and with the correct terminology;
Applied skills: The basic knowledge acquired through the study of cytology will allow students to apply them to the study of tissues. In addition, students will be able to recognize and comment on a preparation or photograph acquired with a microscopic instrument. Finally, this knowledge will allow students to understand the disciplinary insights that will be carried out in the following years.

Cytology.
Cell theory. Methods of studying the cell: the microscope.
Macromolecules: The main carbohydrates of biological interest and their polymers. Notes on glycolysis. The main lipids of biological interest. Amino acids and proteins. Notes on the structure and function of proteins. Enzymes.
Nucleic acids. DNA and RNA structure. DNA replication, messenger transcription and RNA, genetic code, ribosomes and protein synthesis.
Cell membranes: chemical composition, The fluid mosaic model. Intrinsic and extrinsic proteins. Permeability and active transport. Ionic channels. Intercellular junctions: zonula occludens, zonula adherens and desmosomes.
Cytoplasmic and secretory pathway, The endoplasmic reticulum, Origin and sorting of secretory and membrane proteins. Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes, peroxisomes, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis.
Structure of mitochondria, Probable origin of mitochondria and plastids, DNA in mitochondria, Notes on energy metabolism: respiration.
The cytoskeleton: Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
The nucleus of eukaryotes, nuclear envelope and nuclear pores, histones and nucleosomes. Euchromatin and heterochromatin. The nucleolus. Chromosome structure.
The cell cycle: the interphase (phases G1, S and G2), Cell division. Haploid, diploid and polyploid cells. Mitosis in animal cells. Meiosis. Phases and sub-phases of meiosis. The meaning of meiosis and crossing over. Recombination.

Histology
Epithelial tissue. General characteristics. Coating epithelia. Classification and functions. The basal lamina.
Connective tissue. The different connective tissues: general characteristics and specific characteristics of the different connective tissues. The connective proper. Classification of connectives. Extracellular matrix. Connective cells and their function.
Blood and signs of cellular immunology. The plasma: composition and functions. Erythrocytes and white blood cells: morphological and functional characteristics.
Bone tissue. Spongy bone and compact bone. Microscopic structure of the bone: the osteone. Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.
Muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle tissue. Structure and ultrastructure of muscle fiber. Myofibrils and myofilaments: the sarcomere. Muscle contraction. Heart muscle tissue.
Nervous tissue. The central and peripheral nervous system. Morphology of the neuron. Notes on nerve impulse conduction. The synapse. Neurotransmitters. Neuroglia.

Cytology
Essential Cell Biology, Bruce Alberts, Karen Hopkin, Alexander D. Johnson, David Morgan, Martin Raff. Garland Science. Last edition
Histology
Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, Anthony Mescher. Lange. Last edition

Introduction: hazard and risk, historical perspective;
General concepts: Earth Science; energy and causes of natural hazards; managing, modelling and describing natural disasters; forecasting.
Analysis, physical understanding and social impact of the natural disasters in Earth science: earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, landslides, hurricanes, floods, drought, climate changes, sea level changes.
Synthesis: towards a general and shared vision to mitigate natural disasters.

Patrick L. Abbott (2017) Natural Disasters. McGraw-Hill, 556 pp.

Introduction to mineral resources, environmental sustainability and energy, the role of mineral resources for the development of human society, principles of ore deposits, classification and geology of ore deposits, quarries and mines, environmental mineralogy. Case studies: pigments, metals, cement and concrete, zeolites, ceramics, materials for cultural heritage, seminars.

VARIOUS MATERIAL PROVIDED BY THE TEACHER AND ALSO
SE Kesler e AC Simon (2015). Mineral resources, economics and the environment. Cambridge University press. 433 pp.
Ugo Bardi (2011) La terra svuotata. Editori Riuniti, 295 pp.
G. Tanelli (2009) Georisorse e ambiente. Aracne. 280 pp.

Water chemistry. Gas-water-rock interaction (dissolution, leaching, mixing, redox processes, adsorption, precipitation, base exchange). Groundwater classification using Piper, Schoeller, Chada and Stiff diagrams. Chemical equilibria and speciation. Dissolved gases. Ancient and modern groundwater dating using 14C, 3H and CFC methods. Environmental isotopes in hydrogeology ---- Water sampling (springs and streams) in Valle della Caffarella area (Roma) and in situ analyses (T, pH, EC, TDS). Laboratory determination of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3- NO2-, SiO2, PO43- concentration. Data elaboration and modelling using PHREEQC code. Relationships between chemical facies of groundwater and geological setting of Roma area.

C.A.J. Appelo, Dieke Postma Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution, CRC Press Second Edition, 2005, ISBN 9780415364218

The materials of the Earth: minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle, the magmatic rocks, the sedimentary rocks, the metamorphic rocks, the bedding and the deformation of the rocks.
Volcanic phenomena: magma and volcanic activity, the main types of eruptions, shape of volcanic buildings, products of volcanic activity, the geographic distribution of volcanoes, volcanoes and man (the volcanic risk).
Seismic phenomena: the theory of elastic rebound, the seismic cycle, types of seismic waves and their propagation and registration, the force of an earthquake (scales of intensity and magnitude), the geographic distribution of earthquakes, the seismic activity and the man (seismic risk)
Plate tectonics: the internal structure of the Earth, the structure of the crust, the Earth's magnetic field, Earth’s internal heat, the convective mantle, from the hypothesis of the drift of the continents to the formulation of the theory of plate tectonics.
The Earth as an integrated system: interaction between the different systems of the planet (biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, cryosphere), the earth's atmosphere, climate and meteorological phenomena, renewable and non-renewable natural resources.
Field trip in Caffarella Valley
Field trip in the city of Rome

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

TEACHING MATHEMATICS WITH THE HELP OF A COMPUTER: GEOGEBRA AND MATHEMATICA SOFTWARES.
COMMANDS FOR NUMERICAL AND SYMBOLIC CALCULUS, GRAPHICS VISUALIZATION, PARAMETRIC SURFACES AND CURVES WITH ANIMATIONS IN CHANGING PARAMETERS.
SOLVING PROBLEMS: TRIANGLE'S PROPERTIES IN EUCLIDEAN AND NON-EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY WITH EXAMPLES, APPROXIMATION OF PI AND OTHER IRRATIONAL NUMBERS, SOLUTIONS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES, SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS, DEFINING AND VISUALIZING GEOMETRICAL LOCI, FUNCTION INTEGRAL AND DERIVATIVES, APPROXIMATION OF SURFACE AREA.

LIST OF PROBLEMS GIVEN IN CLASS WITH VISUALIZATION AND SOLUTIONS WITH THE HELP OF SOFTWARE MATHEMATICA OR GEOGEBRA.

