EACH LESSON WILL ILLUSTRATE THE CLIMATES AND THE ENVIRONMENTS WHICH CHARACTERIZED THE EARTH SINCE HADEAN TO HOLOCENE.
Hadean and Archean: 3h
Proterozoic: 3h
Cambrian: 3h
Ordovician: 3h
Silurian: 3h
Devonian: 3h
Carboniferous: 3h
Permian: 3h
Triassic: 3h
Giurassic: 3h
Cretaceous: 3h
Paleogene: 3h
Neogene: 3h
Quaternary: 3h
Further insights: causes and dinamics of climate change, main floral and faunal turnovers, supplementary data on palaeogeography, topics selected by the students: 6h

STANLEY S.S. (2009) - EARTH SYSTEM HISTORY. FREEMAN AND COMPANY, NEW YORK, 551 PP.

ELMI S. & BABIN C. (2006) – HISTOIRE DE LA TERRE. DUNOD, PARIS, 239 PP.
ANDERSON D.E., GOUDIE A.S., PARKER A.G. (2007) - GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTS THROUGH THE QUATERNARY. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, OXFORD, 359 PP.
GORNITZ V. (ED.)(2009) – ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PALEOCLIMATOLOGY AND ANCIENT ENVIRONMENTS. SPRINGER (REFERENCE BOOK).
SELDEN P. & NUDDS J. (2012) – EVOLUTION OF FOSSIL ECOSYSTEMS. MANSON PUBLISHING, 2ND EDITION

Additional references to be discussed during the classes will be selected among the most recent and/or controversial.

The course program includes the presentation and discussion of the following topics:
Definition and types of urban systems. Natural hazards and risks of urban areas. Role of geological conditions, influence of natural factors and geographical conditions on the development of urban areas. Risk, hazard, exposed value and vulnerability in urban areas, and their evolution in time. Methodology for collection, normalization and processing of drilling data. Issues and real cases applications.

Geologia di Roma “Vol L” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (1995).
La geologia di Roma dal centro storico alla periferia “Vol LXXX” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (2008).
U. Ventriglia – Geologia del territorio del Comune di Roma, a cura dell’Amministrazione Provinciale di Roma, (2002).
G. Gisotti – Ambiente urbano. – Dario Flaccovio Editore, Palermo (2007).

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the principles of cell biology and tissue organization. Ability to communicate effectively and with the correct terminology;
Applied skills: The basic knowledge acquired through the study of cytology will allow students to apply them to the study of tissues.
Cytology.
Cell theory. Methods of studying the cell: the microscope.
Macromolecules: The main carbohydrates of biological interest and their polymers.
Nucleic acids. DNA and RNA structure. DNA replication, messenger transcription and RNA, genetic code, ribosomes and protein synthesis.
Cell membranes and intercellular junctions.
Cytoplasmic and secretory pathway, The endoplasmic reticulum, Origin and sorting of secretory and membrane proteins. Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes, peroxisomes, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis.
Structure of mitochondria. Notes on energy metabolism: respiration.
The cytoskeleton: Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
The nucleus of eukaryotes, nuclear envelope and nuclear pores. Euchromatin and heterochromatin. Chromosome structure.
The cell cycle: the interphase (phases G1, S and G2), Cell division. Mitosis in animal cells. Meiosis.

Histology
Epithelial tissue. Connective tissue. Blood and signs of cellular immunology. Bone tissue. Muscle tissue. Nervous tissue.

Cytology
Essential Cell Biology, Bruce Alberts, Karen Hopkin, Alexander D. Johnson, David Morgan, Martin Raff. Garland Science. Last edition
Histology
Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, Anthony Mescher. Lange. Last edition

The environment of celestial bodies; the Solar System; the shape and size of the Earth; the main motions of the Earth (rotation and revolution); the long-term movements of the Earth; the Earth-Moon system.
Orientation; time and its measure; the representation of the earth's surface; the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude), the reading of topographic maps.
The shapes of the relief and the modeling of the terrestrial relief; the marine hydrosphere, the continental hydrosphere, the cryosphere; the atmosphere; the climate.
The materials of the Earth: the minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle.
The evolution of the Earth.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

1.Euclidean Geometry; rudiments of history of Greek Mathematics. Ruler and compass constructions. The classical problems. Euclid's Elements.
2. The V Postulate's problem: Posidonius attempt. Equivalent Postulates: Playfair, Wallis, transitivity of parallelism. Saccheri's work. Saccheri's Quadrilaterals. The three hyposes. Saccheri-Lagrange's Theorem and the exclusion of obtuse angle hypothesis. The birth of Non-Euclidean Geometry in Bolyai and Lobatchewaki.
3. Symmetries of the plane: Isometries of the plane and their type. Characterization of an isometry by the image of three points not on a line, Chasles' Theorem. Discrete groups of isometries. Rosettes, Friezes and Wallpaper groups. The Theorem of addiction of the angles. Leonardo's Theorem and the classification of finite groups of isometries. Sketch of the classification of the Frieze groups. Crystallographic restriction's Theorem and the classification of wallpaper groups.
4. Gauss' Geometry; The geometry on the Sphere. Locally euclidean geometries. Uniformly discontinuous groups of isometries. The Torus, Mobius band, Klein bottle. Classification of uniforly discontinuous groups of isometries. Sketch of the proof of the Theorem of classification of locally euclidean geometries
5. Moduli of geometries on the torus and hyperbolic geometry: Similar geometries. Similar geometries on the Torus. The modular figure. Poincaré upper plane model.Lines and distance. What was repugnant to Saccheri and that was not for Aristotle.

