GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CORPORATE ORGANISATIONS
First Part: BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
1) The firm as an economic entity: General characteristics of the firm. Corporate entities: legal and economic identities. Types of firms.
2) The firm in its economic perspective: The enterprise as an individual economic undertaking: private enterprises and state-owned enterprises. The company’s purpose. Financial and economic stability as a prerequisite of a company’s existence. Economic stability and different types of economic operability. Payment for operating and production inputs used by enterprises. Corporate risk and who bears it. Income and profitability. Information Systems Governance and Internal controls (overview). Planning in business (overview).
Second Parte: ACCRUAL ACCOUNTING
3) The organizational structure as part of the decision-making process; management control in modern corporations: Evolution of the corporate organizational models shaping the decision-making structure. Control exercised in corporations by different stakeholders. The planning and control function in modern corporations.
4) Corporate funding: Capital requirements, and how much is needed. Corporate funding: equity and debt capital in their various forms. Funding through cash generation. Capital structure of the company; choice of cost-efficient financing options; the dynamic relationship between equity and debt capital. Short-term capital and long-term financing.
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT OF COMPANY PERFORMANCE
1) The accounting rationale. Nature of data to be examined. Methodologies. The corporate record-keeping system in a broad sense.
2) Accounting practice: The theory of double entry bookkeeping. Double entry bookkeeping applied to manufacturing companies. Bookkeeping entries for general business transactions, initiating joint-stock companies, special transactions (wages and salaries, financial transactions etc…), adjusting entries and year-end closing entries. Practical exercises in applying accounting record-keeping systems and measurement principles to business transactions.

First Part: Business Administration
Paoloni M., Paoloni P. (a cura di), Introduzione ed orientamento allo studio delle aziende, Giappichelli, 2009
Onida, P., Economia d'azienda, Utet, Torino, 1970
Zanda, G., Lineamenti di Economia Aziendale, Edizioni Kappa, Roma, 2006

Second Part: Accrual Accounting
Paoloni M., Celli, M. (a cura di), Introduzione alla contabilità generale, CEDAM, 2012 (da pagina 75 a 123; da pagina 137 a 215; da pagina 220 a 243; da pagina 244 a 253; da pagina 255 a 279; da pagina 292 a 299; da pagina 304 a 309; da pagina 321 a 335; da pagina 364 a 377; da pagina 399 a 470).

For business administration and accounting exercises:
Paoloni M. (a cura di), Mattei G., Paoloni, N., Eserciziario di economia aziendale e contabilità, CEDAM, 2018

Alternatively:
David Boddy, Management: an Introduction, Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2011
Leslie K. Breitner and Robert N. Anthony, Essentials of Accounting, Pearson, 2013

Syllabus
1) Organisations and entities.
General characters: Aims of organisations. "Legal entity" and "economic entity." Various types of organisations
2) Broader characters of an Organisation.
Private and public companies. Equilibrium conditions. Possible ways to remunerate resources used by the organisation. The business risk. Income and profit.
3) Funding
The need for capital and its determination. Corporate finance, "equity" and "debt capital"; corporate self-financing; the dynamic relationship between "equity" and "debt capital". A corporate' s financial structure.
4) Accounting as a tool for information
Logical moments. The nature of facts under investigation. Methods.
5) The accounting recognition
Theory of the double-entry accounting. Systematic and comprehensive recording of financial transactions pertaining to a business.

David Boddy, Management: an Introduction, Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2011
Robert N. Anthony – Leslie K. Breitner, Essentials of Accounting, Prentice Hall, 2007
Slides/teaching notes will be available on the website

Logic and set theory:
Propositions. Logical operations with propositions. Logical implication. Sets. Operations with sets. Cartesian product. Applications. Injective and surjective applications. One-to-one correspondence. Inverse application.
Numeric numbers and sets: Natural numbers. Integer or relative numbers. Rational numbers. Real numbers and representation on the line. Bounded sets. Upper and lower extreme of sets of rational and real numbers. Intervals and neighborhoods. Accumulation, internal, isolated points. Open sets and closed sets.
Summations and products: Definition of summation. Properties. Special sums. Sum of the first n natural numbers. Arithmetic and geometric progressions and sum of their first n terms. Factorial.
Real functions of a real variable:
Definition of a real function of a real variable. The Euclidean plane and the graph of a function. Injective and surjective functions and graph. Even and odd functions. Increasing and decreasing functions. Concave and convex functions. Bounded functions. Composition function. Inverse function, monotonicity and invertibility, inverse function graph. Elementary functions. Functions with two laws. Transforming graphs. Domain of a function.
Sequences and numerical series: Definition of a sequence. Converging and divergent sequences. Monotone sequences and regularity theorem (w.p.). Limits of sequences. Definition of numerical series. NC for convergence (w.p.). Cauchy criterion. Geometric, Mengoli, harmonic and generalized harmonic series.
Limits: Definition of limit. Convergence and divergence. Right limit and left limit. Vertical and horizontal asymptotes. Limit uniqueness theorem (w.p.). Sign permanence theorem in direct and inverse form (w.p.). Comparison theorem. Limit checks. Operations with limits. Indeterminate forms.
Infinitesimals and infinities: Definition of infinitesimal and infinite. Comparing infinitesimals and infinities. Order of infinitesimals and infinities. Propagation of the order. Computing limits with infinitesimals and infinities (w.p.).
Continuity and discontinuity: Definition of continuity. Limits and continuity. Classification of discontinuity points. Continuity of rational functions. Continuity of the inverse. Continuity of composition functions. Theorem of zeros (w.p.). Weierstrass theorem. Darboux's theorem (w.p.).
Differential calculus: Derivative of a function. Geometric interpretation. Derivability and continuity (w.p.) Points of non-derivability. Higher order derivatives. Derivatives of elementary functions. Rules of derivation. Chain rule. Derivative of the inverse function. Differential. First order approximation (w.p.). Taylor and McLaurin polynomial. Approximations of higher order. Stationary points. Local maxima and minima. First order necessary conditions for the existence of local maxima and minima. Fermat's theorem (w.p.). Rolle's theorem (w.p.). Lagrange theorem (w.p.). Lagrange theorem’s corollaries: zero-derivative functions (w.p.). Relations between monotonicity and derivative sign (w.p.). Local concave and convex functions. Relationship between the second order derivative and the concavity (w.p.). Points of inflection. Sufficient second order conditions for the existence of relative maxima and minima (w.p.). Sufficient conditions of order n for the existence of relative maxima and minima or inflections points (w.p.). De L'Hôpital theorem and application to limit calculus.
Graph of a function: Representation of the graph of a function on the Euclidean plane. Oblique asymptotes.
Integral calculus:
Primitive functions. Indefinite integral. Characterization of the set of primitives (w.p.). Properties of the indefinite integral. Integral of elementary functions. Integration by parts (w.p.). Integration by substitution (w.p.). Definite integral. Properties of the definite integral. Integral function. Integral mean theorem(c.d.). Fundamental theorem of integral calculus (w.p.). Corollary to Torricelli-Barrow's theorem: relationship between the definite integral and the indefinite integral (w.p.). Applications.
Linear algebra:
Vectors and vector spaces. Geometric representation of vectors. Linear combination of vectors. Linearly dependent and independent vectors. Rank of a set of vectors. Matrices. Operations with matrices. Product rows by columns. Particular matrices. Transposed matrix. Determinant of a matrix of order n. Properties of the determinant. Rank of a matrix. Rank and linear independence of vectors. Systems of linear equations. Cramer's theorem. Rouché-Capelli theorem. Homogeneous systems. Parametric systems.
(w.p.) = “with proof”

Suggested materials:
- Notes can be downloaded online from the course Matematica Generale on Moodle at the website: https://economia.el.uniroma3.it/
Optional materials:
- Alberto Bersani, Francesco Manzini, Loretta Mastroeni. Esercizi di Matematica Generale: Per i corsi del nuovo ordinamento delle Facoltà di Economia. Società Editrice Esculapio, 2009.

1. National accounting system: basic defintions and identities. Main macroeconomic indicators
2. Keynes’s theory: aggregate demand and equilibrium output
3. Keynes’s theory: money and interest
4. The IS-LM model
5. The AS-AD model
6. Inflation and unemployment
7. Macroeconomics of the European Union
8. Money: creation and control

Compulsory material:
1) Textbook: Rudiger Dornbusch, Stanley Fischer, Richard Startz, Giuseppe Canullo, Paolo Pettenati, Macroeconomia, 11th or 12th edition (2016, 2020), McGraw-Hill (check the detailed programme for precise indications)
2) Additional teaching material (lecture notes, etc, available on the website)

The Economic system. Definitions and measurement of the main macroeconomic aggregates
2. Macroeconomic equilibrium and the Keynesian theory of income and employment
3.The public sector
4. The open economy: balance of payments, exchange rate, external constraint
5. Money and financial activities. The Central Bank and the banking sector, Demand and supply of money, interest rate determination.
6. Aggregate investment and the rate of interest. Controversial aspects.
7. The IS-LM model. Economic policy in the IS-LM model in a closed economy. Effects of changes in nominal wages
8. The IS-LM model for the open economy, exchange rate regimes and the effects of economic policy
9.The AD-AS model and its implications for the theory of output and employment
10. Inflation and unemployment some elements towards an interpretation

D. Delli Gatti, Marco Gallegati e Mauro Gallegati

Macroeconomia - Fatti, teorie e politiche,

4° edizione, Giappichelli editore 2019: Chapts 1 to 6 (except parr. 2.A, 4.3, 5.A, 5.B, and 6.6 - 6.9); in addition: parr 8.1 e 8.2; 9.6 e 9.7; CHAPT. 10 (except par. 10.4)
or D. Delli Gatti, Marco Gallegati e Mauro Gallegati, Macroeconomia - Fatti, teorie e politiche, 5° edizione, Giappichelli editore 2020:
Chapt. da 1 - 6 (except parr. 2.A, 4.3, 5.A, 5.B, and 6.6-6.9 and 6.A);
ChAPT. 8 parr 8.1, 8.2, 8.6; CHAPT 10 par 10.6; CHAPT 11(except parr. 11.4 e 11.A)


PLUS:
Antonella Stirati
Dispense del corso di Macroeconomia (available in the library)

Main concepts of computer science
Operating principles of the computer
Computer use and file management
The functioning of the networks
Algorithms
Data and information
Word processing
Electronic Sheets
Database

Lawrence Snyder, Alessandro Amoroso
Fluency: Conoscere e usare l’informatica - Pearson Education

The program includes:
Introduction to law
Forms of State and forms of Government
Beyond the State: the EU
The sources of law
Parliament and its functions
Institutes of direct democracy
The abrogative referendum.
The Government and its functions
The President of the Republic and his attributions
Principles on the subject of Administration
The other organs
Local ordering
Rights and freedom
The economic Constitution
Judicial power
Constitutional Justice

It is recommended the study of one of the following books:
R. BIN – G. PITRUZZELLA, Diritto pubblico, Torino, Giappichelli, latest edition
P. CARETTI – U. DE SIERVO, Istituzioni di Diritto pubblico, Torino, Giappichelli, latest edition
F. Modugno (a cura di), Diritto Pubblico, Torino, Giappichelli, latest edition
C. ROSSANO, Manuale di Diritto pubblico, Napoli, Jovene, latest edition

The Public Law course is divided into two modules.
Module I covers the following topics: theory of social groups; the normative social groups; the structure of the legal system; power and its species; power-sharing techniques; the forms of exercise of power: the legal norm and the provision; subjects; interests; the goods; subjective legal situations; the legal facts; human behaviors; the legal effects; the responsability; the regulatory levels of government (international, European Community, state, local); the organization of public authorities; public functions (political direction, regulation, administration, jurisdiction).
The II Module deals with the Italian legal system and the regulatory principles of its political, legislative, administrative and jurisdictional activity.