The metamorphic process and the controlling factors; metamorphic gradients and geodynamic setting. Metamorphic rocks: structure, classification, chemical compositional classes. Metamorphic grade, index minerals and the main metamorphic facies. Mineralogical assemblage and metamorphic paragenesis. Phase diagrams, AFM and ACF projections. Mineral growth and deformation: criteria for pre-, syn- and post-kinematic crystallization. Thermobarometry: basic concepts, assumptions and limits; the main geothermometers and geobarometers; uncertainty associated with thermodynamic calibration and analytical uncertainty, "geological" error; classical thermometry; multi-equilibrium thermobarometry; inverse and forward modelling thermobarometry; introducing the main software for thermodynamic modeling. Orogenesis and metamorphism: regional examples. Exercises: reconstruction of pressure-temperature-time-strain (P-T-t-d) paths in polyphase metamorphism rocks

J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey

Bucher & Grapes - Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer

Part one: the igneous process
Use of main element geochemistry to model the origin and development of various types of magma. Binary Harker diagrams. Mass balance calculations. Partial melting, crystal fractionation and assimilation modeling. Geothermobarometers. Trace element geochemistry. Incompatibility and compatibility. Differentiation modeling use trace element partitioning. The use of isotopes(Rb / Sr, Sm / Nd, U / Pb) ) to understand the origin, age and development of various types of magma. Geochemical data processing. Magmatic activity in different tectonic environment, with emphasis on mid-ocean ridges and oceanic and continental subduction zones and on the origin of magmas in the mediterranean area.

Part two: the metamorphic process
The metamorphic process and the controlling factors; gradients of metamorphism and geodynamic setting. Metamorphic rocks: structure, classification, chemical compositional classes. Metamorphic grade, index minerals and the main metamorphic facies. Mineralogical assemblage and metamorphic paragenesis. Phase diagrams, AFM and ACF projections. Mineral growth and deformation: criteria for pre-, syn- and post-kinematic crystallization. Thermobarometry: basic concepts, assumptions and limits; the main geothermometers and geobarometers; uncertainty associated with thermodynamic calibration and analytical uncertainty, "geological" error; classical thermometry; multi-equilibrium thermobarometry; inverse and forward modelling thermobarometry; introducing the main software for thermodynamic modeling. Orogenesis and metamorphism: regional examples. Exercises: reconstruction of pressure-temperature-time-strain (P-T-t-d) paths in polyphase metamorphism rocks

Part I
J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey
Rollinsons H., 1993. Using geochemical data: evaluation, presentation, interpretation. Longman Scientific & Techinal

Part II
Bucher & Fry - Petrology Of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer

History of climatology, international organizations, Global warming: reality and negation (3 h)
The climate system: atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere (3 h)
Climate variability, climate change, anthropocene (3h)
The cryosphere: glaciers, permafrost, ice sheet, sea ice (3 h)
The climate system and its natural and anthropogenic perturbations: Variation of the relative position of the continents, astronomical, greenhouse gases, aerosols, volcanic eruptions, solar activity, land use variations, meteorite impacts, (3h)
Sea Level rise (6 h)
The paleoclimate: reconstruction of climate change in the past (ice cores, speleothems, marine cores, etc.). (3 hours)
Points of no return "Tipping Point" (3 h)
Extreme events (3 h)
Climate Models (3 h)
Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (3 h)
Climate change simulations for the 21st century (3 h)
Impacts of Climate Change: cryosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere. (3h).
The economic costs of climate change (3 h)
Technological innovation for a decarbonised society (3 h)

Pdf and copies of recent specialistic scientific publications given by the teacher

Introduction: 3h
Hadean: 3h
Archaean: 3h
Proterozoic: 3h
Cambrian: 3h
Ordovician: 3h
Silurian: 3h
Devonian: 3h
Carboniferous: 3h
Permian: 3h
Triassic: 3h
Giurassic: 3h
Cretaceous: 3h
Paleogene: 3h
Neogene: 3h
Quaternary: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Earth System History, 4a edizione, S.M. STANLEY, J.A. LUCZAJ (2014)

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

Program of the course of "Physics of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere"
prof. Carlo Scotto
Most of the topics are dealt in the book by G.W. Prölss ("Physics of the Earth's Space Environment", ed. Springer). Reference is made to the paragraphs of this book. The remaining topics are reported in the distributed Lesson Notes. The relevant detailed bibliography is shown in them.
Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of the topics covered.

1. Notions of magneto-ionospheric plasma physics
Plasma frequency, Debye distance and Debye-Hückel potential, plasma conditions, free mean path, phase refraction index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and in the absence of magnetic field, cold plasma (Lesson notes). (P. 232, § 7.3.1, § 7.3.2, § 7.3.3). Energy of the electromagnetic field (Lesson notes). Motion of electric charges in a magnetic field: gyration motion, the magnetic moment as an adiabatic invariant, motion where grad(B) is parallel to B, bounce motion (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, pp. 220-228), gradient drift motion (§ 5.3.2, pp. 228-229), neutral shift drift, drift E x B and plasma conductivity in the absence of collisions, drift under the action of external forces (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, § 5.3.3 pp. 219-233).

2. The interplanetary medium.
The solar corona and the solar wind (§ 6.1 and 6.1.1, pp. 278-282, including all the references). Large-scale solar wind structure and on the ecliptic plane (§ 6.1.6). The interplanetary magnetic field: observations and physical characteristics (§ 6.2.1, pp. 300-304). The heliosferic current sheet (§ 6.2.4). Segment structure of the polar component of B (§ 6.2.5). Alfven's theorem (Appendix A.14, pp.484-487).

3. Magnetosphere
The geomagnetic field near the Earth (§ 5.2). Curvature drift (p. 233). Total drift (p. 234-235). Composed motion of charge carriers (§ 5.3.4). Particle populations in the internal magnetosphere: radiation belts, ring current, plasmashere (§ 5.4).
The distant geomagnetic field: configuration and classification, currents on the diurnal side of the magnetopause, reflection of the particles and formation of the current, system of currents in the geomagnetic tail (§ 5.5). Particle population in the external magnetosphere: magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer (§ 5.6). Formation of bow shock and the magnetosheat (§ 6.4 introduction and § 6.4.1, pp. 325-328).

4. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, gas radiation attenuation, energy deposition in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth ionosphere: historical outline, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and disappearance of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in E region and in region F2 region (§ 3.2; introduction of chap 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3). Ionosphere morphology: the cusps on the ionogram trace and the ionospheric regions (Lesson notes). Regular variations of the ionosphere: layers E and F1 (Lesson notes). Irregular variations of the ionosphere: F2 layer (Lesson notes). Sporadic E layer(Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for regions E and F: F1 layer (Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for region D (Lesson notes). Refraction index for radio waves with collisions and in the absence of a magnetic field; interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index: absorption ( Lesson notes). Solar flares and short waves fadeout (Lesson notes). Additional notes on the F1 layer (Lesson notes). Additional notes on layer E (Lesson notes).