R. Trudeau: "La rivoluzione non Euclidea" Bollati Boringhieri
V, Nikulin, I. Shafarevich "Geometries and groups" Springer ed.

Introduction: hazard and risk, historical perspective;
General concepts: Earth Science; energy and causes of natural hazards; managing, modelling and describing natural disasters; forecasting.
Analysis, physical understanding and social impact of the natural disasters in Earth science: earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, landslides, hurricanes, floods, drought, climate changes, sea level changes.
Synthesis: towards a general and shared vision to mitigate natural disasters.

material provided by the teacher

Structure of silicate melts. Effect of temperature pressure and composition of the structural configuration of silicate melts. Glass transition temperature and relaxation times.
Chemical and physical properties of magma: density, viscosity, volatile solubility, diffusivity, compressibility and electrical conductivities of magmas. Termodynamic properties of magmas: enthalpy, entropy and heat capacity. Effect of chemical composition, temperature and pressure on the density and viscosity of magmas. The influence of degassing crystallization and deformation regime on the rheological properties of magmas.
Control of the physical and chemical properties on the ascent of magma and on the eruptive style of volcanoes.
Magma ascent: Nucleation and growth of bubbles. Crystallization processes. Fragmentation criteria and magma explosivity. Evolution of physical parameters of magma and flow dynamics during magma ascent
Lava flows: Types of lava flows and rheological control of lava flow geometry. Lava flow motion and effects of ground slope.
Explosive eruptions: Influence of physical parameters on eruptive styles. Steady explosive eruptions: eruption plumes formation. Fallout of clasts from eruption plumes and unstable eruption columns. Formation of piroclastic density currents.
The course will include laboratory activities for the experimental determination of physical-chemical properties of magmas (high temperature experiments and spectroscopic measurements) and numerical exercises aimed at the quantitative determination of the textural parameters of iuvenile products (cristallinity, vesicularity, crystal and bubble size distribution) and at the numerical simulation of the conduit and eruptive dynamics.

FUNDAMENTAL OF PHYSICAL VOLCANOLOGY. ELISABETH A. PARFITT AND LIONEL WILSON. BLACKWELL PUBLISHING
Material furnished by the Professor

Water chemistry. Gas-water-rock interaction (dissolution, leaching, mixing, redox processes, adsorption, precipitation, base exchange). Groundwater classification using Piper, Schoeller, Chada and Stiff diagrams. Chemical equilibria and speciation. Dissolved gases. Ancient and modern groundwater dating using 14C, 3H and CFC methods. Environmental isotopes in hydrogeology ---- Water sampling (springs and streams) in Valle della Caffarella area (Roma) and in situ analyses (T, pH, EC, TDS). Laboratory determination of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3- NO2-, SiO2, PO43- concentration. Data elaboration and modelling

C.A.J. Appelo, Dieke Postma Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution, CRC Press Second Edition, 2005, ISBN 9780415364218

The course is intended to provide students with the tools and methods for the study of rocks-forming minerals. After a recall of the basic concepts of structural and morphological crystallography, the most important minerals in geological environments, in particular, the silicates, will be studied from the point of view of their systematic and crystal-chemical aspects. The use of natural materials in industry, technology and in cultural heritage will be also treated. The basic elements of modern techniques for the analysis of minerals and for the use of quantitative data in mineralogy will be given.

Klein c. (2004). Mineralogia. Zanichelli.
Deer W.A., Howie R.A. & Zussman Jj. (1994). Introduzione ai minerali che costituiscono le rocce. Zanichelli.
Mottana A. (1989). Fondamenti di mineralogia geologica. Zanichelli.

And eventually also:
Dyar M.D. e Gunter M. (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America.
Putnis A. (1992). Introduction to Mineral Sciences. Cambridge University Press.

Introduction, chordates, basal vertebrates: 3h
"Agnatha" and the origin of lower jaw: 3h
Chondrychtyes and e osteichthyes: 3h
Sarcopterygians and the origin of tetrapods: 3h
Amphibia: 3h
Anapsida: 3h
Diapsida: 3h
Dinosauria: 3h
Pterosauria vs. Aves: 3h
Sinapsida: 3h
Mesozoic mammals-Metatheria: 3h
Afrotheria and Xenartra: 3h
Boreoeutheria: 3h
Laurasiatheria: 3h
Euarchontoglires: 3h
Primates: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Benton M.J. (2005) - Vertebrate Palaeontology. Blackwell Publishing, 472 pp.
and recent, updated editions.