For preparation for Modules I and II we recommend studying a manual chosen from the following:
R. BIN – G. PITRUZZELLA, Diritto pubblico, Torino, Giappichelli, ult. ed.
C. ROSSANO, Manuale di Diritto pubblico, Napoli, Jovene, ult. ed.
P. CARETTI – U. DE SIERVO, Istituzioni di Diritto pubblico, Torino, Giappichelli, ult. ed.

1. Production and prices: general elements
The production process. Production methods and their representation. The social production process. Economy of mere subsistence. Economy producung surplus. Basic and non-basic goods.

2. Fundamentals of the classical theory of distribution and relative prices
The real wage and other circumstances taken as given in the 'core' of the theory. The concept of social surplus. Profits and general profit rate. Distinction and relationship between "normal" and "market" prices. Price equations: simultaneous determination of profit rate and relative prices. Importance and limits of the solutions to the problem attempted by Ricardo and Marx. The inverse wage-profit relationship. The theory of rent.

3. Fundamentals of the marginalist theory of distribution and relative prices
The data of the theory. Consumer theory. Functions of consumption good demand. Production theory. Direct and indirect substitutability as analytical bases for factor demand functions. Determination of distribution and relative prices in terms of supply and demand equilibria. Comparison with the classical theory of distribution. Implications of general economic equilibrium: full employment of available resources; Pareto optimality; efficiency in exchange; efficiency in production; efficiency in the combination of outputs. The notion of capital as a single productive factor and the difficulties that derive from it (mention).

4. Analysis of the single industry and market forms
The analysis of "partial" equilibrium. Short and long term cost curves of the individual enterprise. Equilibrium of enterprise and industry under competitive conditions, in the short and long period. Quantity produced and price, in the short and long period, in monopoly and monopolistic competition. The oligopoly: Cournot model.

"Elementi di teoria della produzione", Appunti per il corso di Microeconomia - Dispensa n.1
"La teoria classica della distribuzione e dei prezzi relativi", Appunti per il corso di Microeconomia - Dispensa n.2
"La teoria marginalista della distribuzione e dei prezzi relativi", Appunti per il corso di Microeconomia - Dispensa n.3
Materials (audio slides) distributed by the teacher

With regard to the other text adopted, the chapters and paragraphs included in the programme are set out below, with reference to the latest edition (2017).

Robert H. Frank e Edward Cartwright, Microeconomia
Milano: McGraw-Hill, VII edizione, 2017
Capitoli e paragrafi in programma:

Capitolo 3, La scelta razionale del consumatore, p. 51
{paragrafi: 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4; Appendice 3}

Capitolo 4, La domanda individuale e la domanda di mercato, p. 93
{paragrafi: 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7}

Capitolo 5, Le applicazioni delle teorie della scelta razionale e della domanda, p. 137
{limitatamente a: paragrafo 5.7; Appendice 5}

Capitolo 9, La produzione, p. 267
{intero capitolo, inclusa Appendice 9}

Capitolo 10, I costi, p. 297
{intero capitolo, esclusa Appendice 10}

Capitolo 11, La concorrenza perfetta, p. 333
{paragrafi: 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 11.9, 11.12, 11.13}

Capitolo 12, Il monopolio, p. 377
{paragrafi: 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.8}

Capitolo 13, Concorrenza imperfetta: un approccio basato sulla teoria dei giochi, p. 427
{paragrafi: 13.1, 13.2, 13.4 limitatamente al sotto-paragrafo 13.4.1}

Capitolo 15, L'equilibrio generale e l'efficienza dei mercati, p. 523
{paragrafi: 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 15.6,15.7

An introduction to the fundamental ideas of statistics. Topics include descriptive statistics, probability, confidence intervals, and testing hypotheses, as well as the basics of Chi-square tests, regression and correlation.

G.Cicchitelli, P.D'Urso, M.Minozzo. Statistica: principi e metodi. Pearson, terza edizione (2017).

descriptive statistics
variables and their measurement
univariate distributions
describing data with tables and graphs
measures of position
variability

bivariate descriptive statistics
independence, association, correlation

probability distributions for discrete and continuous variables
sampling distributions

Inference:
estimation
hypothesis test

A. Agresti, B. Finlay
Statistical methods for the social sciences

Pearson International Edition - 4th edition 2009

Module I - The theory of financial statements

Introduction to the study of financial statements.
The basic functions of financial statements.
The nature of operating income and working capital.
The purposes that can be assigned to financial statements.
Relationship between income, valuation criteria and purposes of financial statements.
The purposes of the financial statements in the business doctrine: the "alpha" and "beta" purposes.

Module II - The Financial Statements in the Civil Code

The documents of the balance sheet - Structure and content (art. 2423-ter - 2425 Civil Code)
The general clause and the principles for drawing up the financial statements (articles 2423 - 2423-bis Civil Code)
Special valuation criteria (art. 2426 Civil Code)
Tangible fixed assets
Intangible fixed assets
Securities and Equity Investments
Receivables
Assets and liabilities in foreign currency
Inventories (Lifo, Fifo, Cmp)
Contract work in progress
The contents of the Explanatory Notes and the Management Report on Operations

Module III - Accounting

Closing entries, general closing and reopening of accounts
Fixed assets - Accounting based on amortization, depreciation, write-downs and reinstatement of value
Equity investments - Accounting with the historical cost method and equity method
Foreign currency transactions - Accounting treatment
Inventories and contract work in progress - Accounting treatment

Module IV - Fundamentals of financial statement analysis

Modules I e II: Tutino M. (2017), Bilancio e nuovi OIC, Cedam
Module III: Paoloni M., Celli M. (2012), Introduzione alla contabilità generale, Cedam.
Module IV: Paolucci G. (2016), Analisi di bilancio, Hoepli.

Teaching materials available to students on the course web pages

Introduction to Italian Private Law and Interpretation.
Person Law.
Property Law.
Obligations and Contracts.
Tort Law.
Family Law.
Inheritance Law.
Private Enforcement and Civil evidence.

Ask the Professor for English lectures.

Introduction to Italian Private Law and Interpretation.
Person Law.
Property Law.
Obligations and Contracts.
Tort Law.
Family Law.
Inheritance Law.
Private Enforcement and Civil evidence.

Ask the Professor for English lectures.

- Public Budget Revenues: taxes, contributions, and other charges
- The economic effects of Taxes both in closed and in open economies
- A Brief History of Western Public Finances as well as changing methodologies in the analysis of public economic decisions
- Social goods
- Tax design and Tax Incidence
- The Italian Tax System

1) Di Majo A., Introduzione alla Scienza delle Finanze, 2018, Edizioni Pigreco, Roma, capitoli 1, 2, 5, 6, 7 fino al par. 7.4 incluso;
2) Bosi P., Guerra M.C., I tributi nell'economia italiana, 2020, il Mulino, Bologna, capitoli II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII.

• The evolution of the analysis of Public Finance
• Public goods
• Taxes: characteristics and classification
• The economic effects of taxes
• The economic analysis of taxes and the theory of incidence
• The main taxes in the Italian tax system

1) Di Majo A. (2018), Introduzione alla Scienza delle Finanze, Edizioni Pigreco, Roma, chapters 1, 2, 5, 6, 7 fino a pag. 325.
2) Bosi P., Guerra M.C. (2020), I tributi nell'economia italiana, Il Mulino, Bologna, chapters II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII.

Main official statistical surveys: data production and interpretation. In particular: Consumer prices, Industrial production, Labour forces, Household consumptions, Income and living conditions, Household Income and Wealth. National accounts. Main statistical indicators for economic phenomena: (simple and complex) index numbers, measures of concentration.
Calendar adjusted and seasonal adjusted time series; chain-linked values. The use of moving averages to reconstruct the trend.
Introduction to econometrics. Single and multiple Linear Regression: ordinary least squares, goodness of fit, homoscedasticity and heteroscedasticity, nonlinear regression functions.
An introduction to the use of R for statistical analysis.

Class notes (in Italian) downloadable from the Moodle space of the course.
Press releases (Istat - Banca d'Italia).
Stock J.H. and Watson M.W., Introduction to Econometrics, Global edition, 4th Edition, 2020, Pearson.

Main official statistical surveys: data production and interpretation. In particular: Consumer prices, Industrial production, Labour forces, Household consumptions, Income and living conditions, Household Income and Wealth. National accounts. Main statistical indicators for economic phenomena: (simple and complex) index numbers, measures of concentration.
Calendar adjusted and seasonal adjusted time series; chain-linked values. The use of moving averages to reconstruct the trend.
Introduction to econometrics. Single and multiple Linear Regression: ordinary least squares, goodness of fit, homoscedasticity and heteroscedasticity, nonlinear regression functions.
An introduction to the use of R for statistical analysis.

Class notes (in Italian) downloadable from the webpage of the course inside the website of the School.
Press releases (Istat - Banca d'Italia).
Stock J.H. and Watson M.W., Introduction to Econometrics, Update, Global edition, 3rd Edition, 2014, Pearson.

LINEAR ALGEBRA.
MULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS
IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS.
QUADRATIC FORMS.
FREE AND CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION THEORY.
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.
SYSTEMS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.
ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL APPLICATIONS

L. Mastroeni, A. Mazzoccoli, Matematica per le applicazioni economiche, Ed Pearson

The course will concentrate on selected important economic policy issues and relevant economic tools. The specific topics will be of contemporary interest, and will be announced by the start of each year. In any year the topics covered are likely to include some of the following: Globalisation: effects on welfare, development and income distribution; ii Inequality; Global imbalances ; Tax, fiscal policy and unemployment; Monetary policy and exchange rate frameworks ; Financial integration and currency unions ; Financial crises and relevant policies ; endogenous growth, exhaustible resources and relevant policies.

R Cellini Politica Economica, Mc Graw Hill 2019

o Economic policy motivations, functions and tools
o Micro e macro objectives of economic policy
o Markets and economic competition
o Externalities, public goods, information asymmetries, strategic interdependence
o Fiscal policy: scenarios and current context
o Monetary policy: transmission channels, Central Banks, Euro debate, inflation
o Globalization, international systems and relations: strategic interdependence, the balance of payments and exchange rate, protectionism and trade agreements
o Income, wealth, development and growth policy
o European economic policy in the globalized context
o Regional, Industrial and Labour policies

Module 1:
Politica economica. Introduzione ai modelli fondamentali, di Roberto Cellini (McGraw Hill, 2019), chapters: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27.1, 27.2, 27.3, 27.5, 27.6
Module 2:
Politica economica. Introduzione ai modelli fondamentali, di Roberto Cellini (McGraw Hill, 2019), chapters: 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 25, 26, 27.4

o Economic policy motivations, functions and tools
o Micro e macro objectives of economic policy
o Markets and economic competition
o Externalities, public goods, information asymmetries, strategic interdependence
o Fiscal policy: scenarios and current context
o Monetary policy: transmission channels, Central Banks, Euro debate, inflation
o Globalization, international systems and relations: strategic interdependence, the balance of payments and exchange rate, protectionism and trade agreements
o Income, wealth, development and growth policy
o European economic policy in the globalized context
o Regional, Industrial and Labour policies

Module 1:
Politica economica. Introduzione ai modelli fondamentali, di Roberto Cellini (McGraw Hill, 2019), chapters: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27.1, 27.2, 27.3, 27.5, 27.6
Module 2:
Politica economica. Introduzione ai modelli fondamentali, di Roberto Cellini (McGraw Hill, 2019), chapters: 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 25, 26, 27.4

The course consists of two teaching modules.
The first module concerns the general part and trade union law (Introduction to the study of labor law). The boundaries and the meaning of labor law. Historical evolution and current trends. Sources. Constitutional principles. European sources and international aspects of Trade union law. Trade union freedom and Trade Union Organization. Union rights and their protection with particular reference to art. 28 of the Workers’ Statute. The collective agreement: the structure of collective bargaining, the negotiability and effectiveness of the collective agreements at different levels, the relationship between law and collective agreement. The strike and other forms of union struggle; the strike in essential public services.
The second module concerns the employment relationship: the employment contracts (subordinate, autonomous, coordinated). The flexible contractual forms. The forms of indirect acquisition of work. The subordinate employment contract: the subjective and objective requirements. The obligations of the employer: collaboration, diligence, obedience, loyalty. The powers of the employer. The protection of the person, of dignity and freedom of workers. The prohibitions of discrimination. Worker’s rights: pay, holidays, rest, leave, right to health and safety. The content of the work performance: the tasks, the working hours. The end of the employment relationship: individual dismissals. The enterprise crisis and excess staff: earning redundancy fund, solidarity contracts, transfer of the undertaking, collective dismissals. The protection of the employer’s rights; waivers and transactions; limitation. The employment services and the worker’s protection on the labor market.