5. Magnetoionic theory
Introduction. Constitutive equations for a cold plasma with collisions and in the presence of a magnetic field (Lesson notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, neglecting collisions and considering the Earth's magnetic field: Appleton-Hartree equation (Lesson notes). Continuity of nf in X = 1. The zeros of the collisionless Appleton-Hartree equation: longitudinal, transverse and general propagation case (Lesson notes). Polarization: continuity in X = 1 in the general case and in the case of longitudinal propagation. Polarization in case of longitudinal propagation: dependence on the sign of YL. Polarization in general conditions, for X = 1 (Lesson Notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, considering collisions and the earth's magnetic field. Mention upon the polarization in the collisional case. Curves of mi(X) with collisions: importance of the Booker rule (Lesson notes). Conditions of reflection and ionograms, ordinary, extraordinary trace. Ray Z (Lesson Notes). Examples of ionograms (Lesson notes).
As indicated in the lesson notes, the material of this teaching unit can be found at: Ratcliffe, J. A. (1959), The magneto-Ionic Theory and its Applications to the Ionosphere, Cambridge University Press.

6. Absorption and dissipation of solar wind energy
Topology of the high polar atmosphere (§ 7.1). Electric fields, and plasma convection (§ 7.2). Conductivity and currents in the polar ionosphere (§ 7.3). Polar auroras: energy dissipation of the auroral particles, origin of the auroral particles, diffuse and discrete aurora(§ 7. 4). Solar Wind Dynamo (§ 7.6.1), open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.2), plasma convection in the open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.3), open magnetosphere with tail (§ 7.6.4), mention upon the reconnection (part of § 7.6. 5) Birkeland currents in regions 1 and 2 (§ 7.6.6).

7. Geospheric storms
Magnetic storms: regular variation, equatorial electroject, magnetic activity at low, high and medium latitudes, geomagnetic indexes (§ 8.1). Magnetic substorms: growth and expansion phase, Alvfèn waves and their role (§ 8.3). Ionospheric storms: negative and positive storms (§ 8.5).

1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Lecture Notes

first part

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

1 Solar System Part
- Overall description of the Solar System, mass and angular momentum distribution, astrophysical variables.
- Overall description of planets, their main characteristics ; description of planetary satellites systems and of minor bodies of the Solar System.
- Terrestrial planets: main characteristics and evolutive processes of planetary surfaces.
- Terrestrial planets: thermal history, impact cratering processes, volcanism, tectonics.Comparative planetology.
- Meteorites and minor bodies; radiometric dating and clues for the formation of the Solar System.
- Giant planets
- Planetary satellites
- Internal structure of planets, different evolution of terrestrial and giant planets.
- Planetary atmospheres
2 Extrasolar Planets Part
- Historical Introduction
- Exo planets Indirect discovery methods
- Exo planets Direct discovery methods
- Exo Planets Characteristics
- Physics of extrasolar Planets
- Characterization and results
- Which Life?
- Habitability and Habitable Zone
- The search for life
3 Common Part
- Introduction to the Planetary formation Theory

- There is no official text of the course. A suggested text is the following: Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press. During the course several scientific review papers will be suggested by the lecturers.

Material

- Course slides
- Scientific papers

The course program includes the presentation and discussion of the following topics:
Definition and types of urban systems. Natural hazards and risks of urban areas. Role of geological conditions, influence of natural factors and geographical conditions on the development of urban areas. Risk, hazard, exposed value and vulnerability in urban areas, and their evolution in time. Methodology for collection, normalization and processing of drilling data. Issues and real cases applications.

Geologia di Roma “Vol L” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (1995).
La geologia di Roma dal centro storico alla periferia “Vol LXXX” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (2008).
U. Ventriglia – Geologia del territorio del Comune di Roma, a cura dell’Amministrazione Provinciale di Roma, (2002).
G. Gisotti – Ambiente urbano. – Dario Flaccovio Editore, Palermo (2007).

Physical properties of minerals, mineral separation, principles of spectroscopy, X-rays: emission and absorption, X-ray diffraction, vibrational (Raman, FTIR) spectroscopies, electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), WDS microanalysis (EMPA), case studies, practicals, seminars.

A.F. GUALTIERI INTRODUZIONE ALLE TECNICHE ANALITICHE STRUMENTALI, ED. LIBRERIA UNIVERSITARIA
Dyar, Gunter, Tasa (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America. 708 pp. Disponibili versioni PDF e iPad.
Hutchison (1974) Laboratory handbook of petrographic techniques. Wiley, 527.

The environment of celestial bodies; the Solar System; the shape and size of the Earth; the main motions of the Earth (rotation and revolution); the long-term movements of the Earth; the Earth-Moon system.
Orientation; time and its measure; the representation of the earth's surface; the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude), the reading of topographic maps.
The shapes of the relief and the modeling of the terrestrial relief; the marine hydrosphere, the continental hydrosphere, the cryosphere; the atmosphere; the climate.
The materials of the Earth: the minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle.
The evolution of the Earth.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the principles of cell biology and tissue organization. Acquisition of conscious judgment autonomy with reference to: evaluation, interpretation and contextualization of photographs acquired with microscopic techniques. Ability to communicate effectively and with the correct terminology;
Applied skills: The basic knowledge acquired through the study of cytology will allow students to apply them to the study of tissues. In addition, students will be able to recognize and comment on a preparation or photograph acquired with a microscopic instrument. Finally, this knowledge will allow students to understand the disciplinary insights that will be carried out in the following years.

Cytology.
Cell theory. Methods of studying the cell: the microscope.
Macromolecules: The main carbohydrates of biological interest and their polymers. Notes on glycolysis. The main lipids of biological interest. Amino acids and proteins. Notes on the structure and function of proteins. Enzymes.
Nucleic acids. DNA and RNA structure. DNA replication, messenger transcription and RNA, genetic code, ribosomes and protein synthesis.
Cell membranes: chemical composition, The fluid mosaic model. Intrinsic and extrinsic proteins. Permeability and active transport. Ionic channels. Intercellular junctions: zonula occludens, zonula adherens and desmosomes.
Cytoplasmic and secretory pathway, The endoplasmic reticulum, Origin and sorting of secretory and membrane proteins. Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes, peroxisomes, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis.
Structure of mitochondria, Probable origin of mitochondria and plastids, DNA in mitochondria, Notes on energy metabolism: respiration.
The cytoskeleton: Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
The nucleus of eukaryotes, nuclear envelope and nuclear pores, histones and nucleosomes. Euchromatin and heterochromatin. The nucleolus. Chromosome structure.
The cell cycle: the interphase (phases G1, S and G2), Cell division. Haploid, diploid and polyploid cells. Mitosis in animal cells. Meiosis. Phases and sub-phases of meiosis. The meaning of meiosis and crossing over. Recombination.

Histology
Epithelial tissue. General characteristics. Coating epithelia. Classification and functions. The basal lamina.
Connective tissue. The different connective tissues: general characteristics and specific characteristics of the different connective tissues. The connective proper. Classification of connectives. Extracellular matrix. Connective cells and their function.
Blood and signs of cellular immunology. The plasma: composition and functions. Erythrocytes and white blood cells: morphological and functional characteristics.
Bone tissue. Spongy bone and compact bone. Microscopic structure of the bone: the osteone. Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.
Muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle tissue. Structure and ultrastructure of muscle fiber. Myofibrils and myofilaments: the sarcomere. Muscle contraction. Heart muscle tissue.
Nervous tissue. The central and peripheral nervous system. Morphology of the neuron. Notes on nerve impulse conduction. The synapse. Neurotransmitters. Neuroglia.