Additional references to be discussed during the classes will be selected among the most recent and/or controversial.

The course aims to introduce students to the teaching of mathematics in first and second grade secondary schools, through a historical-epistemological approach to the basic concepts of elementary mathematics (arithmetic, geometry, algebra, probability, functions). In particular: the teaching of mathematics and its evolution; numerical systems; Euclid's axioms and postulates; non-Euclidean and locally Euclidean geometries; geometric constructions with ruler and compass and mathematical machines; elements of history of infinitesimal calculus. Outline of national indications.

GIORGIO ISRAEL, ANA MILLÁN GASCA, Pensare in matematica, Zanichelli, 2012.
ANA MILLÁN GASCA, All'inizio fu lo scriba, Mimesis, 2004
ENRICO GIUSTI, Analisi matematica 1, Bollati Boringhieri, 2002

The materials of the Earth: minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle, the magmatic rocks, the sedimentary rocks, the metamorphic rocks, the bedding and the deformation of the rocks.
Volcanic phenomena: magma and volcanic activity, the main types of eruptions, shape of volcanic buildings, products of volcanic activity, the geographic distribution of volcanoes, volcanoes and man (the volcanic risk).
Seismic phenomena: the theory of elastic rebound, the seismic cycle, types of seismic waves and their propagation and registration, the force of an earthquake (scales of intensity and magnitude), the geographic distribution of earthquakes, the seismic activity and the man (seismic risk)
Plate tectonics: the internal structure of the Earth, the structure of the crust, the Earth's magnetic field, Earth’s internal heat, the convective mantle, from the hypothesis of the drift of the continents to the formulation of the theory of plate tectonics.
The Earth as an integrated system: interaction between the different systems of the planet (biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, cryosphere), the earth's atmosphere, climate and meteorological phenomena, renewable and non-renewable natural resources.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

TEACHING MATHEMATICS WITH THE HELP OF A COMPUTER: GEOGEBRA AND MATHEMATICA SOFTWARES.
COMMANDS FOR NUMERICAL AND SYMBOLIC CALCULUS, GRAPHICS VISUALIZATION, PARAMETRIC SURFACES AND CURVES WITH ANIMATIONS IN CHANGING PARAMETERS.
SOLVING PROBLEMS: TRIANGLE'S PROPERTIES IN EUCLIDEAN AND NON-EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY WITH EXAMPLES, APPROXIMATION OF PI AND OTHER IRRATIONAL NUMBERS, SOLUTIONS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES,SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS, DEFINING AND VISUALIZING GEOMETRICAL LOCI, FUNCTION INTEGRAL AND DERIVATIVES, APPROXIMATION OF SURFACE AREA.

LIST OF PROBLEMS GIVEN IN CLASS WITH VISUALIZATION AND SOLUTIONS WITH THE HELP OF SOFTWARE MATHEMATICA OR GEOGEBRA.

RENZO CADDEO, ALFRED GRAY LEZIONI DI GEOMETRIA DIFFERENZIALE - CURVE E SUPERFICI VOL. 1,
ED. CUEC (COOPERATIVA UNIVERSITARIA EDITRICE CAGLIARITANA)

The program includes two intertwined courses: themes that have a didactic interest and more specifically computational applicative themes. Classical topics (Euclidean geometry, points and lines configurations ..) are chosen for their fallout in computer graphics, arguments of computational geometry are motivated by mathematical problems that have an elementary representation (Systems of polynomial equations in n unknowns ..).
 Based on the interests and requests of attending students, changes to parts of the program are possible.

 
Euclidean geometry: axioms, remarkable points in triangles, nine points circle, Morley's theorem, other theorems on triangles.
Affine geometry and barycentric coordinates, Ceva theorem, Menelaus theorem.
Projective geometry: axioms, the case of the plane over the finite field F2, Pappus and Desargues theorems, collineations and correlations.
Ordered geometry and the Sylvester problem on point collineation, generalizations.
Delaunay triangulations and Voronoi tassellation: properties and algorithms.
Ideals of polynomials, orderings of monomials and divisions between polynomials in several variables, Groebner bases.
Solving polynomial equations by elimination, by eigenvectors and eigenvalues, by resulting.
Polytopic geometry, mixed volume, Bernstein's theorem.

Materials, discussions, forum, videos on moodle https://matematicafisica.el.uniroma3.it/

1) H.S.M. Coxeter Introduction to geometry, Wiley 1970;
2) D. Cox, J. Little, D. O’Shea Using Algebraic Geometry, GTM 185 Springer.

moreover
3) D. Cox, J. Little, D. O’Shea Ideals, Varieties, and Algorithms. An Introduction to Computational Algebraic Geometry and Commutative Algebra UTM Springer
4) M. Aigner, G. Ziegler, Proofs from THE BOOK, Springer, 1998;
5) S. Rebay, Tecniche di Generazione di Griglia per il Calcolo Scientifico-Triangolazione di Delaunay, slides Univ. Studi di Brescia;
6) B. Sturmfels, Polynomial equations and convex polytopes, American Mathematical Monthly 105 (1998) 907-922.
7) Shuhong Gao, Absolute Irreducibility of Polynomials via Newton Polytopes, J. of Algebra 237 (2001), 501-520.