G. Santoro Passarelli, Diritto dei lavori e dell'occupazione - GIAPPICHELLI- Latest edition

I. THE LABOUR MARKET

- The peculiarity of the labour market
- Changes in employment and its composition
- The measure of labour unemployment and underemployment
- Time and piece wages
- Wage differentials
- The share of wages in national income
- Trade unions and collective bargaining
II. THEORETICAL MODELS
- The neoclassical theory of wages and employment
- Employment and wages in the Keynesian model
- The IS-LM model
- From the Beveridge curve to the Phillips curve
- The interpretations of the Phillips curve
- The search theory and the theory of human capital
- The new-Keynesian economics
- Imperfection competition, NAIRU and distributive conflict
- Alternative theories of wages and employment
- Subsistence wage, surplus wage and the competition in the labour market
III..EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS AND LABOUR POLICIES
- The European strategy for employment
- The reforms of the labour market in Italy and Europe
- Welfare systems and financial capitalism
- Measures against poverty: basic income and schemes of job-guarantee
- Wages and labour productivity
- Wage share and employment
- Potential output, NAIRU and structural deficit
- Innovations, productivity and working time

P. Tridico, ECONOMIA DEL LAVORO. Analisi macroeconomica, evidenze empiriche e politiche del lavoro" Mondadori Università, 2019.
ES. Levrero, Lectures slides and notes

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CORPORATE ORGANISATIONS
First Part: BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
1) The firm as an economic entity: General characteristics of the firm. Corporate entities: legal and economic identities. Types of firms.
2) The firm in its economic perspective: The enterprise as an individual economic undertaking: private enterprises and state-owned enterprises. The company’s purpose. Financial and economic stability as a prerequisite of a company’s existence. Economic stability and different types of economic operability. Payment for operating and production inputs used by enterprises. Corporate risk and who bears it. Income and profitability. Information Systems Governance and Internal controls (overview). Planning in business (overview).
Second Parte: ACCRUAL ACCOUNTING
3) The organizational structure as part of the decision-making process; management control in modern corporations: Evolution of the corporate organizational models shaping the decision-making structure. Control exercised in corporations by different stakeholders. The planning and control function in modern corporations.
4) Corporate funding: Capital requirements, and how much is needed. Corporate funding: equity and debt capital in their various forms. Funding through cash generation. Capital structure of the company; choice of cost-efficient financing options; the dynamic relationship between equity and debt capital. Short-term capital and long-term financing.
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT OF COMPANY PERFORMANCE
1) The accounting rationale. Nature of data to be examined. Methodologies. The corporate record-keeping system in a broad sense.
2) Accounting practice: The theory of double entry bookkeeping. Double entry bookkeeping applied to manufacturing companies. Bookkeeping entries for general business transactions, initiating joint-stock companies, special transactions (wages and salaries, financial transactions etc…), adjusting entries and year-end closing entries. Practical exercises in applying accounting record-keeping systems and measurement principles to business transactions.

First Part: Business Administration
Paoloni M., Paoloni P. (a cura di), Introduzione ed orientamento allo studio delle aziende, Giappichelli, 2009
Onida, P., Economia d'azienda, Utet, Torino, 1970
Zanda, G., Lineamenti di Economia Aziendale, Edizioni Kappa, Roma, 2006

Second Part: Accrual Accounting
Paoloni M., Celli, M. (a cura di), Introduzione alla contabilità generale, CEDAM, 2012 (da pagina 75 a 123; da pagina 137 a 215; da pagina 220 a 243; da pagina 244 a 253; da pagina 255 a 279; da pagina 292 a 299; da pagina 304 a 309; da pagina 321 a 335; da pagina 364 a 377; da pagina 399 a 470).

For business administration and accounting exercises:
Paoloni M. (a cura di), Mattei G., Paoloni, N., Eserciziario di economia aziendale e contabilità, CEDAM, 2018

Alternatively:
David Boddy, Management: an Introduction, Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2011
Leslie K. Breitner and Robert N. Anthony, Essentials of Accounting, Pearson, 2013

Syllabus
1) Organisations and entities.
General characters: Aims of organisations. "Legal entity" and "economic entity." Various types of organisations
2) Broader characters of an Organisation.
Private and public companies. Equilibrium conditions. Possible ways to remunerate resources used by the organisation. The business risk. Income and profit.
3) Funding
The need for capital and its determination. Corporate finance, "equity" and "debt capital"; corporate self-financing; the dynamic relationship between "equity" and "debt capital". A corporate' s financial structure.
4) Accounting as a tool for information
Logical moments. The nature of facts under investigation. Methods.
5) The accounting recognition
Theory of the double-entry accounting. Systematic and comprehensive recording of financial transactions pertaining to a business.

David Boddy, Management: an Introduction, Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2011
Robert N. Anthony – Leslie K. Breitner, Essentials of Accounting, Prentice Hall, 2007
Slides/teaching notes will be available on the website

Logic and set theory:
Propositions. Logical operations with propositions. Logical implication. Sets. Operations with sets. Cartesian product. Applications. Injective and surjective applications. One-to-one correspondence. Inverse application.
Numeric numbers and sets: Natural numbers. Integer or relative numbers. Rational numbers. Real numbers and representation on the line. Bounded sets. Upper and lower extreme of sets of rational and real numbers. Intervals and neighborhoods. Accumulation, internal, isolated points. Open sets and closed sets.
Summations and products: Definition of summation. Properties. Special sums. Sum of the first n natural numbers. Arithmetic and geometric progressions and sum of their first n terms. Factorial.
Real functions of a real variable:
Definition of a real function of a real variable. The Euclidean plane and the graph of a function. Injective and surjective functions and graph. Even and odd functions. Increasing and decreasing functions. Concave and convex functions. Bounded functions. Composition function. Inverse function, monotonicity and invertibility, inverse function graph. Elementary functions. Functions with two laws. Transforming graphs. Domain of a function.
Sequences and numerical series: Definition of a sequence. Converging and divergent sequences. Monotone sequences and regularity theorem (w.p.). Limits of sequences. Definition of numerical series. NC for convergence (w.p.). Cauchy criterion. Geometric, Mengoli, harmonic and generalized harmonic series.
Limits: Definition of limit. Convergence and divergence. Right limit and left limit. Vertical and horizontal asymptotes. Limit uniqueness theorem (w.p.). Sign permanence theorem in direct and inverse form (w.p.). Comparison theorem. Limit checks. Operations with limits. Indeterminate forms.
Infinitesimals and infinities: Definition of infinitesimal and infinite. Comparing infinitesimals and infinities. Order of infinitesimals and infinities. Propagation of the order. Computing limits with infinitesimals and infinities (w.p.).
Continuity and discontinuity: Definition of continuity. Limits and continuity. Classification of discontinuity points. Continuity of rational functions. Continuity of the inverse. Continuity of composition functions. Theorem of zeros (w.p.). Weierstrass theorem. Darboux's theorem (w.p.).
Differential calculus: Derivative of a function. Geometric interpretation. Derivability and continuity (w.p.) Points of non-derivability. Higher order derivatives. Derivatives of elementary functions. Rules of derivation. Chain rule. Derivative of the inverse function. Differential. First order approximation (w.p.). Taylor and McLaurin polynomial. Approximations of higher order. Stationary points. Local maxima and minima. First order necessary conditions for the existence of local maxima and minima. Fermat's theorem (w.p.). Rolle's theorem (w.p.). Lagrange theorem (w.p.). Lagrange theorem’s corollaries: zero-derivative functions (w.p.). Relations between monotonicity and derivative sign (w.p.). Local concave and convex functions. Relationship between the second order derivative and the concavity (w.p.). Points of inflection. Sufficient second order conditions for the existence of relative maxima and minima (w.p.). Sufficient conditions of order n for the existence of relative maxima and minima or inflections points (w.p.). De L'Hôpital theorem and application to limit calculus.
Graph of a function: Representation of the graph of a function on the Euclidean plane. Oblique asymptotes.
Integral calculus:
Primitive functions. Indefinite integral. Characterization of the set of primitives (w.p.). Properties of the indefinite integral. Integral of elementary functions. Integration by parts (w.p.). Integration by substitution (w.p.). Definite integral. Properties of the definite integral. Integral function. Integral mean theorem(c.d.). Fundamental theorem of integral calculus (w.p.). Corollary to Torricelli-Barrow's theorem: relationship between the definite integral and the indefinite integral (w.p.). Applications.
Linear algebra:
Vectors and vector spaces. Geometric representation of vectors. Linear combination of vectors. Linearly dependent and independent vectors. Rank of a set of vectors. Matrices. Operations with matrices. Product rows by columns. Particular matrices. Transposed matrix. Determinant of a matrix of order n. Properties of the determinant. Rank of a matrix. Rank and linear independence of vectors. Systems of linear equations. Cramer's theorem. Rouché-Capelli theorem. Homogeneous systems. Parametric systems.
(w.p.) = “with proof”

Suggested materials:
- Notes can be downloaded online from the course Matematica Generale on Moodle at the website: https://economia.el.uniroma3.it/
Optional materials:
- Alberto Bersani, Francesco Manzini, Loretta Mastroeni. Esercizi di Matematica Generale: Per i corsi del nuovo ordinamento delle Facoltà di Economia. Società Editrice Esculapio, 2009.

1. National accounting system: basic defintions and identities. Main macroeconomic indicators
2. Keynes’s theory: aggregate demand and equilibrium output
3. Keynes’s theory: money and interest
4. The IS-LM model
5. The AS-AD model
6. Inflation and unemployment
7. Macroeconomics of the European Union
8. Money: creation and control

Compulsory material:
1) Textbook: Rudiger Dornbusch, Stanley Fischer, Richard Startz, Giuseppe Canullo, Paolo Pettenati, Macroeconomia, 11th or 12th edition (2016, 2020), McGraw-Hill (check the detailed programme for precise indications)
2) Additional teaching material (lecture notes, etc, available on the website)

The Economic system. Definitions and measurement of the main macroeconomic aggregates
2. Macroeconomic equilibrium and the Keynesian theory of income and employment
3.The public sector
4. The open economy: balance of payments, exchange rate, external constraint
5. Money and financial activities. The Central Bank and the banking sector, Demand and supply of money, interest rate determination.
6. Aggregate investment and the rate of interest. Controversial aspects.
7. The IS-LM model. Economic policy in the IS-LM model in a closed economy. Effects of changes in nominal wages
8. The IS-LM model for the open economy, exchange rate regimes and the effects of economic policy
9.The AD-AS model and its implications for the theory of output and employment
10. Inflation and unemployment some elements towards an interpretation

D. Delli Gatti, Marco Gallegati e Mauro Gallegati

Macroeconomia - Fatti, teorie e politiche,

4° edizione, Giappichelli editore 2019: Chapts 1 to 6 (except parr. 2.A, 4.3, 5.A, 5.B, and 6.6 - 6.9); in addition: parr 8.1 e 8.2; 9.6 e 9.7; CHAPT. 10 (except par. 10.4)
or D. Delli Gatti, Marco Gallegati e Mauro Gallegati, Macroeconomia - Fatti, teorie e politiche, 5° edizione, Giappichelli editore 2020:
Chapt. da 1 - 6 (except parr. 2.A, 4.3, 5.A, 5.B, and 6.6-6.9 and 6.A);
ChAPT. 8 parr 8.1, 8.2, 8.6; CHAPT 10 par 10.6; CHAPT 11(except parr. 11.4 e 11.A)