Cytology
Essential Cell Biology, Bruce Alberts, Karen Hopkin, Alexander D. Johnson, David Morgan, Martin Raff. Garland Science. Last edition
Histology
Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, Anthony Mescher. Lange. Last edition

Introduction: hazard and risk, historical perspective;
General concepts: Earth Science; energy and causes of natural hazards; managing, modelling and describing natural disasters; forecasting.
Analysis, physical understanding and social impact of the natural disasters in Earth science: earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, landslides, hurricanes, floods, drought, climate changes, sea level changes.
Synthesis: towards a general and shared vision to mitigate natural disasters.

Patrick L. Abbott (2017) Natural Disasters. McGraw-Hill, 556 pp.

Part I: The igneous process. geochemical characteristics of magmas as petrogenetic indicators. trace elements and isotopic distribution in magmas. magma melting and diversity. magmatic series. geochemical features and eruptive style in the main petrogenetic provinces. mid-ocean ridge volcanism, subduction-related igneous activity and granitoid rocks. orogenesis and magmatism: the meditteranean province.


Part II: the metamorphic process: lithological types and the main metamorphic facies; gradient of metamorphism and geodynamic settings. the orogenic and subduction-zone metamorphism.the contact metamorphism; migmatites and partial melting processes. mineral growth and rock fabrics: pre-, syn- , post-kinematic crystallization. metamorphic thermobarometry and reconstruction of the pressure-temperature-time (p-t-t) paths in polyphase metamorphism. orogeny and metamorphism: regional examples.



Part III: Main isotopic dating methods used in different geodynamic settings with the aim to understand potential and limits of each method. theory and applications of the following methods: k/ar, ar/ar, rb/sr, u-th/pb, sm/nd. radiation damage methods, as fission tracks and luminescence, particularly useful in thermochronometric reconstruction.

Part I

J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey



Part II

Bucher & Fry - Petrology Of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer



Part III

Faure, T. M. Mensing – Isotopes. Principles And Applications. Wiley, 2005

Part I: The igneous process. geochemical characteristics of magmas as petrogenetic indicators. trace elements and isotopic distribution in magmas. magma melting and diversity. magmatic series. geochemical features and eruptive style in the main petrogenetic provinces. mid-ocean ridge volcanism, subduction-related igneous activity and granitoid rocks. orogenesis and magmatism: the meditteranean province.
Part II: the metamorphic process: lithological types and the main metamorphic facies; gradient of metamorphism and geodynamic settings. the orogenic and subduction-zone metamorphism.the contact metamorphism; migmatites and partial melting processes. mineral growth and rock fabrics: pre-, syn- , post-kinematic crystallization. metamorphic thermobarometry and reconstruction of the pressure-temperature-time (P-T-t) paths in polyphase metamorphism. orogeny and metamorphism: regional examples.
Part III: Main isotopic dating methods used in different geodynamic settings with the aim to understand potential and limits of each method. theory and applications of the following methods: k/ar, ar/ar, rb/sr, u-th/pb, sm/nd. radiation damage methods, as fission tracks and luminescence, particularly useful in thermochronometric reconstruction.

J. D. Winter - An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey

Bucher & Grapes - Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer

Faure, T. M. Mensing – Isotopes. Principles And Applications. Wiley, 2005

Part I: The igneous process. geochemical characteristics of magmas as petrogenetic indicators. trace elements and isotopic distribution in magmas. magma melting and diversity. magmatic series. geochemical features and eruptive style in the main petrogenetic provinces. mid-ocean ridge volcanism, subduction-related igneous activity and granitoid rocks. orogenesis and magmatism: the meditteranean province.

Part II: the metamorphic process: lithological types and the main metamorphic facies; gradient of metamorphism and geodynamic settings. the orogenic and subduction-zone metamorphism.the contact metamorphism; migmatites and partial melting processes. mineral growth and rock fabrics: pre-, syn- , post-kinematic crystallization. metamorphic thermobarometry and reconstruction of the pressure-temperature-time (p-t-t) paths in polyphase metamorphism. orogeny and metamorphism: regional examples.

Part III: Main isotopic dating methods used in different geodynamic settings with the aim to understand potential and limits of each method. theory and applications of the following methods: k/ar, ar/ar, rb/sr, u-th/pb, sm/nd. radiation damage methods, as fission tracks and luminescence, particularly useful in thermochronometric reconstruction.

Part I
J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey

Part II
Bucher & Fry - Petrology Of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer

Part III
Faure, T. M. Mensing – Isotopes. Principles And Applications. Wiley, 2005

Introduction to mineral resources, environmental sustainability and energy, the role of mineral resources for the development of human society, principles of ore deposits, classification and geology of ore deposits, quarries and mines, environmental mineralogy. Case studies: pigments, metals, cement and concrete, zeolites, ceramics, materials for cultural heritage, seminars.

VARIOUS MATERIAL PROVIDED BY THE TEACHER AND ALSO
SE Kesler e AC Simon (2015). Mineral resources, economics and the environment. Cambridge University press. 433 pp.
Ugo Bardi (2011) La terra svuotata. Editori Riuniti, 295 pp.
G. Tanelli (2009) Georisorse e ambiente. Aracne. 280 pp.

Water chemistry. Gas-water-rock interaction (dissolution, leaching, mixing, redox processes, adsorption, precipitation, base exchange). Groundwater classification using Piper, Schoeller, Chada and Stiff diagrams. Chemical equilibria and speciation. Dissolved gases. Ancient and modern groundwater dating using 14C, 3H and CFC methods. Environmental isotopes in hydrogeology ---- Water sampling (springs and streams) in Valle della Caffarella area (Roma) and in situ analyses (T, pH, EC, TDS). Laboratory determination of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3- NO2-, SiO2, PO43- concentration. Data elaboration and modelling using PHREEQC code. Relationships between chemical facies of groundwater and geological setting of Roma area.

C.A.J. Appelo, Dieke Postma Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution, CRC Press Second Edition, 2005, ISBN 9780415364218

The course is intended to provide students with the tools and methods for the study of rocks-forming minerals. After a recall of the basic concepts of structural and morphological crystallography, the most important minerals in geological environments, in particular, the silicates, will be studied from the point of view of their systematic and crystal-chemical aspects. The use of natural materials in industry, technology and in cultural heritage will be also treated. The basic elements of modern techniques for the analysis of minerals and for the use of quantitative data in mineralogy will be given.

Klein c. (2004). Mineralogia. Zanichelli.
Deer W.A., Howie R.A. & Zussman Jj. (1994). Introduzione ai minerali che costituiscono le rocce. Zanichelli.
Mottana A. (1989). Fondamenti di mineralogia geologica. Zanichelli.

And eventually also:
Dyar M.D. e Gunter M. (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America.
Putnis A. (1992). Introduction to Mineral Sciences. Cambridge University Press.