The course program includes the presentation and discussion of the following topics:
Definition and types of urban systems. Natural hazards and risks of urban areas. Role of geological conditions, influence of natural factors and geographical conditions on the development of urban areas. Risk, hazard, exposed value and vulnerability in urban areas, and their evolution in time. Methodology for collection, normalization and processing of drilling data. Issues and real cases applications.

Geologia di Roma “Vol L” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (1995).
La geologia di Roma dal centro storico alla periferia “Vol LXXX” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (2008).
U. Ventriglia – Geologia del territorio del Comune di Roma, a cura dell’Amministrazione Provinciale di Roma, (2002).
G. Gisotti – Ambiente urbano. – Dario Flaccovio Editore, Palermo (2007).

Introduction and purpose of balanced geological sections. Main techniques used in the past. Fundamentals of deep geological sections. Ramp-fault geometry. Stratigraphic Separation Diagrams. Cutoff Lines (intersections between faults and stratigraphic contacts). Fault Branching. Projection to depth of geological data. Dip domain analysis. Fault-related folding: fault-bend folding; fault-propagation folding. Thick skin versus thin skin tectonics. Restoring a geological section. Angular versus sinuous restoration. Transversal and longitudinal sections. The contribution of fracture patterns in the preparation of a deep section. The role played by compaction and erosion. Section admissibility. Balancing techniques used by commercial software and introduction to their use. The role of fractures in reservoir permeability. Methods to infer fracturing conditions produced by the tectonic evolution of geological structures by the numerical modeling of their tie/space evolution and comparison with analogues.

N.B. Woodward, S.E. Boyer, J. Suppe (1989)- Balanced Geological Cross-Sections: an essential technique in geological research and exploration. - American Geophysical Union. R.C.

Physical properties of minerals, mineral separation, principles of spectroscopy, X-rays: emission and absorption, X-ray diffraction, vibrational (Raman, FTIR) spectroscopies, electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), WDS microanalysis (EMPA), case studies, practicals, seminars.

A.F. GUALTIERI INTRODUZIONE ALLE TECNICHE ANALITICHE STRUMENTALI, ED. LIBRERIA UNIVERSITARIA
Dyar, Gunter, Tasa (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America. 708 pp. Disponibili versioni PDF e iPad.
Hutchison (1974) Laboratory handbook of petrographic techniques. Wiley, 527.

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the principles of cell biology and tissue organization. Ability to communicate effectively and with the correct terminology;
Applied skills: The basic knowledge acquired through the study of cytology will allow students to apply them to the study of tissues.
Cytology.
Cell theory. Methods of studying the cell: the microscope.
Macromolecules: The main carbohydrates of biological interest and their polymers.
Nucleic acids. DNA and RNA structure. DNA replication, messenger transcription and RNA, genetic code, ribosomes and protein synthesis.
Cell membranes and intercellular junctions.
Cytoplasmic and secretory pathway, The endoplasmic reticulum, Origin and sorting of secretory and membrane proteins. Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes, peroxisomes, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis.
Structure of mitochondria. Notes on energy metabolism: respiration.
The cytoskeleton: Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
The nucleus of eukaryotes, nuclear envelope and nuclear pores. Euchromatin and heterochromatin. Chromosome structure.
The cell cycle: the interphase (phases G1, S and G2), Cell division. Mitosis in animal cells. Meiosis.

Histology
Epithelial tissue. Connective tissue. Blood and signs of cellular immunology. Bone tissue. Muscle tissue. Nervous tissue.

Cytology
Essential Cell Biology, Bruce Alberts, Karen Hopkin, Alexander D. Johnson, David Morgan, Martin Raff. Garland Science. Last edition
Histology
Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, Anthony Mescher. Lange. Last edition

The environment of celestial bodies; the Solar System; the shape and size of the Earth; the main motions of the Earth (rotation and revolution); the long-term movements of the Earth; the Earth-Moon system.
Orientation; time and its measure; the representation of the earth's surface; the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude), the reading of topographic maps.
The shapes of the relief and the modeling of the terrestrial relief; the marine hydrosphere, the continental hydrosphere, the cryosphere; the atmosphere; the climate.
The materials of the Earth: the minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle.
The evolution of the Earth.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