PLUS:
Antonella Stirati
Dispense del corso di Macroeconomia (available in the library)

Main concepts of computer science
Operating principles of the computer
Computer use and file management
The functioning of the networks
Algorithms
Data and information
Word processing
Electronic Sheets
Database

Lawrence Snyder, Alessandro Amoroso
Fluency: Conoscere e usare l’informatica - Pearson Education

The program includes:
Introduction to law
Forms of State and forms of Government
Beyond the State: the EU
The sources of law
Parliament and its functions
Institutes of direct democracy
The abrogative referendum.
The Government and its functions
The President of the Republic and his attributions
Principles on the subject of Administration
The other organs
Local ordering
Rights and freedom
The economic Constitution
Judicial power
Constitutional Justice

It is recommended the study of one of the following books:
R. BIN – G. PITRUZZELLA, Diritto pubblico, Torino, Giappichelli, latest edition
P. CARETTI – U. DE SIERVO, Istituzioni di Diritto pubblico, Torino, Giappichelli, latest edition
F. Modugno (a cura di), Diritto Pubblico, Torino, Giappichelli, latest edition
C. ROSSANO, Manuale di Diritto pubblico, Napoli, Jovene, latest edition

The Public Law course is divided into two modules.
Module I covers the following topics: theory of social groups; the normative social groups; the structure of the legal system; power and its species; power-sharing techniques; the forms of exercise of power: the legal norm and the provision; subjects; interests; the goods; subjective legal situations; the legal facts; human behaviors; the legal effects; the responsability; the regulatory levels of government (international, European Community, state, local); the organization of public authorities; public functions (political direction, regulation, administration, jurisdiction).
The II Module deals with the Italian legal system and the regulatory principles of its political, legislative, administrative and jurisdictional activity.

For preparation for Modules I and II we recommend studying a manual chosen from the following:
R. BIN – G. PITRUZZELLA, Diritto pubblico, Torino, Giappichelli, ult. ed.
C. ROSSANO, Manuale di Diritto pubblico, Napoli, Jovene, ult. ed.
P. CARETTI – U. DE SIERVO, Istituzioni di Diritto pubblico, Torino, Giappichelli, ult. ed.

1. Production and prices: general elements
The production process. Production methods and their representation. The social production process. Economy of mere subsistence. Economy producung surplus. Basic and non-basic goods.

2. Fundamentals of the classical theory of distribution and relative prices
The real wage and other circumstances taken as given in the 'core' of the theory. The concept of social surplus. Profits and general profit rate. Distinction and relationship between "normal" and "market" prices. Price equations: simultaneous determination of profit rate and relative prices. Importance and limits of the solutions to the problem attempted by Ricardo and Marx. The inverse wage-profit relationship. The theory of rent.

3. Fundamentals of the marginalist theory of distribution and relative prices
The data of the theory. Consumer theory. Functions of consumption good demand. Production theory. Direct and indirect substitutability as analytical bases for factor demand functions. Determination of distribution and relative prices in terms of supply and demand equilibria. Comparison with the classical theory of distribution. Implications of general economic equilibrium: full employment of available resources; Pareto optimality; efficiency in exchange; efficiency in production; efficiency in the combination of outputs. The notion of capital as a single productive factor and the difficulties that derive from it (mention).

4. Analysis of the single industry and market forms
The analysis of "partial" equilibrium. Short and long term cost curves of the individual enterprise. Equilibrium of enterprise and industry under competitive conditions, in the short and long period. Quantity produced and price, in the short and long period, in monopoly and monopolistic competition. The oligopoly: Cournot model.

"Elementi di teoria della produzione", Appunti per il corso di Microeconomia - Dispensa n.1
"La teoria classica della distribuzione e dei prezzi relativi", Appunti per il corso di Microeconomia - Dispensa n.2
"La teoria marginalista della distribuzione e dei prezzi relativi", Appunti per il corso di Microeconomia - Dispensa n.3
Materials (audio slides) distributed by the teacher

With regard to the other text adopted, the chapters and paragraphs included in the programme are set out below, with reference to the latest edition (2017).

Robert H. Frank e Edward Cartwright, Microeconomia
Milano: McGraw-Hill, VII edizione, 2017
Capitoli e paragrafi in programma:

Capitolo 3, La scelta razionale del consumatore, p. 51
{paragrafi: 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4; Appendice 3}

Capitolo 4, La domanda individuale e la domanda di mercato, p. 93
{paragrafi: 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7}

Capitolo 5, Le applicazioni delle teorie della scelta razionale e della domanda, p. 137
{limitatamente a: paragrafo 5.7; Appendice 5}

Capitolo 9, La produzione, p. 267
{intero capitolo, inclusa Appendice 9}

Capitolo 10, I costi, p. 297
{intero capitolo, esclusa Appendice 10}

Capitolo 11, La concorrenza perfetta, p. 333
{paragrafi: 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 11.9, 11.12, 11.13}

Capitolo 12, Il monopolio, p. 377
{paragrafi: 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.8}

Capitolo 13, Concorrenza imperfetta: un approccio basato sulla teoria dei giochi, p. 427
{paragrafi: 13.1, 13.2, 13.4 limitatamente al sotto-paragrafo 13.4.1}

Capitolo 15, L'equilibrio generale e l'efficienza dei mercati, p. 523
{paragrafi: 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 15.6,15.7

An introduction to the fundamental ideas of statistics. Topics include descriptive statistics, probability, confidence intervals, and testing hypotheses, as well as the basics of Chi-square tests, regression and correlation.

G.Cicchitelli, P.D'Urso, M.Minozzo. Statistica: principi e metodi. Pearson, terza edizione (2017).

descriptive statistics
variables and their measurement
univariate distributions
describing data with tables and graphs
measures of position
variability

bivariate descriptive statistics
independence, association, correlation

probability distributions for discrete and continuous variables
sampling distributions

Inference:
estimation
hypothesis test

A. Agresti, B. Finlay
Statistical methods for the social sciences

Pearson International Edition - 4th edition 2009

Module I - The theory of financial statements

Introduction to the study of financial statements.
The basic functions of financial statements.
The nature of operating income and working capital.
The purposes that can be assigned to financial statements.
Relationship between income, valuation criteria and purposes of financial statements.
The purposes of the financial statements in the business doctrine: the "alpha" and "beta" purposes.

Module II - The Financial Statements in the Civil Code

The documents of the balance sheet - Structure and content (art. 2423-ter - 2425 Civil Code)
The general clause and the principles for drawing up the financial statements (articles 2423 - 2423-bis Civil Code)
Special valuation criteria (art. 2426 Civil Code)
Tangible fixed assets
Intangible fixed assets
Securities and Equity Investments
Receivables
Assets and liabilities in foreign currency
Inventories (Lifo, Fifo, Cmp)
Contract work in progress
The contents of the Explanatory Notes and the Management Report on Operations

Module III - Accounting

Closing entries, general closing and reopening of accounts
Fixed assets - Accounting based on amortization, depreciation, write-downs and reinstatement of value
Equity investments - Accounting with the historical cost method and equity method
Foreign currency transactions - Accounting treatment
Inventories and contract work in progress - Accounting treatment

Module IV - Fundamentals of financial statement analysis

Modules I e II: Tutino M. (2017), Bilancio e nuovi OIC, Cedam
Module III: Paoloni M., Celli M. (2012), Introduzione alla contabilità generale, Cedam.
Module IV: Paolucci G. (2016), Analisi di bilancio, Hoepli.

Teaching materials available to students on the course web pages

- Public Budget Revenues: taxes, contributions, and other charges
- The economic effects of Taxes both in closed and in open economies
- A Brief History of Western Public Finances as well as changing methodologies in the analysis of public economic decisions
- Social goods
- Tax design and Tax Incidence
- The Italian Tax System

1) Di Majo A., Introduzione alla Scienza delle Finanze, 2018, Edizioni Pigreco, Roma, capitoli 1, 2, 5, 6, 7 fino al par. 7.4 incluso;
2) Bosi P., Guerra M.C., I tributi nell'economia italiana, 2020, il Mulino, Bologna, capitoli II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII.

• The evolution of the analysis of Public Finance
• Public goods
• Taxes: characteristics and classification
• The economic effects of taxes
• The economic analysis of taxes and the theory of incidence
• The main taxes in the Italian tax system

1) Di Majo A. (2018), Introduzione alla Scienza delle Finanze, Edizioni Pigreco, Roma, chapters 1, 2, 5, 6, 7 fino a pag. 325.
2) Bosi P., Guerra M.C. (2020), I tributi nell'economia italiana, Il Mulino, Bologna, chapters II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII.

Introduction to Italian Private Law and Interpretation.
Person Law.
Property Law.
Obligations and Contracts.
Tort Law.
Family Law.
Inheritance Law.
Private Enforcement and Civil evidence.

Ask the Professor for English lectures.

Introduction to Italian Private Law and Interpretation.
Person Law.
Property Law.
Obligations and Contracts.
Tort Law.
Family Law.
Inheritance Law.
Private Enforcement and Civil evidence.

Ask the Professor for English lectures.

The course will concentrate on selected important economic policy issues and relevant economic tools. The specific topics will be of contemporary interest, and will be announced by the start of each year. In any year the topics covered are likely to include some of the following: Globalisation: effects on welfare, development and income distribution; ii Inequality; Global imbalances ; Tax, fiscal policy and unemployment; Monetary policy and exchange rate frameworks ; Financial integration and currency unions ; Financial crises and relevant policies ; endogenous growth, exhaustible resources and relevant policies.

R Cellini Politica Economica, Mc Graw Hill 2019

o Economic policy motivations, functions and tools
o Micro e macro objectives of economic policy
o Markets and economic competition
o Externalities, public goods, information asymmetries, strategic interdependence
o Fiscal policy: scenarios and current context
o Monetary policy: transmission channels, Central Banks, Euro debate, inflation
o Globalization, international systems and relations: strategic interdependence, the balance of payments and exchange rate, protectionism and trade agreements
o Income, wealth, development and growth policy
o European economic policy in the globalized context
o Regional, Industrial and Labour policies

Module 1:
Politica economica. Introduzione ai modelli fondamentali, di Roberto Cellini (McGraw Hill, 2019), chapters: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27.1, 27.2, 27.3, 27.5, 27.6
Module 2:
Politica economica. Introduzione ai modelli fondamentali, di Roberto Cellini (McGraw Hill, 2019), chapters: 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 25, 26, 27.4

The course, articulated in a single module, will cover the following topics:
1. The entrepreneur (of any kind).
2. The rules set forth for the commercial enterprises.
2. Companies and other business organizations.
4. The joint-stock company and the limited partnership by shares.
5. Transformation, merger and spin-off.
6. The co-operative companies, the consortia and the joint-ventures.
7. Entrepreneur’s auxiliaries; the establishment.
8. Debt securities and promissory notes.
9. Bankruptcy (general principles).

L. De Angelis (edited by), Diritto commerciale, Wolters Kluwers/Cedam, last edition.
pages 1-93
pages 125-134
pages 137-709
pages 777-828
pages 887-922


V. Buonocore (conceived by), Manuale di diritto commerciale, Torino, Giappichelli, last edition, 2020:
pages 7-63
pages 103-126
pages 163-180
pages 181-700
pages 985-1044
pages 1045-1074
pages 1150-1164

It’s recommended studying the subject with an updated Civil Code, comprehensive of connected laws.

The course, articulated in a single module, will cover the following topics:
1. The entrepreneur (of any kind).
2. The rules set forth for the commercial enterprises.
2. Companies and other business organizations.
4. The joint-stock company and the limited partnership by shares.
5. Transformation, merger and spin-off.
6. The co-operative companies, the consortia and the joint-ventures.
7. Entrepreneur’s auxiliaries; the establishment.
8. Debt securities and promissory notes.
9. Bankruptcy (general principles).