TEACHING MATHEMATICS WITH THE HELP OF A COMPUTER: GEOGEBRA AND MATHEMATICA SOFTWARES.
COMMANDS FOR NUMERICAL AND SYMBOLIC CALCULUS, GRAPHICS VISUALIZATION, PARAMETRIC SURFACES AND CURVES WITH ANIMATIONS IN CHANGING PARAMETERS.
SOLVING PROBLEMS: TRIANGLE'S PROPERTIES IN EUCLIDEAN AND NON-EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY WITH EXAMPLES, APPROXIMATION OF PI AND OTHER IRRATIONAL NUMBERS, SOLUTIONS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES, SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS, DEFINING AND VISUALIZING GEOMETRICAL LOCI, FUNCTION INTEGRAL AND DERIVATIVES, APPROXIMATION OF SURFACE AREA.

LIST OF PROBLEMS GIVEN IN CLASS WITH VISUALIZATION AND SOLUTIONS WITH THE HELP OF SOFTWARE MATHEMATICA OR GEOGEBRA.

Introduction: 3h
Hadean: 3h
Archaean: 3h
Proterozoic: 3h
Cambrian: 3h
Ordovician: 3h
Silurian: 3h
Devonian: 3h
Carboniferous: 3h
Permian: 3h
Triassic: 3h
Giurassic: 3h
Cretaceous: 3h
Paleogene: 3h
Neogene: 3h
Quaternary: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Earth System History, 4a edizione, S.M. STANLEY, J.A. LUCZAJ (2014)

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

Program of the course of "Physics of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere"
prof. Carlo Scotto
Most of the topics are dealt in the book by G.W. Prölss ("Physics of the Earth's Space Environment", ed. Springer). Reference is made to the paragraphs of this book. The remaining topics are reported in the distributed Lesson Notes. The relevant detailed bibliography is shown in them.
Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of the topics covered.

1. Notions of magneto-ionospheric plasma physics
Plasma frequency, Debye distance and Debye-Hückel potential, plasma conditions, free mean path, phase refraction index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and in the absence of magnetic field, cold plasma (Lesson notes). (P. 232, § 7.3.1, § 7.3.2, § 7.3.3). Energy of the electromagnetic field (Lesson notes). Motion of electric charges in a magnetic field: gyration motion, the magnetic moment as an adiabatic invariant, motion where grad(B) is parallel to B, bounce motion (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, pp. 220-228), gradient drift motion (§ 5.3.2, pp. 228-229), neutral shift drift, drift E x B and plasma conductivity in the absence of collisions, drift under the action of external forces (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, § 5.3.3 pp. 219-233).

2. The interplanetary medium.
The solar corona and the solar wind (§ 6.1 and 6.1.1, pp. 278-282, including all the references). Large-scale solar wind structure and on the ecliptic plane (§ 6.1.6). The interplanetary magnetic field: observations and physical characteristics (§ 6.2.1, pp. 300-304). The heliosferic current sheet (§ 6.2.4). Segment structure of the polar component of B (§ 6.2.5). Alfven's theorem (Appendix A.14, pp.484-487).

3. Magnetosphere
The geomagnetic field near the Earth (§ 5.2). Curvature drift (p. 233). Total drift (p. 234-235). Composed motion of charge carriers (§ 5.3.4). Particle populations in the internal magnetosphere: radiation belts, ring current, plasmashere (§ 5.4).
The distant geomagnetic field: configuration and classification, currents on the diurnal side of the magnetopause, reflection of the particles and formation of the current, system of currents in the geomagnetic tail (§ 5.5). Particle population in the external magnetosphere: magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer (§ 5.6). Formation of bow shock and the magnetosheat (§ 6.4 introduction and § 6.4.1, pp. 325-328).

4. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, gas radiation attenuation, energy deposition in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth ionosphere: historical outline, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and disappearance of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in E region and in region F2 region (§ 3.2; introduction of chap 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3). Ionosphere morphology: the cusps on the ionogram trace and the ionospheric regions (Lesson notes). Regular variations of the ionosphere: layers E and F1 (Lesson notes). Irregular variations of the ionosphere: F2 layer (Lesson notes). Sporadic E layer(Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for regions E and F: F1 layer (Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for region D (Lesson notes). Refraction index for radio waves with collisions and in the absence of a magnetic field; interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index: absorption ( Lesson notes). Solar flares and short waves fadeout (Lesson notes). Additional notes on the F1 layer (Lesson notes). Additional notes on layer E (Lesson notes).

5. Magnetoionic theory
Introduction. Constitutive equations for a cold plasma with collisions and in the presence of a magnetic field (Lesson notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, neglecting collisions and considering the Earth's magnetic field: Appleton-Hartree equation (Lesson notes). Continuity of nf in X = 1. The zeros of the collisionless Appleton-Hartree equation: longitudinal, transverse and general propagation case (Lesson notes). Polarization: continuity in X = 1 in the general case and in the case of longitudinal propagation. Polarization in case of longitudinal propagation: dependence on the sign of YL. Polarization in general conditions, for X = 1 (Lesson Notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, considering collisions and the earth's magnetic field. Mention upon the polarization in the collisional case. Curves of mi(X) with collisions: importance of the Booker rule (Lesson notes). Conditions of reflection and ionograms, ordinary, extraordinary trace. Ray Z (Lesson Notes). Examples of ionograms (Lesson notes).
As indicated in the lesson notes, the material of this teaching unit can be found at: Ratcliffe, J. A. (1959), The magneto-Ionic Theory and its Applications to the Ionosphere, Cambridge University Press.

6. Absorption and dissipation of solar wind energy
Topology of the high polar atmosphere (§ 7.1). Electric fields, and plasma convection (§ 7.2). Conductivity and currents in the polar ionosphere (§ 7.3). Polar auroras: energy dissipation of the auroral particles, origin of the auroral particles, diffuse and discrete aurora(§ 7. 4). Solar Wind Dynamo (§ 7.6.1), open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.2), plasma convection in the open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.3), open magnetosphere with tail (§ 7.6.4), mention upon the reconnection (part of § 7.6. 5) Birkeland currents in regions 1 and 2 (§ 7.6.6).

7. Geospheric storms
Magnetic storms: regular variation, equatorial electroject, magnetic activity at low, high and medium latitudes, geomagnetic indexes (§ 8.1). Magnetic substorms: growth and expansion phase, Alvfèn waves and their role (§ 8.3). Ionospheric storms: negative and positive storms (§ 8.5).

1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Lecture Notes

first part

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

1 Solar System Part
- Overall description of the Solar System, mass and angular momentum distribution, astrophysical variables.
- Overall description of planets, their main characteristics ; description of planetary satellites systems and of minor bodies of the Solar System.
- Terrestrial planets: main characteristics and evolutive processes of planetary surfaces.
- Terrestrial planets: thermal history, impact cratering processes, volcanism, tectonics.Comparative planetology.
- Meteorites and minor bodies; radiometric dating and clues for the formation of the Solar System.
- Giant planets
- Planetary satellites
- Internal structure of planets, different evolution of terrestrial and giant planets.
- Planetary atmospheres
2 Extrasolar Planets Part
- Historical Introduction
- Exo planets Indirect discovery methods
- Exo planets Direct discovery methods
- Exo Planets Characteristics
- Physics of extrasolar Planets
- Characterization and results
- Which Life?
- Habitability and Habitable Zone
- The search for life
3 Common Part
- Introduction to the Planetary formation Theory

- There is no official text of the course. A suggested text is the following: Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press. During the course several scientific review papers will be suggested by the lecturers.