1.Euclidean Geometry; rudiments of history of Greek Mathematics. Ruler and compass constructions. The classical problems. Euclid's Elements.
2. The V Postulate's problem: Posidonius attempt. Equivalent Postulates: Playfair, Wallis, transitivity of parallelism. Saccheri's work. Saccheri's Quadrilaterals. The three hyposes. Saccheri-Lagrange's Theorem and the exclusion of obtuse angle hypothesis. The birth of Non-Euclidean Geometry in Bolyai and Lobatchewaki.
3. Symmetries of the plane: Isometries of the plane and their type. Characterization of an isometry by the image of three points not on a line, Chasles' Theorem. Discrete groups of isometries. Rosettes, Friezes and Wallpaper groups. The Theorem of addiction of the angles. Leonardo's Theorem and the classification of finite groups of isometries. Sketch of the classification of the Frieze groups. Crystallographic restriction's Theorem and the classification of wallpaper groups.
4. Gauss' Geometry; The geometry on the Sphere. Locally euclidean geometries. Uniformly discontinuous groups of isometries. The Torus, Mobius band, Klein bottle. Classification of uniforly discontinuous groups of isometries. Sketch of the proof of the Theorem of classification of locally euclidean geometries
5. Moduli of geometries on the torus and hyperbolic geometry: Similar geometries. Similar geometries on the Torus. The modular figure. Poincaré upper plane model.Lines and distance. What was repugnant to Saccheri and that was not for Aristotle.

R. Trudeau: "La rivoluzione non Euclidea" Bollati Boringhieri
V, Nikulin, I. Shafarevich "Geometries and groups" Springer ed.

Introduction to mineral resources, environmental sustainability and energy, the role of mineral resources for the development of human society, principles of ore deposits, classification and geology of ore deposits, quarries and mines, environmental mineralogy. Case studies: pigments, metals, cement and concrete, zeolites, ceramics, materials for cultural heritage, seminars.

VARIOUS MATERIAL PROVIDED BY THE TEACHER AND ALSO
SE Kesler e AC Simon (2015). Mineral resources, economics and the environment. Cambridge University press. 433 pp.
Ugo Bardi (2011) La terra svuotata. Editori Riuniti, 295 pp.
G. Tanelli (2009) Georisorse e ambiente. Aracne. 280 pp.

Water chemistry. Gas-water-rock interaction (dissolution, leaching, mixing, redox processes, adsorption, precipitation, base exchange). Groundwater classification using Piper, Schoeller, Chada and Stiff diagrams. Chemical equilibria and speciation. Dissolved gases. Ancient and modern groundwater dating using 14C, 3H and CFC methods. Environmental isotopes in hydrogeology ---- Water sampling (springs and streams) in Valle della Caffarella area (Roma) and in situ analyses (T, pH, EC, TDS). Laboratory determination of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3- NO2-, SiO2, PO43- concentration. Data elaboration and modelling

C.A.J. Appelo, Dieke Postma Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution, CRC Press Second Edition, 2005, ISBN 9780415364218

The course is intended to provide students with the tools and methods for the study of rocks-forming minerals. After a recall of the basic concepts of structural and morphological crystallography, the most important minerals in geological environments, in particular, the silicates, will be studied from the point of view of their systematic and crystal-chemical aspects. The use of natural materials in industry, technology and in cultural heritage will be also treated. The basic elements of modern techniques for the analysis of minerals and for the use of quantitative data in mineralogy will be given.

Klein c. (2004). Mineralogia. Zanichelli.
Deer W.A., Howie R.A. & Zussman Jj. (1994). Introduzione ai minerali che costituiscono le rocce. Zanichelli.
Mottana A. (1989). Fondamenti di mineralogia geologica. Zanichelli.

And eventually also:
Dyar M.D. e Gunter M. (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America.
Putnis A. (1992). Introduction to Mineral Sciences. Cambridge University Press.

Introduction, chordates, basal vertebrates: 3h
"Agnatha" and the origin of lower jaw: 3h
Chondrychtyes and e osteichthyes: 3h
Sarcopterygians and the origin of tetrapods: 3h
Amphibia: 3h
Anapsida: 3h
Diapsida: 3h
Dinosauria: 3h
Pterosauria vs. Aves: 3h
Sinapsida: 3h
Mesozoic mammals-Metatheria: 3h
Afrotheria and Xenartra: 3h
Boreoeutheria: 3h
Laurasiatheria: 3h
Euarchontoglires: 3h
Primates: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Benton M.J. (2005) - Vertebrate Palaeontology. Blackwell Publishing, 472 pp.
and recent, updated editions.

Additional references to be discussed during the classes will be selected among the most recent and/or controversial.

The course aims to introduce students to the teaching of mathematics in first and second grade secondary schools, through a historical-epistemological approach to the basic concepts of elementary mathematics (arithmetic, geometry, algebra, probability, functions). In particular: the teaching of mathematics and its evolution; numerical systems; Euclid's axioms and postulates; non-Euclidean and locally Euclidean geometries; geometric constructions with ruler and compass and mathematical machines; elements of history of infinitesimal calculus. Outline of national indications.