L. De Angelis (edited by), Diritto commerciale, Wolters Kluwers/Cedam, last edition.
pages 1-93
pages 125-134
pages 137-709
pages 777-828
pages 887-922


V. Buonocore (conceived by), Manuale di diritto commerciale, Torino, Giappichelli, last edition, 2020:
pages 7-63
pages 103-126
pages 163-180
pages 181-700
pages 985-1044
pages 1045-1074
pages 1150-1164

It’s recommended studying the subject with an updated Civil Code, comprehensive of connected laws.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CORPORATE ORGANISATIONS
First Part: BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
1) The firm as an economic entity: General characteristics of the firm. Corporate entities: legal and economic identities. Types of firms.
2) The firm in its economic perspective: The enterprise as an individual economic undertaking: private enterprises and state-owned enterprises. The company’s purpose. Financial and economic stability as a prerequisite of a company’s existence. Economic stability and different types of economic operability. Payment for operating and production inputs used by enterprises. Corporate risk and who bears it. Income and profitability. Information Systems Governance and Internal controls (overview). Planning in business (overview).
Second Parte: ACCRUAL ACCOUNTING
3) The organizational structure as part of the decision-making process; management control in modern corporations: Evolution of the corporate organizational models shaping the decision-making structure. Control exercised in corporations by different stakeholders. The planning and control function in modern corporations.
4) Corporate funding: Capital requirements, and how much is needed. Corporate funding: equity and debt capital in their various forms. Funding through cash generation. Capital structure of the company; choice of cost-efficient financing options; the dynamic relationship between equity and debt capital. Short-term capital and long-term financing.
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT OF COMPANY PERFORMANCE
1) The accounting rationale. Nature of data to be examined. Methodologies. The corporate record-keeping system in a broad sense.
2) Accounting practice: The theory of double entry bookkeeping. Double entry bookkeeping applied to manufacturing companies. Bookkeeping entries for general business transactions, initiating joint-stock companies, special transactions (wages and salaries, financial transactions etc…), adjusting entries and year-end closing entries. Practical exercises in applying accounting record-keeping systems and measurement principles to business transactions.

First Part: Business Administration
Paoloni M., Paoloni P. (a cura di), Introduzione ed orientamento allo studio delle aziende, Giappichelli, 2009
Onida, P., Economia d'azienda, Utet, Torino, 1970
Zanda, G., Lineamenti di Economia Aziendale, Edizioni Kappa, Roma, 2006

Second Part: Accrual Accounting
Paoloni M., Celli, M. (a cura di), Introduzione alla contabilità generale, CEDAM, 2012 (da pagina 75 a 123; da pagina 137 a 215; da pagina 220 a 243; da pagina 244 a 253; da pagina 255 a 279; da pagina 292 a 299; da pagina 304 a 309; da pagina 321 a 335; da pagina 364 a 377; da pagina 399 a 470).

For business administration and accounting exercises:
Paoloni M. (a cura di), Mattei G., Paoloni, N., Eserciziario di economia aziendale e contabilità, CEDAM, 2018

Alternatively:
David Boddy, Management: an Introduction, Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2011
Leslie K. Breitner and Robert N. Anthony, Essentials of Accounting, Pearson, 2013

Syllabus
1) Organisations and entities.
General characters: Aims of organisations. "Legal entity" and "economic entity." Various types of organisations
2) Broader characters of an Organisation.
Private and public companies. Equilibrium conditions. Possible ways to remunerate resources used by the organisation. The business risk. Income and profit.
3) Funding
The need for capital and its determination. Corporate finance, "equity" and "debt capital"; corporate self-financing; the dynamic relationship between "equity" and "debt capital". A corporate' s financial structure.
4) Accounting as a tool for information
Logical moments. The nature of facts under investigation. Methods.
5) The accounting recognition
Theory of the double-entry accounting. Systematic and comprehensive recording of financial transactions pertaining to a business.

David Boddy, Management: an Introduction, Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2011
Robert N. Anthony – Leslie K. Breitner, Essentials of Accounting, Prentice Hall, 2007
Slides/teaching notes will be available on the website

Logic and set theory:
Propositions. Logical operations with propositions. Logical implication. Sets. Operations with sets. Cartesian product. Applications. Injective and surjective applications. One-to-one correspondence. Inverse application.
Numeric numbers and sets: Natural numbers. Integer or relative numbers. Rational numbers. Real numbers and representation on the line. Bounded sets. Upper and lower extreme of sets of rational and real numbers. Intervals and neighborhoods. Accumulation, internal, isolated points. Open sets and closed sets.
Summations and products: Definition of summation. Properties. Special sums. Sum of the first n natural numbers. Arithmetic and geometric progressions and sum of their first n terms. Factorial.
Real functions of a real variable:
Definition of a real function of a real variable. The Euclidean plane and the graph of a function. Injective and surjective functions and graph. Even and odd functions. Increasing and decreasing functions. Concave and convex functions. Bounded functions. Composition function. Inverse function, monotonicity and invertibility, inverse function graph. Elementary functions. Functions with two laws. Transforming graphs. Domain of a function.
Sequences and numerical series: Definition of a sequence. Converging and divergent sequences. Monotone sequences and regularity theorem (w.p.). Limits of sequences. Definition of numerical series. NC for convergence (w.p.). Cauchy criterion. Geometric, Mengoli, harmonic and generalized harmonic series.
Limits: Definition of limit. Convergence and divergence. Right limit and left limit. Vertical and horizontal asymptotes. Limit uniqueness theorem (w.p.). Sign permanence theorem in direct and inverse form (w.p.). Comparison theorem. Limit checks. Operations with limits. Indeterminate forms.
Infinitesimals and infinities: Definition of infinitesimal and infinite. Comparing infinitesimals and infinities. Order of infinitesimals and infinities. Propagation of the order. Computing limits with infinitesimals and infinities (w.p.).
Continuity and discontinuity: Definition of continuity. Limits and continuity. Classification of discontinuity points. Continuity of rational functions. Continuity of the inverse. Continuity of composition functions. Theorem of zeros (w.p.). Weierstrass theorem. Darboux's theorem (w.p.).
Differential calculus: Derivative of a function. Geometric interpretation. Derivability and continuity (w.p.) Points of non-derivability. Higher order derivatives. Derivatives of elementary functions. Rules of derivation. Chain rule. Derivative of the inverse function. Differential. First order approximation (w.p.). Taylor and McLaurin polynomial. Approximations of higher order. Stationary points. Local maxima and minima. First order necessary conditions for the existence of local maxima and minima. Fermat's theorem (w.p.). Rolle's theorem (w.p.). Lagrange theorem (w.p.). Lagrange theorem’s corollaries: zero-derivative functions (w.p.). Relations between monotonicity and derivative sign (w.p.). Local concave and convex functions. Relationship between the second order derivative and the concavity (w.p.). Points of inflection. Sufficient second order conditions for the existence of relative maxima and minima (w.p.). Sufficient conditions of order n for the existence of relative maxima and minima or inflections points (w.p.). De L'Hôpital theorem and application to limit calculus.
Graph of a function: Representation of the graph of a function on the Euclidean plane. Oblique asymptotes.
Integral calculus:
Primitive functions. Indefinite integral. Characterization of the set of primitives (w.p.). Properties of the indefinite integral. Integral of elementary functions. Integration by parts (w.p.). Integration by substitution (w.p.). Definite integral. Properties of the definite integral. Integral function. Integral mean theorem(c.d.). Fundamental theorem of integral calculus (w.p.). Corollary to Torricelli-Barrow's theorem: relationship between the definite integral and the indefinite integral (w.p.). Applications.
Linear algebra:
Vectors and vector spaces. Geometric representation of vectors. Linear combination of vectors. Linearly dependent and independent vectors. Rank of a set of vectors. Matrices. Operations with matrices. Product rows by columns. Particular matrices. Transposed matrix. Determinant of a matrix of order n. Properties of the determinant. Rank of a matrix. Rank and linear independence of vectors. Systems of linear equations. Cramer's theorem. Rouché-Capelli theorem. Homogeneous systems. Parametric systems.
(w.p.) = “with proof”

Suggested materials:
- Notes can be downloaded online from the course Matematica Generale on Moodle at the website: https://economia.el.uniroma3.it/
Optional materials:
- Alberto Bersani, Francesco Manzini, Loretta Mastroeni. Esercizi di Matematica Generale: Per i corsi del nuovo ordinamento delle Facoltà di Economia. Società Editrice Esculapio, 2009.

1. National accounting system: basic defintions and identities. Main macroeconomic indicators
2. Keynes’s theory: aggregate demand and equilibrium output
3. Keynes’s theory: money and interest
4. The IS-LM model
5. The AS-AD model
6. Inflation and unemployment
7. Macroeconomics of the European Union
8. Money: creation and control

Compulsory material:
1) Textbook: Rudiger Dornbusch, Stanley Fischer, Richard Startz, Giuseppe Canullo, Paolo Pettenati, Macroeconomia, 11th or 12th edition (2016, 2020), McGraw-Hill (check the detailed programme for precise indications)
2) Additional teaching material (lecture notes, etc, available on the website)

The Economic system. Definitions and measurement of the main macroeconomic aggregates
2. Macroeconomic equilibrium and the Keynesian theory of income and employment
3.The public sector
4. The open economy: balance of payments, exchange rate, external constraint
5. Money and financial activities. The Central Bank and the banking sector, Demand and supply of money, interest rate determination.
6. Aggregate investment and the rate of interest. Controversial aspects.
7. The IS-LM model. Economic policy in the IS-LM model in a closed economy. Effects of changes in nominal wages
8. The IS-LM model for the open economy, exchange rate regimes and the effects of economic policy
9.The AD-AS model and its implications for the theory of output and employment
10. Inflation and unemployment some elements towards an interpretation

D. Delli Gatti, Marco Gallegati e Mauro Gallegati

Macroeconomia - Fatti, teorie e politiche,

4° edizione, Giappichelli editore 2019: Chapts 1 to 6 (except parr. 2.A, 4.3, 5.A, 5.B, and 6.6 - 6.9); in addition: parr 8.1 e 8.2; 9.6 e 9.7; CHAPT. 10 (except par. 10.4)
or D. Delli Gatti, Marco Gallegati e Mauro Gallegati, Macroeconomia - Fatti, teorie e politiche, 5° edizione, Giappichelli editore 2020:
Chapt. da 1 - 6 (except parr. 2.A, 4.3, 5.A, 5.B, and 6.6-6.9 and 6.A);
ChAPT. 8 parr 8.1, 8.2, 8.6; CHAPT 10 par 10.6; CHAPT 11(except parr. 11.4 e 11.A)


PLUS:
Antonella Stirati
Dispense del corso di Macroeconomia (available in the library)

Main concepts of computer science
Operating principles of the computer
Computer use and file management
The functioning of the networks
Algorithms
Data and information
Word processing
Electronic Sheets
Database

Lawrence Snyder, Alessandro Amoroso
Fluency: Conoscere e usare l’informatica - Pearson Education

The program includes:
Introduction to law
Forms of State and forms of Government
Beyond the State: the EU
The sources of law
Parliament and its functions
Institutes of direct democracy
The abrogative referendum.
The Government and its functions
The President of the Republic and his attributions
Principles on the subject of Administration
The other organs
Local ordering
Rights and freedom
The economic Constitution
Judicial power
Constitutional Justice

It is recommended the study of one of the following books:
R. BIN – G. PITRUZZELLA, Diritto pubblico, Torino, Giappichelli, latest edition
P. CARETTI – U. DE SIERVO, Istituzioni di Diritto pubblico, Torino, Giappichelli, latest edition
F. Modugno (a cura di), Diritto Pubblico, Torino, Giappichelli, latest edition
C. ROSSANO, Manuale di Diritto pubblico, Napoli, Jovene, latest edition

The Public Law course is divided into two modules.
Module I covers the following topics: theory of social groups; the normative social groups; the structure of the legal system; power and its species; power-sharing techniques; the forms of exercise of power: the legal norm and the provision; subjects; interests; the goods; subjective legal situations; the legal facts; human behaviors; the legal effects; the responsability; the regulatory levels of government (international, European Community, state, local); the organization of public authorities; public functions (political direction, regulation, administration, jurisdiction).
The II Module deals with the Italian legal system and the regulatory principles of its political, legislative, administrative and jurisdictional activity.