Material

- Course slides
- Scientific papers

The course program includes the presentation and discussion of the following topics:
Definition and types of urban systems. Natural hazards and risks of urban areas. Role of geological conditions, influence of natural factors and geographical conditions on the development of urban areas. Risk, hazard, exposed value and vulnerability in urban areas, and their evolution in time. Methodology for collection, normalization and processing of drilling data. Issues and real cases applications.

Geologia di Roma “Vol L” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (1995).
La geologia di Roma dal centro storico alla periferia “Vol LXXX” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (2008).
U. Ventriglia – Geologia del territorio del Comune di Roma, a cura dell’Amministrazione Provinciale di Roma, (2002).
G. Gisotti – Ambiente urbano. – Dario Flaccovio Editore, Palermo (2007).

Physical properties of minerals, mineral separation, principles of spectroscopy, X-rays: emission and absorption, X-ray diffraction, vibrational (Raman, FTIR) spectroscopies, electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), WDS microanalysis (EMPA), case studies, practicals, seminars.

A.F. GUALTIERI INTRODUZIONE ALLE TECNICHE ANALITICHE STRUMENTALI, ED. LIBRERIA UNIVERSITARIA
Dyar, Gunter, Tasa (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America. 708 pp. Disponibili versioni PDF e iPad.
Hutchison (1974) Laboratory handbook of petrographic techniques. Wiley, 527.

The environment of celestial bodies; the Solar System; the shape and size of the Earth; the main motions of the Earth (rotation and revolution); the long-term movements of the Earth; the Earth-Moon system.
Orientation; time and its measure; the representation of the earth's surface; the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude), the reading of topographic maps.
The shapes of the relief and the modeling of the terrestrial relief; the marine hydrosphere, the continental hydrosphere, the cryosphere; the atmosphere; the climate.
The materials of the Earth: the minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle.
The evolution of the Earth.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the principles of cell biology and tissue organization. Acquisition of conscious judgment autonomy with reference to: evaluation, interpretation and contextualization of photographs acquired with microscopic techniques. Ability to communicate effectively and with the correct terminology;
Applied skills: The basic knowledge acquired through the study of cytology will allow students to apply them to the study of tissues. In addition, students will be able to recognize and comment on a preparation or photograph acquired with a microscopic instrument. Finally, this knowledge will allow students to understand the disciplinary insights that will be carried out in the following years.

Cytology.
Cell theory. Methods of studying the cell: the microscope.
Macromolecules: The main carbohydrates of biological interest and their polymers. Notes on glycolysis. The main lipids of biological interest. Amino acids and proteins. Notes on the structure and function of proteins. Enzymes.
Nucleic acids. DNA and RNA structure. DNA replication, messenger transcription and RNA, genetic code, ribosomes and protein synthesis.
Cell membranes: chemical composition, The fluid mosaic model. Intrinsic and extrinsic proteins. Permeability and active transport. Ionic channels. Intercellular junctions: zonula occludens, zonula adherens and desmosomes.
Cytoplasmic and secretory pathway, The endoplasmic reticulum, Origin and sorting of secretory and membrane proteins. Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes, peroxisomes, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis.
Structure of mitochondria, Probable origin of mitochondria and plastids, DNA in mitochondria, Notes on energy metabolism: respiration.
The cytoskeleton: Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
The nucleus of eukaryotes, nuclear envelope and nuclear pores, histones and nucleosomes. Euchromatin and heterochromatin. The nucleolus. Chromosome structure.
The cell cycle: the interphase (phases G1, S and G2), Cell division. Haploid, diploid and polyploid cells. Mitosis in animal cells. Meiosis. Phases and sub-phases of meiosis. The meaning of meiosis and crossing over. Recombination.

Histology
Epithelial tissue. General characteristics. Coating epithelia. Classification and functions. The basal lamina.
Connective tissue. The different connective tissues: general characteristics and specific characteristics of the different connective tissues. The connective proper. Classification of connectives. Extracellular matrix. Connective cells and their function.
Blood and signs of cellular immunology. The plasma: composition and functions. Erythrocytes and white blood cells: morphological and functional characteristics.
Bone tissue. Spongy bone and compact bone. Microscopic structure of the bone: the osteone. Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.
Muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle tissue. Structure and ultrastructure of muscle fiber. Myofibrils and myofilaments: the sarcomere. Muscle contraction. Heart muscle tissue.
Nervous tissue. The central and peripheral nervous system. Morphology of the neuron. Notes on nerve impulse conduction. The synapse. Neurotransmitters. Neuroglia.

Cytology
Essential Cell Biology, Bruce Alberts, Karen Hopkin, Alexander D. Johnson, David Morgan, Martin Raff. Garland Science. Last edition
Histology
Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, Anthony Mescher. Lange. Last edition

Introduction: hazard and risk, historical perspective;
General concepts: Earth Science; energy and causes of natural hazards; managing, modelling and describing natural disasters; forecasting.
Analysis, physical understanding and social impact of the natural disasters in Earth science: earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, landslides, hurricanes, floods, drought, climate changes, sea level changes.
Synthesis: towards a general and shared vision to mitigate natural disasters.

Patrick L. Abbott (2017) Natural Disasters. McGraw-Hill, 556 pp.

Introduction to mineral resources, environmental sustainability and energy, the role of mineral resources for the development of human society, principles of ore deposits, classification and geology of ore deposits, quarries and mines, environmental mineralogy. Case studies: pigments, metals, cement and concrete, zeolites, ceramics, materials for cultural heritage, seminars.

VARIOUS MATERIAL PROVIDED BY THE TEACHER AND ALSO
SE Kesler e AC Simon (2015). Mineral resources, economics and the environment. Cambridge University press. 433 pp.
Ugo Bardi (2011) La terra svuotata. Editori Riuniti, 295 pp.
G. Tanelli (2009) Georisorse e ambiente. Aracne. 280 pp.

Water chemistry. Gas-water-rock interaction (dissolution, leaching, mixing, redox processes, adsorption, precipitation, base exchange). Groundwater classification using Piper, Schoeller, Chada and Stiff diagrams. Chemical equilibria and speciation. Dissolved gases. Ancient and modern groundwater dating using 14C, 3H and CFC methods. Environmental isotopes in hydrogeology ---- Water sampling (springs and streams) in Valle della Caffarella area (Roma) and in situ analyses (T, pH, EC, TDS). Laboratory determination of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3- NO2-, SiO2, PO43- concentration. Data elaboration and modelling using PHREEQC code. Relationships between chemical facies of groundwater and geological setting of Roma area.