GIORGIO ISRAEL, ANA MILLÁN GASCA, Pensare in matematica, Zanichelli, 2012.
ANA MILLÁN GASCA, All'inizio fu lo scriba, Mimesis, 2004
ENRICO GIUSTI, Analisi matematica 1, Bollati Boringhieri, 2002

The materials of the Earth: minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle, the magmatic rocks, the sedimentary rocks, the metamorphic rocks, the bedding and the deformation of the rocks.
Volcanic phenomena: magma and volcanic activity, the main types of eruptions, shape of volcanic buildings, products of volcanic activity, the geographic distribution of volcanoes, volcanoes and man (the volcanic risk).
Seismic phenomena: the theory of elastic rebound, the seismic cycle, types of seismic waves and their propagation and registration, the force of an earthquake (scales of intensity and magnitude), the geographic distribution of earthquakes, the seismic activity and the man (seismic risk)
Plate tectonics: the internal structure of the Earth, the structure of the crust, the Earth's magnetic field, Earth’s internal heat, the convective mantle, from the hypothesis of the drift of the continents to the formulation of the theory of plate tectonics.
The Earth as an integrated system: interaction between the different systems of the planet (biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, cryosphere), the earth's atmosphere, climate and meteorological phenomena, renewable and non-renewable natural resources.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

TEACHING MATHEMATICS WITH THE HELP OF A COMPUTER: GEOGEBRA AND MATHEMATICA SOFTWARES.
COMMANDS FOR NUMERICAL AND SYMBOLIC CALCULUS, GRAPHICS VISUALIZATION, PARAMETRIC SURFACES AND CURVES WITH ANIMATIONS IN CHANGING PARAMETERS.
SOLVING PROBLEMS: TRIANGLE'S PROPERTIES IN EUCLIDEAN AND NON-EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY WITH EXAMPLES, APPROXIMATION OF PI AND OTHER IRRATIONAL NUMBERS, SOLUTIONS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES,SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS, DEFINING AND VISUALIZING GEOMETRICAL LOCI, FUNCTION INTEGRAL AND DERIVATIVES, APPROXIMATION OF SURFACE AREA.

LIST OF PROBLEMS GIVEN IN CLASS WITH VISUALIZATION AND SOLUTIONS WITH THE HELP OF SOFTWARE MATHEMATICA OR GEOGEBRA.

RENZO CADDEO, ALFRED GRAY LEZIONI DI GEOMETRIA DIFFERENZIALE - CURVE E SUPERFICI VOL. 1,
ED. CUEC (COOPERATIVA UNIVERSITARIA EDITRICE CAGLIARITANA)

The program includes two intertwined courses: themes that have a didactic interest and more specifically computational applicative themes. Classical topics (Euclidean geometry, points and lines configurations ..) are chosen for their fallout in computer graphics, arguments of computational geometry are motivated by mathematical problems that have an elementary representation (Systems of polynomial equations in n unknowns ..).
 Based on the interests and requests of attending students, changes to parts of the program are possible.

 
Euclidean geometry: axioms, remarkable points in triangles, nine points circle, Morley's theorem, other theorems on triangles.
Affine geometry and barycentric coordinates, Ceva theorem, Menelaus theorem.
Projective geometry: axioms, the case of the plane over the finite field F2, Pappus and Desargues theorems, collineations and correlations.
Ordered geometry and the Sylvester problem on point collineation, generalizations.
Delaunay triangulations and Voronoi tassellation: properties and algorithms.
Ideals of polynomials, orderings of monomials and divisions between polynomials in several variables, Groebner bases.
Solving polynomial equations by elimination, by eigenvectors and eigenvalues, by resulting.
Polytopic geometry, mixed volume, Bernstein's theorem.


Materials, discussions, forum, videos on moodle platform https://matematicafisica.el.uniroma3.it

1) H.S.M. Coxeter Introduction to geometry, Wiley 1970;
2) D. Cox, J. Little, D. O’Shea Using Algebraic Geometry, GTM 185 Springer.
moreover
3) D. Cox, J. Little, D. O’Shea Ideals, Varieties, and Algorithms. An Introduction to Computational Algebraic Geometry and Commutative Algebra UTM Springer
4) M. Aigner, G. Ziegler, Proofs from THE BOOK, Springer, 1998;
5) S. Rebay, Tecniche di Generazione di Griglia per il Calcolo Scientifico-Triangolazione di Delaunay, slides Univ. Studi di Brescia;
6) B. Sturmfels, Polynomial equations and convex polytopes, American Mathematical Monthly 105 (1998) 907-922.
7) Shuhong Gao, Absolute Irreducibility of Polynomials via Newton Polytopes, J. of Algebra 237 (2001), 501-520.