For preparation for Modules I and II we recommend studying a manual chosen from the following:
R. BIN – G. PITRUZZELLA, Diritto pubblico, Torino, Giappichelli, ult. ed.
C. ROSSANO, Manuale di Diritto pubblico, Napoli, Jovene, ult. ed.
P. CARETTI – U. DE SIERVO, Istituzioni di Diritto pubblico, Torino, Giappichelli, ult. ed.

1. Production and prices: general elements
The production process. Production methods and their representation. The social production process. Economy of mere subsistence. Economy producung surplus. Basic and non-basic goods.

2. Fundamentals of the classical theory of distribution and relative prices
The real wage and other circumstances taken as given in the 'core' of the theory. The concept of social surplus. Profits and general profit rate. Distinction and relationship between "normal" and "market" prices. Price equations: simultaneous determination of profit rate and relative prices. Importance and limits of the solutions to the problem attempted by Ricardo and Marx. The inverse wage-profit relationship. The theory of rent.

3. Fundamentals of the marginalist theory of distribution and relative prices
The data of the theory. Consumer theory. Functions of consumption good demand. Production theory. Direct and indirect substitutability as analytical bases for factor demand functions. Determination of distribution and relative prices in terms of supply and demand equilibria. Comparison with the classical theory of distribution. Implications of general economic equilibrium: full employment of available resources; Pareto optimality; efficiency in exchange; efficiency in production; efficiency in the combination of outputs. The notion of capital as a single productive factor and the difficulties that derive from it (mention).

4. Analysis of the single industry and market forms
The analysis of "partial" equilibrium. Short and long term cost curves of the individual enterprise. Equilibrium of enterprise and industry under competitive conditions, in the short and long period. Quantity produced and price, in the short and long period, in monopoly and monopolistic competition. The oligopoly: Cournot model.

"Elementi di teoria della produzione", Appunti per il corso di Microeconomia - Dispensa n.1
"La teoria classica della distribuzione e dei prezzi relativi", Appunti per il corso di Microeconomia - Dispensa n.2
"La teoria marginalista della distribuzione e dei prezzi relativi", Appunti per il corso di Microeconomia - Dispensa n.3
Materials (audio slides) distributed by the teacher

With regard to the other text adopted, the chapters and paragraphs included in the programme are set out below, with reference to the latest edition (2017).

Robert H. Frank e Edward Cartwright, Microeconomia
Milano: McGraw-Hill, VII edizione, 2017
Capitoli e paragrafi in programma:

Capitolo 3, La scelta razionale del consumatore, p. 51
{paragrafi: 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4; Appendice 3}

Capitolo 4, La domanda individuale e la domanda di mercato, p. 93
{paragrafi: 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7}

Capitolo 5, Le applicazioni delle teorie della scelta razionale e della domanda, p. 137
{limitatamente a: paragrafo 5.7; Appendice 5}

Capitolo 9, La produzione, p. 267
{intero capitolo, inclusa Appendice 9}

Capitolo 10, I costi, p. 297
{intero capitolo, esclusa Appendice 10}

Capitolo 11, La concorrenza perfetta, p. 333
{paragrafi: 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 11.9, 11.12, 11.13}

Capitolo 12, Il monopolio, p. 377
{paragrafi: 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.8}

Capitolo 13, Concorrenza imperfetta: un approccio basato sulla teoria dei giochi, p. 427
{paragrafi: 13.1, 13.2, 13.4 limitatamente al sotto-paragrafo 13.4.1}

Capitolo 15, L'equilibrio generale e l'efficienza dei mercati, p. 523
{paragrafi: 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 15.6,15.7

An introduction to the fundamental ideas of statistics. Topics include descriptive statistics, probability, confidence intervals, and testing hypotheses, as well as the basics of Chi-square tests, regression and correlation.

G.Cicchitelli, P.D'Urso, M.Minozzo. Statistica: principi e metodi. Pearson, terza edizione (2017).

descriptive statistics
variables and their measurement
univariate distributions
describing data with tables and graphs
measures of position
variability

bivariate descriptive statistics
independence, association, correlation

probability distributions for discrete and continuous variables
sampling distributions

Inference:
estimation
hypothesis test

A. Agresti, B. Finlay
Statistical methods for the social sciences

Pearson International Edition - 4th edition 2009

- Public Budget Revenues: taxes, contributions, and other charges
- The economic effects of Taxes both in closed and in open economies
- A Brief History of Western Public Finances as well as changing methodologies in the analysis of public economic decisions
- Social goods
- Tax design and Tax Incidence
- The Italian Tax System

1) Di Majo A., Introduzione alla Scienza delle Finanze, 2018, Edizioni Pigreco, Roma, capitoli 1, 2, 5, 6, 7 fino al par. 7.4 incluso;
2) Bosi P., Guerra M.C., I tributi nell'economia italiana, 2020, il Mulino, Bologna, capitoli II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII.

• The evolution of the analysis of Public Finance
• Public goods
• Taxes: characteristics and classification
• The economic effects of taxes
• The economic analysis of taxes and the theory of incidence
• The main taxes in the Italian tax system

1) Di Majo A. (2018), Introduzione alla Scienza delle Finanze, Edizioni Pigreco, Roma, chapters 1, 2, 5, 6, 7 fino a pag. 325.
2) Bosi P., Guerra M.C. (2020), I tributi nell'economia italiana, Il Mulino, Bologna, chapters II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII.

Main official statistical surveys: data production and interpretation. In particular: Consumer prices, Industrial production, Labour forces, Household consumptions, Income and living conditions, Household Income and Wealth. National accounts. Main statistical indicators for economic phenomena: (simple and complex) index numbers, measures of concentration.
Calendar adjusted and seasonal adjusted time series; chain-linked values. The use of moving averages to reconstruct the trend.
Introduction to econometrics. Single and multiple Linear Regression: ordinary least squares, goodness of fit, homoscedasticity and heteroscedasticity, nonlinear regression functions.
An introduction to the use of R for statistical analysis.

Class notes (in Italian) downloadable from the webpage of the course inside the website of the School.
Press releases (Istat - Banca d'Italia).
Stock J.H. and Watson M.W., Introduction to Econometrics, Update, Global edition, 3rd Edition, 2014, Pearson.

Main official statistical surveys: data production and interpretation. In particular: Consumer prices, Industrial production, Labour forces, Household consumptions, Income and living conditions, Household Income and Wealth. National accounts. Main statistical indicators for economic phenomena: (simple and complex) index numbers, measures of concentration.
Calendar adjusted and seasonal adjusted time series; chain-linked values. The use of moving averages to reconstruct the trend.
Introduction to econometrics. Single and multiple Linear Regression: ordinary least squares, goodness of fit, homoscedasticity and heteroscedasticity, nonlinear regression functions.
An introduction to the use of R for statistical analysis.

Class notes (in Italian) downloadable from the webpage of the course inside the website of the School.
Press releases (Istat - Banca d'Italia).
Stock J.H. and Watson M.W., Introduction to Econometrics, Update, Global edition, 3rd Edition, 2014, Pearson.

Module I - The theory of financial statements

Introduction to the study of financial statements.
The basic functions of financial statements.
The nature of operating income and working capital.
The purposes that can be assigned to financial statements.
Relationship between income, valuation criteria and purposes of financial statements.
The purposes of the financial statements in the business doctrine: the "alpha" and "beta" purposes.

Module II - The Financial Statements in the Civil Code

The documents of the balance sheet - Structure and content (art. 2423-ter - 2425 Civil Code)
The general clause and the principles for drawing up the financial statements (articles 2423 - 2423-bis Civil Code)
Special valuation criteria (art. 2426 Civil Code)
Tangible fixed assets
Intangible fixed assets
Securities and Equity Investments
Receivables
Assets and liabilities in foreign currency
Inventories (Lifo, Fifo, Cmp)
Contract work in progress
The contents of the Explanatory Notes and the Management Report on Operations

Module III - Accounting

Closing entries, general closing and reopening of accounts
Fixed assets - Accounting based on amortization, depreciation, write-downs and reinstatement of value
Equity investments - Accounting with the historical cost method and equity method
Foreign currency transactions - Accounting treatment
Inventories and contract work in progress - Accounting treatment

Module IV - Fundamentals of financial statement analysis

Modules I e II: Tutino M. (2017), Bilancio e nuovi OIC, Cedam
Module III: Paoloni M., Celli M. (2012), Introduzione alla contabilità generale, Cedam.
Module IV: Paolucci G. (2016), Analisi di bilancio, Hoepli.

Teaching materials available to students on the course web pages

Introduction to Italian Private Law and Interpretation.
Person Law.
Property Law.
Obligations and Contracts.
Tort Law.
Family Law.
Inheritance Law.
Private Enforcement and Civil evidence.

Ask the Professor for English lectures.

Introduction to Italian Private Law and Interpretation.
Person Law.
Property Law.
Obligations and Contracts.
Tort Law.
Family Law.
Inheritance Law.
Private Enforcement and Civil evidence.

Ask the Professor for English lectures.

LINEAR ALGEBRA.
MULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS
IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS.
QUADRATIC FORMS.
FREE AND CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION THEORY.
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.
SYSTEMS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.
ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL APPLICATIONS

L. Mastroeni, A. Mazzoccoli, Matematica per le applicazioni economiche, Ed Pearson

The course will concentrate on selected important economic policy issues and relevant economic tools. The specific topics will be of contemporary interest, and will be announced by the start of each year. In any year the topics covered are likely to include some of the following: Globalisation: effects on welfare, development and income distribution; ii Inequality; Global imbalances ; Tax, fiscal policy and unemployment; Monetary policy and exchange rate frameworks ; Financial integration and currency unions ; Financial crises and relevant policies ; endogenous growth, exhaustible resources and relevant policies.

R Cellini Politica Economica, Mc Graw Hill 2019

o Economic policy motivations, functions and tools
o Micro e macro objectives of economic policy
o Markets and economic competition
o Externalities, public goods, information asymmetries, strategic interdependence
o Fiscal policy: scenarios and current context
o Monetary policy: transmission channels, Central Banks, Euro debate, inflation
o Globalization, international systems and relations: strategic interdependence, the balance of payments and exchange rate, protectionism and trade agreements
o Income, wealth, development and growth policy
o European economic policy in the globalized context
o Regional, Industrial and Labour policies

Module 1:
Politica economica. Introduzione ai modelli fondamentali, di Roberto Cellini (McGraw Hill, 2019), chapters: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27.1, 27.2, 27.3, 27.5, 27.6
Module 2:
Politica economica. Introduzione ai modelli fondamentali, di Roberto Cellini (McGraw Hill, 2019), chapters: 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 25, 26, 27.4

The course is structured in three parts:
1) The company and the strategy
2) The functions of company management
3) Operational management

Specifically, the course deals with:
Firms and their roles
Firm and their environment
Stakeholders theory
Theory of the firm
Strategic management of the company
The competitive analysis
Evolution of sectors and competitive structures
The Resource Based View
The competitive advantage
The growth of the company
The roles of corporate management: management, programming, control, human resources, information systems, knowledge management
Operational management: marketing, production, finance, logistics, innovation, administration

Please refer to the official page of the course.