C.A.J. Appelo, Dieke Postma Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution, CRC Press Second Edition, 2005, ISBN 9780415364218

The materials of the Earth: minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle, the magmatic rocks, the sedimentary rocks, the metamorphic rocks, the bedding and the deformation of the rocks.
Volcanic phenomena: magma and volcanic activity, the main types of eruptions, shape of volcanic buildings, products of volcanic activity, the geographic distribution of volcanoes, volcanoes and man (the volcanic risk).
Seismic phenomena: the theory of elastic rebound, the seismic cycle, types of seismic waves and their propagation and registration, the force of an earthquake (scales of intensity and magnitude), the geographic distribution of earthquakes, the seismic activity and the man (seismic risk)
Plate tectonics: the internal structure of the Earth, the structure of the crust, the Earth's magnetic field, Earth’s internal heat, the convective mantle, from the hypothesis of the drift of the continents to the formulation of the theory of plate tectonics.
The Earth as an integrated system: interaction between the different systems of the planet (biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, cryosphere), the earth's atmosphere, climate and meteorological phenomena, renewable and non-renewable natural resources.
Field trip in Caffarella Valley
Field trip in the city of Rome

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

TEACHING MATHEMATICS WITH THE HELP OF A COMPUTER: GEOGEBRA AND MATHEMATICA SOFTWARES.
COMMANDS FOR NUMERICAL AND SYMBOLIC CALCULUS, GRAPHICS VISUALIZATION, PARAMETRIC SURFACES AND CURVES WITH ANIMATIONS IN CHANGING PARAMETERS.
SOLVING PROBLEMS: TRIANGLE'S PROPERTIES IN EUCLIDEAN AND NON-EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY WITH EXAMPLES, APPROXIMATION OF PI AND OTHER IRRATIONAL NUMBERS, SOLUTIONS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES, SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS, DEFINING AND VISUALIZING GEOMETRICAL LOCI, FUNCTION INTEGRAL AND DERIVATIVES, APPROXIMATION OF SURFACE AREA.

LIST OF PROBLEMS GIVEN IN CLASS WITH VISUALIZATION AND SOLUTIONS WITH THE HELP OF SOFTWARE MATHEMATICA OR GEOGEBRA.

The metamorphic process and the controlling factors; metamorphic gradients and geodynamic setting. Metamorphic rocks: structure, classification, chemical compositional classes. Metamorphic grade, index minerals and the main metamorphic facies. Mineralogical assemblage and metamorphic paragenesis. Phase diagrams, AFM and ACF projections. Mineral growth and deformation: criteria for pre-, syn- and post-kinematic crystallization. Thermobarometry: basic concepts, assumptions and limits; the main geothermometers and geobarometers; uncertainty associated with thermodynamic calibration and analytical uncertainty, "geological" error; classical thermometry; multi-equilibrium thermobarometry; inverse and forward modelling thermobarometry; introducing the main software for thermodynamic modeling. Orogenesis and metamorphism: regional examples. Exercises: reconstruction of pressure-temperature-time-strain (P-T-t-d) paths in polyphase metamorphism rocks

J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey

Bucher & Grapes - Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer

Part one: the igneous process
Use of main element geochemistry to model the origin and development of various types of magma. Binary Harker diagrams. Mass balance calculations. Partial melting, crystal fractionation and assimilation modeling. Geothermobarometers. Trace element geochemistry. Incompatibility and compatibility. Differentiation modeling use trace element partitioning. The use of isotopes(Rb / Sr, Sm / Nd, U / Pb) ) to understand the origin, age and development of various types of magma. Geochemical data processing. Magmatic activity in different tectonic environment, with emphasis on mid-ocean ridges and oceanic and continental subduction zones and on the origin of magmas in the mediterranean area.

Part two: the metamorphic process
The metamorphic process and the controlling factors; gradients of metamorphism and geodynamic setting. Metamorphic rocks: structure, classification, chemical compositional classes. Metamorphic grade, index minerals and the main metamorphic facies. Mineralogical assemblage and metamorphic paragenesis. Phase diagrams, AFM and ACF projections. Mineral growth and deformation: criteria for pre-, syn- and post-kinematic crystallization. Thermobarometry: basic concepts, assumptions and limits; the main geothermometers and geobarometers; uncertainty associated with thermodynamic calibration and analytical uncertainty, "geological" error; classical thermometry; multi-equilibrium thermobarometry; inverse and forward modelling thermobarometry; introducing the main software for thermodynamic modeling. Orogenesis and metamorphism: regional examples. Exercises: reconstruction of pressure-temperature-time-strain (P-T-t-d) paths in polyphase metamorphism rocks

Part I
J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey
Rollinsons H., 1993. Using geochemical data: evaluation, presentation, interpretation. Longman Scientific & Techinal

Part II
Bucher & Fry - Petrology Of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer

History of climatology, international organizations, Global warming: reality and negation (3 h)
The climate system: atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere (3 h)
Climate variability, climate change, anthropocene (3h)
The cryosphere: glaciers, permafrost, ice sheet, sea ice (3 h)
The climate system and its natural and anthropogenic perturbations: Variation of the relative position of the continents, astronomical, greenhouse gases, aerosols, volcanic eruptions, solar activity, land use variations, meteorite impacts, (3h)
Sea Level rise (6 h)
The paleoclimate: reconstruction of climate change in the past (ice cores, speleothems, marine cores, etc.). (3 hours)
Points of no return "Tipping Point" (3 h)
Extreme events (3 h)
Climate Models (3 h)
Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (3 h)
Climate change simulations for the 21st century (3 h)
Impacts of Climate Change: cryosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere. (3h).
The economic costs of climate change (3 h)
Technological innovation for a decarbonised society (3 h)

Pdf and copies of recent specialistic scientific publications given by the teacher

Introduction: 3h
Hadean: 3h
Archaean: 3h
Proterozoic: 3h
Cambrian: 3h
Ordovician: 3h
Silurian: 3h
Devonian: 3h
Carboniferous: 3h
Permian: 3h
Triassic: 3h
Giurassic: 3h
Cretaceous: 3h
Paleogene: 3h
Neogene: 3h
Quaternary: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Earth System History, 4a edizione, S.M. STANLEY, J.A. LUCZAJ (2014)

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

Program of the course of "Physics of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere"
prof. Carlo Scotto
Most of the topics are dealt in the book by G.W. Prölss ("Physics of the Earth's Space Environment", ed. Springer). Reference is made to the paragraphs of this book. The remaining topics are reported in the distributed Lesson Notes. The relevant detailed bibliography is shown in them.
Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of the topics covered.

1. Notions of magneto-ionospheric plasma physics
Plasma frequency, Debye distance and Debye-Hückel potential, plasma conditions, free mean path, phase refraction index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and in the absence of magnetic field, cold plasma (Lesson notes). (P. 232, § 7.3.1, § 7.3.2, § 7.3.3). Energy of the electromagnetic field (Lesson notes). Motion of electric charges in a magnetic field: gyration motion, the magnetic moment as an adiabatic invariant, motion where grad(B) is parallel to B, bounce motion (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, pp. 220-228), gradient drift motion (§ 5.3.2, pp. 228-229), neutral shift drift, drift E x B and plasma conductivity in the absence of collisions, drift under the action of external forces (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, § 5.3.3 pp. 219-233).