Introduction and purpose of balanced geological sections. Main techniques used in the past. Fundamentals of deep geological sections. Ramp-fault geometry. Stratigraphic Separation Diagrams. Cutoff Lines (intersections between faults and stratigraphic contacts). Fault Branching. Projection to depth of geological data. Dip domain analysis. Fault-related folding: fault-bend folding; fault-propagation folding. Thick skin versus thin skin tectonics. Restoring a geological section. Angular versus sinuous restoration. Transversal and longitudinal sections. The contribution of fracture patterns in the preparation of a deep section. The role played by compaction and erosion. Section admissibility. Balancing techniques used by commercial software and introduction to their use. The role of fractures in reservoir permeability. Methods to infer fracturing conditions produced by the tectonic evolution of geological structures by the numerical modeling of their tie/space evolution and comparison with analogues.

N.B. Woodward, S.E. Boyer, J. Suppe (1989)- Balanced Geological Cross-Sections: an essential technique in geological research and exploration. - American Geophysical Union. R.C.

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the principles of cell biology and tissue organization. Ability to communicate effectively and with the correct terminology;
Applied skills: The basic knowledge acquired through the study of cytology will allow students to apply them to the study of tissues.
Cytology.
Cell theory. Methods of studying the cell: the microscope.
Macromolecules: The main carbohydrates of biological interest and their polymers.
Nucleic acids. DNA and RNA structure. DNA replication, messenger transcription and RNA, genetic code, ribosomes and protein synthesis.
Cell membranes and intercellular junctions.
Cytoplasmic and secretory pathway, The endoplasmic reticulum, Origin and sorting of secretory and membrane proteins. Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes, peroxisomes, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis.
Structure of mitochondria. Notes on energy metabolism: respiration.
The cytoskeleton: Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
The nucleus of eukaryotes, nuclear envelope and nuclear pores. Euchromatin and heterochromatin. Chromosome structure.
The cell cycle: the interphase (phases G1, S and G2), Cell division. Mitosis in animal cells. Meiosis.

Histology
Epithelial tissue. Connective tissue. Blood and signs of cellular immunology. Bone tissue. Muscle tissue. Nervous tissue.

Cytology
Essential Cell Biology, Bruce Alberts, Karen Hopkin, Alexander D. Johnson, David Morgan, Martin Raff. Garland Science. Last edition
Histology
Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, Anthony Mescher. Lange. Last edition

The environment of celestial bodies; the Solar System; the shape and size of the Earth; the main motions of the Earth (rotation and revolution); the long-term movements of the Earth; the Earth-Moon system.
Orientation; time and its measure; the representation of the earth's surface; the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude), the reading of topographic maps.
The shapes of the relief and the modeling of the terrestrial relief; the marine hydrosphere, the continental hydrosphere, the cryosphere; the atmosphere; the climate.
The materials of the Earth: the minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle.
The evolution of the Earth.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

1.Euclidean Geometry; rudiments of history of Greek Mathematics. Ruler and compass constructions. The classical problems. Euclid's Elements.
2. The V Postulate's problem: Posidonius attempt. Equivalent Postulates: Playfair, Wallis, transitivity of parallelism. Saccheri's work. Saccheri's Quadrilaterals. The three hyposes. Saccheri-Lagrange's Theorem and the exclusion of obtuse angle hypothesis. The birth of Non-Euclidean Geometry in Bolyai and Lobatchewaki.
3. Symmetries of the plane: Isometries of the plane and their type. Characterization of an isometry by the image of three points not on a line, Chasles' Theorem. Discrete groups of isometries. Rosettes, Friezes and Wallpaper groups. The Theorem of addiction of the angles. Leonardo's Theorem and the classification of finite groups of isometries. Sketch of the classification of the Frieze groups. Crystallographic restriction's Theorem and the classification of wallpaper groups.
4. Gauss' Geometry; The geometry on the Sphere. Locally euclidean geometries. Uniformly discontinuous groups of isometries. The Torus, Mobius band, Klein bottle. Classification of uniforly discontinuous groups of isometries. Sketch of the proof of the Theorem of classification of locally euclidean geometries
5. Moduli of geometries on the torus and hyperbolic geometry: Similar geometries. Similar geometries on the Torus. The modular figure. Poincaré upper plane model.Lines and distance. What was repugnant to Saccheri and that was not for Aristotle.

R. Trudeau: "La rivoluzione non Euclidea" Bollati Boringhieri
V, Nikulin, I. Shafarevich "Geometries and groups" Springer ed.

Introduction: hazard and risk, historical perspective;
General concepts: Earth Science; energy and causes of natural hazards; managing, modelling and describing natural disasters; forecasting.
Analysis, physical understanding and social impact of the natural disasters in Earth science: earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, landslides, hurricanes, floods, drought, climate changes, sea level changes.
Synthesis: towards a general and shared vision to mitigate natural disasters.

material provided by the teacher

Introduction the Earth Physics course
The Earth in the Solar System
The Earth as a Planet
Mass, density and inertia moments of the Earth
The figure and the Earth gravity
Tide and Earth rotation
Concepts on physical properties of minerals and rocks
History of Earth Magnetism
Rocks Magnetism
Earth magnetic field
Earth internal heat
Internal structure of the Earth

Stacey, F. D., and Davis, P. M. (2008) Physics of the Earth, Cambridge University Press.