Attending students
• Textbook: Sciarelli, La gestione dell¿impresa. Tra teoria e pratica aziendale
• Additional materials shared on the virtual class (MS Teams)
• Notes

Non-Attending students
• Textbook:
• Additional materials shared on the virtual class (MS Teams)

Students interested in better examining the topics are kindly invited to discuss with the instructor.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CORPORATE ORGANISATIONS
First Part: BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
1) The firm as an economic entity: General characteristics of the firm. Corporate entities: legal and economic identities. Types of firms.
2) The firm in its economic perspective: The enterprise as an individual economic undertaking: private enterprises and state-owned enterprises. The company’s purpose. Financial and economic stability as a prerequisite of a company’s existence. Economic stability and different types of economic operability. Payment for operating and production inputs used by enterprises. Corporate risk and who bears it. Income and profitability. Information Systems Governance and Internal controls (overview). Planning in business (overview).
Second Parte: ACCRUAL ACCOUNTING
3) The organizational structure as part of the decision-making process; management control in modern corporations: Evolution of the corporate organizational models shaping the decision-making structure. Control exercised in corporations by different stakeholders. The planning and control function in modern corporations.
4) Corporate funding: Capital requirements, and how much is needed. Corporate funding: equity and debt capital in their various forms. Funding through cash generation. Capital structure of the company; choice of cost-efficient financing options; the dynamic relationship between equity and debt capital. Short-term capital and long-term financing.
MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT OF COMPANY PERFORMANCE
1) The accounting rationale. Nature of data to be examined. Methodologies. The corporate record-keeping system in a broad sense.
2) Accounting practice: The theory of double entry bookkeeping. Double entry bookkeeping applied to manufacturing companies. Bookkeeping entries for general business transactions, initiating joint-stock companies, special transactions (wages and salaries, financial transactions etc…), adjusting entries and year-end closing entries. Practical exercises in applying accounting record-keeping systems and measurement principles to business transactions.

First Part: Business Administration
Paoloni M., Paoloni P. (a cura di), Introduzione ed orientamento allo studio delle aziende, Giappichelli, 2009
Onida, P., Economia d'azienda, Utet, Torino, 1970
Zanda, G., Lineamenti di Economia Aziendale, Edizioni Kappa, Roma, 2006

Second Part: Accrual Accounting
Paoloni M., Celli, M. (a cura di), Introduzione alla contabilità generale, CEDAM, 2012 (da pagina 75 a 123; da pagina 137 a 215; da pagina 220 a 243; da pagina 244 a 253; da pagina 255 a 279; da pagina 292 a 299; da pagina 304 a 309; da pagina 321 a 335; da pagina 364 a 377; da pagina 399 a 470).

For business administration and accounting exercises:
Paoloni M. (a cura di), Mattei G., Paoloni, N., Eserciziario di economia aziendale e contabilità, CEDAM, 2018

Alternatively:
David Boddy, Management: an Introduction, Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2011
Leslie K. Breitner and Robert N. Anthony, Essentials of Accounting, Pearson, 2013

Syllabus
1) Organisations and entities.
General characters: Aims of organisations. "Legal entity" and "economic entity." Various types of organisations
2) Broader characters of an Organisation.
Private and public companies. Equilibrium conditions. Possible ways to remunerate resources used by the organisation. The business risk. Income and profit.
3) Funding
The need for capital and its determination. Corporate finance, "equity" and "debt capital"; corporate self-financing; the dynamic relationship between "equity" and "debt capital". A corporate' s financial structure.
4) Accounting as a tool for information
Logical moments. The nature of facts under investigation. Methods.
5) The accounting recognition
Theory of the double-entry accounting. Systematic and comprehensive recording of financial transactions pertaining to a business.

David Boddy, Management: an Introduction, Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2011
Robert N. Anthony – Leslie K. Breitner, Essentials of Accounting, Prentice Hall, 2007
Slides/teaching notes will be available on the website

Logic and set theory:
Propositions. Logical operations with propositions. Logical implication. Sets. Operations with sets. Cartesian product. Applications. Injective and surjective applications. One-to-one correspondence. Inverse application.
Numeric numbers and sets: Natural numbers. Integer or relative numbers. Rational numbers. Real numbers and representation on the line. Bounded sets. Upper and lower extreme of sets of rational and real numbers. Intervals and neighborhoods. Accumulation, internal, isolated points. Open sets and closed sets.
Summations and products: Definition of summation. Properties. Special sums. Sum of the first n natural numbers. Arithmetic and geometric progressions and sum of their first n terms. Factorial.
Real functions of a real variable:
Definition of a real function of a real variable. The Euclidean plane and the graph of a function. Injective and surjective functions and graph. Even and odd functions. Increasing and decreasing functions. Concave and convex functions. Bounded functions. Composition function. Inverse function, monotonicity and invertibility, inverse function graph. Elementary functions. Functions with two laws. Transforming graphs. Domain of a function.
Sequences and numerical series: Definition of a sequence. Converging and divergent sequences. Monotone sequences and regularity theorem (w.p.). Limits of sequences. Definition of numerical series. NC for convergence (w.p.). Cauchy criterion. Geometric, Mengoli, harmonic and generalized harmonic series.
Limits: Definition of limit. Convergence and divergence. Right limit and left limit. Vertical and horizontal asymptotes. Limit uniqueness theorem (w.p.). Sign permanence theorem in direct and inverse form (w.p.). Comparison theorem. Limit checks. Operations with limits. Indeterminate forms.
Infinitesimals and infinities: Definition of infinitesimal and infinite. Comparing infinitesimals and infinities. Order of infinitesimals and infinities. Propagation of the order. Computing limits with infinitesimals and infinities (w.p.).
Continuity and discontinuity: Definition of continuity. Limits and continuity. Classification of discontinuity points. Continuity of rational functions. Continuity of the inverse. Continuity of composition functions. Theorem of zeros (w.p.). Weierstrass theorem. Darboux's theorem (w.p.).
Differential calculus: Derivative of a function. Geometric interpretation. Derivability and continuity (w.p.) Points of non-derivability. Higher order derivatives. Derivatives of elementary functions. Rules of derivation. Chain rule. Derivative of the inverse function. Differential. First order approximation (w.p.). Taylor and McLaurin polynomial. Approximations of higher order. Stationary points. Local maxima and minima. First order necessary conditions for the existence of local maxima and minima. Fermat's theorem (w.p.). Rolle's theorem (w.p.). Lagrange theorem (w.p.). Lagrange theorem’s corollaries: zero-derivative functions (w.p.). Relations between monotonicity and derivative sign (w.p.). Local concave and convex functions. Relationship between the second order derivative and the concavity (w.p.). Points of inflection. Sufficient second order conditions for the existence of relative maxima and minima (w.p.). Sufficient conditions of order n for the existence of relative maxima and minima or inflections points (w.p.). De L'Hôpital theorem and application to limit calculus.
Graph of a function: Representation of the graph of a function on the Euclidean plane. Oblique asymptotes.
Integral calculus:
Primitive functions. Indefinite integral. Characterization of the set of primitives (w.p.). Properties of the indefinite integral. Integral of elementary functions. Integration by parts (w.p.). Integration by substitution (w.p.). Definite integral. Properties of the definite integral. Integral function. Integral mean theorem(c.d.). Fundamental theorem of integral calculus (w.p.). Corollary to Torricelli-Barrow's theorem: relationship between the definite integral and the indefinite integral (w.p.). Applications.
Linear algebra:
Vectors and vector spaces. Geometric representation of vectors. Linear combination of vectors. Linearly dependent and independent vectors. Rank of a set of vectors. Matrices. Operations with matrices. Product rows by columns. Particular matrices. Transposed matrix. Determinant of a matrix of order n. Properties of the determinant. Rank of a matrix. Rank and linear independence of vectors. Systems of linear equations. Cramer's theorem. Rouché-Capelli theorem. Homogeneous systems. Parametric systems.
(w.p.) = “with proof”

Suggested materials:
- Notes can be downloaded online from the course Matematica Generale on Moodle at the website: https://economia.el.uniroma3.it/
Optional materials:
- Alberto Bersani, Francesco Manzini, Loretta Mastroeni. Esercizi di Matematica Generale: Per i corsi del nuovo ordinamento delle Facoltà di Economia. Società Editrice Esculapio, 2009.

1. National accounting system: basic defintions and identities. Main macroeconomic indicators
2. Keynes’s theory: aggregate demand and equilibrium output
3. Keynes’s theory: money and interest
4. The IS-LM model
5. The AS-AD model
6. Inflation and unemployment
7. Macroeconomics of the European Union
8. Money: creation and control

Compulsory material:
1) Textbook: Rudiger Dornbusch, Stanley Fischer, Richard Startz, Giuseppe Canullo, Paolo Pettenati, Macroeconomia, 11th or 12th edition (2016, 2020), McGraw-Hill (check the detailed programme for precise indications)
2) Additional teaching material (lecture notes, etc, available on the website)

The Economic system. Definitions and measurement of the main macroeconomic aggregates
2. Macroeconomic equilibrium and the Keynesian theory of income and employment
3.The public sector
4. The open economy: balance of payments, exchange rate, external constraint
5. Money and financial activities. The Central Bank and the banking sector, Demand and supply of money, interest rate determination.
6. Aggregate investment and the rate of interest. Controversial aspects.
7. The IS-LM model. Economic policy in the IS-LM model in a closed economy. Effects of changes in nominal wages
8. The IS-LM model for the open economy, exchange rate regimes and the effects of economic policy
9.The AD-AS model and its implications for the theory of output and employment
10. Inflation and unemployment some elements towards an interpretation

D. Delli Gatti, Marco Gallegati e Mauro Gallegati

Macroeconomia - Fatti, teorie e politiche,

4° edizione, Giappichelli editore 2019: Chapts 1 to 6 (except parr. 2.A, 4.3, 5.A, 5.B, and 6.6 - 6.9); in addition: parr 8.1 e 8.2; 9.6 e 9.7; CHAPT. 10 (except par. 10.4)
or D. Delli Gatti, Marco Gallegati e Mauro Gallegati, Macroeconomia - Fatti, teorie e politiche, 5° edizione, Giappichelli editore 2020:
Chapt. da 1 - 6 (except parr. 2.A, 4.3, 5.A, 5.B, and 6.6-6.9 and 6.A);
ChAPT. 8 parr 8.1, 8.2, 8.6; CHAPT 10 par 10.6; CHAPT 11(except parr. 11.4 e 11.A)


PLUS:
Antonella Stirati
Dispense del corso di Macroeconomia (available in the library)

Main concepts of computer science
Operating principles of the computer
Computer use and file management
The functioning of the networks
Algorithms
Data and information
Word processing
Electronic Sheets
Database

Lawrence Snyder, Alessandro Amoroso
Fluency: Conoscere e usare l’informatica - Pearson Education

The program includes:
Introduction to law
Forms of State and forms of Government
Beyond the State: the EU
The sources of law
Parliament and its functions
Institutes of direct democracy
The abrogative referendum.
The Government and its functions
The President of the Republic and his attributions
Principles on the subject of Administration
The other organs
Local ordering
Rights and freedom
The economic Constitution
Judicial power
Constitutional Justice

It is recommended the study of one of the following books:
R. BIN – G. PITRUZZELLA, Diritto pubblico, Torino, Giappichelli, latest edition
P. CARETTI – U. DE SIERVO, Istituzioni di Diritto pubblico, Torino, Giappichelli, latest edition
F. Modugno (a cura di), Diritto Pubblico, Torino, Giappichelli, latest edition
C. ROSSANO, Manuale di Diritto pubblico, Napoli, Jovene, latest edition

The Public Law course is divided into two modules.
Module I covers the following topics: theory of social groups; the normative social groups; the structure of the legal system; power and its species; power-sharing techniques; the forms of exercise of power: the legal norm and the provision; subjects; interests; the goods; subjective legal situations; the legal facts; human behaviors; the legal effects; the responsability; the regulatory levels of government (international, European Community, state, local); the organization of public authorities; public functions (political direction, regulation, administration, jurisdiction).
The II Module deals with the Italian legal system and the regulatory principles of its political, legislative, administrative and jurisdictional activity.