2. The interplanetary medium.
The solar corona and the solar wind (§ 6.1 and 6.1.1, pp. 278-282, including all the references). Large-scale solar wind structure and on the ecliptic plane (§ 6.1.6). The interplanetary magnetic field: observations and physical characteristics (§ 6.2.1, pp. 300-304). The heliosferic current sheet (§ 6.2.4). Segment structure of the polar component of B (§ 6.2.5). Alfven's theorem (Appendix A.14, pp.484-487).

3. Magnetosphere
The geomagnetic field near the Earth (§ 5.2). Curvature drift (p. 233). Total drift (p. 234-235). Composed motion of charge carriers (§ 5.3.4). Particle populations in the internal magnetosphere: radiation belts, ring current, plasmashere (§ 5.4).
The distant geomagnetic field: configuration and classification, currents on the diurnal side of the magnetopause, reflection of the particles and formation of the current, system of currents in the geomagnetic tail (§ 5.5). Particle population in the external magnetosphere: magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer (§ 5.6). Formation of bow shock and the magnetosheat (§ 6.4 introduction and § 6.4.1, pp. 325-328).

4. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, gas radiation attenuation, energy deposition in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth ionosphere: historical outline, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and disappearance of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in E region and in region F2 region (§ 3.2; introduction of chap 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3). Ionosphere morphology: the cusps on the ionogram trace and the ionospheric regions (Lesson notes). Regular variations of the ionosphere: layers E and F1 (Lesson notes). Irregular variations of the ionosphere: F2 layer (Lesson notes). Sporadic E layer(Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for regions E and F: F1 layer (Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for region D (Lesson notes). Refraction index for radio waves with collisions and in the absence of a magnetic field; interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index: absorption ( Lesson notes). Solar flares and short waves fadeout (Lesson notes). Additional notes on the F1 layer (Lesson notes). Additional notes on layer E (Lesson notes).

5. Magnetoionic theory
Introduction. Constitutive equations for a cold plasma with collisions and in the presence of a magnetic field (Lesson notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, neglecting collisions and considering the Earth's magnetic field: Appleton-Hartree equation (Lesson notes). Continuity of nf in X = 1. The zeros of the collisionless Appleton-Hartree equation: longitudinal, transverse and general propagation case (Lesson notes). Polarization: continuity in X = 1 in the general case and in the case of longitudinal propagation. Polarization in case of longitudinal propagation: dependence on the sign of YL. Polarization in general conditions, for X = 1 (Lesson Notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, considering collisions and the earth's magnetic field. Mention upon the polarization in the collisional case. Curves of mi(X) with collisions: importance of the Booker rule (Lesson notes). Conditions of reflection and ionograms, ordinary, extraordinary trace. Ray Z (Lesson Notes). Examples of ionograms (Lesson notes).
As indicated in the lesson notes, the material of this teaching unit can be found at: Ratcliffe, J. A. (1959), The magneto-Ionic Theory and its Applications to the Ionosphere, Cambridge University Press.

6. Absorption and dissipation of solar wind energy
Topology of the high polar atmosphere (§ 7.1). Electric fields, and plasma convection (§ 7.2). Conductivity and currents in the polar ionosphere (§ 7.3). Polar auroras: energy dissipation of the auroral particles, origin of the auroral particles, diffuse and discrete aurora(§ 7. 4). Solar Wind Dynamo (§ 7.6.1), open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.2), plasma convection in the open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.3), open magnetosphere with tail (§ 7.6.4), mention upon the reconnection (part of § 7.6. 5) Birkeland currents in regions 1 and 2 (§ 7.6.6).

7. Geospheric storms
Magnetic storms: regular variation, equatorial electroject, magnetic activity at low, high and medium latitudes, geomagnetic indexes (§ 8.1). Magnetic substorms: growth and expansion phase, Alvfèn waves and their role (§ 8.3). Ionospheric storms: negative and positive storms (§ 8.5).

1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Lecture Notes

first part

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

1 Solar System Part
- Overall description of the Solar System, mass and angular momentum distribution, astrophysical variables.
- Overall description of planets, their main characteristics ; description of planetary satellites systems and of minor bodies of the Solar System.
- Terrestrial planets: main characteristics and evolutive processes of planetary surfaces.
- Terrestrial planets: thermal history, impact cratering processes, volcanism, tectonics.Comparative planetology.
- Meteorites and minor bodies; radiometric dating and clues for the formation of the Solar System.
- Giant planets
- Planetary satellites
- Internal structure of planets, different evolution of terrestrial and giant planets.
- Planetary atmospheres
2 Extrasolar Planets Part
- Historical Introduction
- Exo planets Indirect discovery methods
- Exo planets Direct discovery methods
- Exo Planets Characteristics
- Physics of extrasolar Planets
- Characterization and results
- Which Life?
- Habitability and Habitable Zone
- The search for life
3 Common Part
- Introduction to the Planetary formation Theory

- There is no official text of the course. A suggested text is the following: Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press. During the course several scientific review papers will be suggested by the lecturers.

Material

- Course slides
- Scientific papers

The course program includes the presentation and discussion of the following topics:
Definition and types of urban systems. Natural hazards and risks of urban areas. Role of geological conditions, influence of natural factors and geographical conditions on the development of urban areas. Risk, hazard, exposed value and vulnerability in urban areas, and their evolution in time. Methodology for collection, normalization and processing of drilling data. Issues and real cases applications.

Geologia di Roma “Vol L” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (1995).
La geologia di Roma dal centro storico alla periferia “Vol LXXX” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (2008).
U. Ventriglia – Geologia del territorio del Comune di Roma, a cura dell’Amministrazione Provinciale di Roma, (2002).
G. Gisotti – Ambiente urbano. – Dario Flaccovio Editore, Palermo (2007).

Physical properties of minerals, mineral separation, principles of spectroscopy, X-rays: emission and absorption, X-ray diffraction, vibrational (Raman, FTIR) spectroscopies, electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), WDS microanalysis (EMPA), case studies, practicals, seminars.

A.F. GUALTIERI INTRODUZIONE ALLE TECNICHE ANALITICHE STRUMENTALI, ED. LIBRERIA UNIVERSITARIA
Dyar, Gunter, Tasa (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America. 708 pp. Disponibili versioni PDF e iPad.
Hutchison (1974) Laboratory handbook of petrographic techniques. Wiley, 527.

The environment of celestial bodies; the Solar System; the shape and size of the Earth; the main motions of the Earth (rotation and revolution); the long-term movements of the Earth; the Earth-Moon system.
Orientation; time and its measure; the representation of the earth's surface; the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude), the reading of topographic maps.
The shapes of the relief and the modeling of the terrestrial relief; the marine hydrosphere, the continental hydrosphere, the cryosphere; the atmosphere; the climate.
The materials of the Earth: the minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle.
The evolution of the Earth.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course