For preparation for Modules I and II we recommend studying a manual chosen from the following:
R. BIN – G. PITRUZZELLA, Diritto pubblico, Torino, Giappichelli, ult. ed.
C. ROSSANO, Manuale di Diritto pubblico, Napoli, Jovene, ult. ed.
P. CARETTI – U. DE SIERVO, Istituzioni di Diritto pubblico, Torino, Giappichelli, ult. ed.

1. Production and prices: general elements
The production process. Production methods and their representation. The social production process. Economy of mere subsistence. Economy producung surplus. Basic and non-basic goods.

2. Fundamentals of the classical theory of distribution and relative prices
The real wage and other circumstances taken as given in the 'core' of the theory. The concept of social surplus. Profits and general profit rate. Distinction and relationship between "normal" and "market" prices. Price equations: simultaneous determination of profit rate and relative prices. Importance and limits of the solutions to the problem attempted by Ricardo and Marx. The inverse wage-profit relationship. The theory of rent.

3. Fundamentals of the marginalist theory of distribution and relative prices
The data of the theory. Consumer theory. Functions of consumption good demand. Production theory. Direct and indirect substitutability as analytical bases for factor demand functions. Determination of distribution and relative prices in terms of supply and demand equilibria. Comparison with the classical theory of distribution. Implications of general economic equilibrium: full employment of available resources; Pareto optimality; efficiency in exchange; efficiency in production; efficiency in the combination of outputs. The notion of capital as a single productive factor and the difficulties that derive from it (mention).

4. Analysis of the single industry and market forms
The analysis of "partial" equilibrium. Short and long term cost curves of the individual enterprise. Equilibrium of enterprise and industry under competitive conditions, in the short and long period. Quantity produced and price, in the short and long period, in monopoly and monopolistic competition. The oligopoly: Cournot model.

"Elementi di teoria della produzione", Appunti per il corso di Microeconomia - Dispensa n.1
"La teoria classica della distribuzione e dei prezzi relativi", Appunti per il corso di Microeconomia - Dispensa n.2
"La teoria marginalista della distribuzione e dei prezzi relativi", Appunti per il corso di Microeconomia - Dispensa n.3
Materials (audio slides) distributed by the teacher

With regard to the other text adopted, the chapters and paragraphs included in the programme are set out below, with reference to the latest edition (2017).

Robert H. Frank e Edward Cartwright, Microeconomia
Milano: McGraw-Hill, VII edizione, 2017
Capitoli e paragrafi in programma:

Capitolo 3, La scelta razionale del consumatore, p. 51
{paragrafi: 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4; Appendice 3}

Capitolo 4, La domanda individuale e la domanda di mercato, p. 93
{paragrafi: 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7}

Capitolo 5, Le applicazioni delle teorie della scelta razionale e della domanda, p. 137
{limitatamente a: paragrafo 5.7; Appendice 5}

Capitolo 9, La produzione, p. 267
{intero capitolo, inclusa Appendice 9}

Capitolo 10, I costi, p. 297
{intero capitolo, esclusa Appendice 10}

Capitolo 11, La concorrenza perfetta, p. 333
{paragrafi: 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 11.7, 11.9, 11.12, 11.13}

Capitolo 12, Il monopolio, p. 377
{paragrafi: 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4, 12.5, 12.6, 12.8}

Capitolo 13, Concorrenza imperfetta: un approccio basato sulla teoria dei giochi, p. 427
{paragrafi: 13.1, 13.2, 13.4 limitatamente al sotto-paragrafo 13.4.1}

Capitolo 15, L'equilibrio generale e l'efficienza dei mercati, p. 523
{paragrafi: 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 15.6,15.7

An introduction to the fundamental ideas of statistics. Topics include descriptive statistics, probability, confidence intervals, and testing hypotheses, as well as the basics of Chi-square tests, regression and correlation.

G.Cicchitelli, P.D'Urso, M.Minozzo. Statistica: principi e metodi. Pearson, terza edizione (2017).

descriptive statistics
variables and their measurement
univariate distributions
describing data with tables and graphs
measures of position
variability

bivariate descriptive statistics
independence, association, correlation

probability distributions for discrete and continuous variables
sampling distributions

Inference:
estimation
hypothesis test

A. Agresti, B. Finlay
Statistical methods for the social sciences

Pearson International Edition - 4th edition 2009

Main official statistical surveys: data production and interpretation. In particular: Consumer prices, Industrial production, Labour forces, Household consumptions, Income and living conditions, Household Income and Wealth. National accounts. Main statistical indicators for economic phenomena: (simple and complex) index numbers, measures of concentration.
Calendar adjusted and seasonal adjusted time series; chain-linked values. The use of moving averages to reconstruct the trend.
Introduction to econometrics. Single and multiple Linear Regression: ordinary least squares, goodness of fit, homoscedasticity and heteroscedasticity, nonlinear regression functions.
An introduction to the use of R for statistical analysis.

Class notes (in Italian) downloadable from the webpage of the course inside the website of the School.
Press releases (Istat - Banca d'Italia).
Stock J.H. and Watson M.W., Introduction to Econometrics, Update, Global edition, 3rd Edition, 2014, Pearson.

Main official statistical surveys: data production and interpretation. In particular: Consumer prices, Industrial production, Labour forces, Household consumptions, Income and living conditions, Household Income and Wealth. National accounts. Main statistical indicators for economic phenomena: (simple and complex) index numbers, measures of concentration.
Calendar adjusted and seasonal adjusted time series; chain-linked values. The use of moving averages to reconstruct the trend.
Introduction to econometrics. Single and multiple Linear Regression: ordinary least squares, goodness of fit, homoscedasticity and heteroscedasticity, nonlinear regression functions.
An introduction to the use of R for statistical analysis.

Class notes (in Italian) downloadable from the webpage of the course inside the website of the School.
Press releases (Istat - Banca d'Italia).
Stock J.H. and Watson M.W., Introduction to Econometrics, Update, Global edition, 3rd Edition, 2014, Pearson.

- Public Budget Revenues: taxes, contributions, and other charges
- The economic effects of Taxes both in closed and in open economies
- A Brief History of Western Public Finances as well as changing methodologies in the analysis of public economic decisions
- Social goods
- Tax design and Tax Incidence
- The Italian Tax System

1) Di Majo A., Introduzione alla Scienza delle Finanze, 2018, Edizioni Pigreco, Roma, capitoli 1, 2, 5, 6, 7 fino al par. 7.4 incluso;
2) Bosi P., Guerra M.C., I tributi nell'economia italiana, 2020, il Mulino, Bologna, capitoli II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII.

• The evolution of the analysis of Public Finance
• Public goods
• Taxes: characteristics and classification
• The economic effects of taxes
• The economic analysis of taxes and the theory of incidence
• The main taxes in the Italian tax system

1) Di Majo A. (2018), Introduzione alla Scienza delle Finanze, Edizioni Pigreco, Roma, chapters 1, 2, 5, 6, 7 fino a pag. 325.
2) Bosi P., Guerra M.C. (2020), I tributi nell'economia italiana, Il Mulino, Bologna, chapters II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII.

Module I - The theory of financial statements

Introduction to the study of financial statements.
The basic functions of financial statements.
The nature of operating income and working capital.
The purposes that can be assigned to financial statements.
Relationship between income, valuation criteria and purposes of financial statements.
The purposes of the financial statements in the business doctrine: the "alpha" and "beta" purposes.

Module II - The Financial Statements in the Civil Code

The documents of the balance sheet - Structure and content (art. 2423-ter - 2425 Civil Code)
The general clause and the principles for drawing up the financial statements (articles 2423 - 2423-bis Civil Code)
Special valuation criteria (art. 2426 Civil Code)
Tangible fixed assets
Intangible fixed assets
Securities and Equity Investments
Receivables
Assets and liabilities in foreign currency
Inventories (Lifo, Fifo, Cmp)
Contract work in progress
The contents of the Explanatory Notes and the Management Report on Operations

Module III - Accounting

Closing entries, general closing and reopening of accounts
Fixed assets - Accounting based on amortization, depreciation, write-downs and reinstatement of value
Equity investments - Accounting with the historical cost method and equity method
Foreign currency transactions - Accounting treatment
Inventories and contract work in progress - Accounting treatment

Module IV - Fundamentals of financial statement analysis

Modules I e II: Tutino M. (2017), Bilancio e nuovi OIC, Cedam
Module III: Paoloni M., Celli M. (2012), Introduzione alla contabilità generale, Cedam.
Module IV: Paolucci G. (2016), Analisi di bilancio, Hoepli.

Teaching materials available to students on the course web pages

Introduction to Italian Private Law and Interpretation.
Person Law.
Property Law.
Obligations and Contracts.
Tort Law.
Family Law.
Inheritance Law.
Private Enforcement and Civil evidence.

Ask the Professor for English lectures.

Introduction to Italian Private Law and Interpretation.
Person Law.
Property Law.
Obligations and Contracts.
Tort Law.
Family Law.
Inheritance Law.
Private Enforcement and Civil evidence.

Ask the Professor for English lectures.

LINEAR ALGEBRA.
MULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS
IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS.
QUADRATIC FORMS.
FREE AND CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION THEORY.
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.
SYSTEMS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS.
ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL APPLICATIONS

L. Mastroeni, A. Mazzoccoli, Matematica per le applicazioni economiche, Ed Pearson

The course will concentrate on selected important economic policy issues and relevant economic tools. The specific topics will be of contemporary interest, and will be announced by the start of each year. In any year the topics covered are likely to include some of the following: Globalisation: effects on welfare, development and income distribution; ii Inequality; Global imbalances ; Tax, fiscal policy and unemployment; Monetary policy and exchange rate frameworks ; Financial integration and currency unions ; Financial crises and relevant policies ; endogenous growth, exhaustible resources and relevant policies.

R Cellini Politica Economica, Mc Graw Hill 2019

o Economic policy motivations, functions and tools
o Micro e macro objectives of economic policy
o Markets and economic competition
o Externalities, public goods, information asymmetries, strategic interdependence
o Fiscal policy: scenarios and current context
o Monetary policy: transmission channels, Central Banks, Euro debate, inflation
o Globalization, international systems and relations: strategic interdependence, the balance of payments and exchange rate, protectionism and trade agreements
o Income, wealth, development and growth policy
o European economic policy in the globalized context
o Regional, Industrial and Labour policies

Module 1:
Politica economica. Introduzione ai modelli fondamentali, di Roberto Cellini (McGraw Hill, 2019), chapters: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27.1, 27.2, 27.3, 27.5, 27.6
Module 2:
Politica economica. Introduzione ai modelli fondamentali, di Roberto Cellini (McGraw Hill, 2019), chapters: 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 25, 26, 27.4

Birth of Marginalism: Jevons and Menger: utility as the foundation of the value of goods; Walras: the system of general economic equilibrium; difficulties connected with the treatment of capital.
Alfred Marshall: specific aspects of Marshall's value theory; claim to continuity with Ricardo's theory.
Spreading marginalism and alternative lines of thought (mention). Development of the marginalist approach between the end of the 19th century and the first part of the 20th century. Two fundamental break points of the prevalence of marginalism: Keynes and Sraffa.
Walras' social-political conceptions: distributive equity and social justice; Walras' criticism of Marx's value theory.
Ricardo's 'macroeconomics': level of social product and Say's law; quantitative theory of money; public debt and taxation.

1. Appunti sulla teoria della distribuzione e del valore negli economisti classici (limited to chaps. 2-6, pp. 7-62), available at the copyshop "Copyando", via Osiense 457/d, Roma;
2. R. Ciccone, Materiale didattico per il corso di Storia del Pensiero Economico, available at the copyshop "Copyando", via Ostiense 457/d, Roma.

MODULE 2:
IV. THE DETERMINATION OF OUTPUT IN THE TWO THEORETICAL APPROACHES
V. KEYNES’S GENERAL THEORY.
VI. THE NEOCLASSICAL SYNTHESIS AND THE IMPAIRMENT OF THE KEYNESIAN REVOLUTION

All didactic material will be either given or indicated to students at the beginning of the course and made available on the moodle website