Fowler, C. M. R. (2005). The Solid Earth, Cambridge University Press.

Part I: The igneous process. geochemical characteristics of magmas as petrogenetic indicators. trace elements and isotopic distribution in magmas. magma melting and diversity. magmatic series. geochemical features and eruptive style in the main petrogenetic provinces. mid-ocean ridge volcanism, subduction-related igneous activity and granitoid rocks. orogenesis and magmatism: the meditteranean province.


Part II: the metamorphic process: lithological types and the main metamorphic facies; gradient of metamorphism and geodynamic settings. the orogenic and subduction-zone metamorphism.the contact metamorphism; migmatites and partial melting processes. mineral growth and rock fabrics: pre-, syn- , post-kinematic crystallization. metamorphic thermobarometry and reconstruction of the pressure-temperature-time (p-t-t) paths in polyphase metamorphism. orogeny and metamorphism: regional examples.



Part III: Main isotopic dating methods used in different geodynamic settings with the aim to understand potential and limits of each method. theory and applications of the following methods: k/ar, ar/ar, rb/sr, u-th/pb, sm/nd. radiation damage methods, as fission tracks and luminescence, particularly useful in thermochronometric reconstruction.

Part I

J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey



Part II

Bucher & Fry - Petrology Of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer



Part III

Faure, T. M. Mensing – Isotopes. Principles And Applications. Wiley, 2005

Part I: The igneous process. geochemical characteristics of magmas as petrogenetic indicators. trace elements and isotopic distribution in magmas. magma melting and diversity. magmatic series. geochemical features and eruptive style in the main petrogenetic provinces. mid-ocean ridge volcanism, subduction-related igneous activity and granitoid rocks. orogenesis and magmatism: the meditteranean province.



Part II: the metamorphic process: lithological types and the main metamorphic facies; gradient of metamorphism and geodynamic settings. the orogenic and subduction-zone metamorphism.the contact metamorphism; migmatites and partial melting processes. mineral growth and rock fabrics: pre-, syn- , post-kinematic crystallization. metamorphic thermobarometry and reconstruction of the pressure-temperature-time (P-T-t) paths in polyphase metamorphism. orogeny and metamorphism: regional examples.



Part III: Main isotopic dating methods used in different geodynamic settings with the aim to understand potential and limits of each method. theory and applications of the following methods: k/ar, ar/ar, rb/sr, u-th/pb, sm/nd. radiation damage methods, as fission tracks and luminescence, particularly useful in thermochronometric reconstruction.

Part I

J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey



Part II

Bucher & Fry - Petrology Of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer



Part III

Faure, T. M. Mensing – Isotopes. Principles And Applications. Wiley, 2005

Part I: The igneous process. geochemical characteristics of magmas as petrogenetic indicators. trace elements and isotopic distribution in magmas. magma melting and diversity. magmatic series. geochemical features and eruptive style in the main petrogenetic provinces. mid-ocean ridge volcanism, subduction-related igneous activity and granitoid rocks. orogenesis and magmatism: the meditteranean province.

Part II: the metamorphic process: lithological types and the main metamorphic facies; gradient of metamorphism and geodynamic settings. the orogenic and subduction-zone metamorphism.the contact metamorphism; migmatites and partial melting processes. mineral growth and rock fabrics: pre-, syn- , post-kinematic crystallization. metamorphic thermobarometry and reconstruction of the pressure-temperature-time (p-t-t) paths in polyphase metamorphism. orogeny and metamorphism: regional examples.

Part III: Main isotopic dating methods used in different geodynamic settings with the aim to understand potential and limits of each method. theory and applications of the following methods: k/ar, ar/ar, rb/sr, u-th/pb, sm/nd. radiation damage methods, as fission tracks and luminescence, particularly useful in thermochronometric reconstruction.

Part I
J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey

Part II
Bucher & Fry - Petrology Of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer

Part III
Faure, T. M. Mensing – Isotopes. Principles And Applications. Wiley, 2005

The course is intended to provide students with the tools and methods for the study of rocks-forming minerals. After a recall of the basic concepts of structural and morphological crystallography, the most important minerals in geological environments, in particular, the silicates, will be studied from the point of view of their systematic and crystal-chemical aspects. The use of natural materials in industry, technology and in cultural heritage will be also treated. The basic elements of modern techniques for the analysis of minerals and for the use of quantitative data in mineralogy will be given.

Klein c. (2004). Mineralogia. Zanichelli.
Deer W.A., Howie R.A. & Zussman Jj. (1994). Introduzione ai minerali che costituiscono le rocce. Zanichelli.
Mottana A. (1989). Fondamenti di mineralogia geologica. Zanichelli.

And eventually also:
Dyar M.D. e Gunter M. (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America.
Putnis A. (1992). Introduction to Mineral Sciences. Cambridge University Press.

Introduction, chordates, basal vertebrates: 3h
"Agnatha" and the origin of lower jaw: 3h
Chondrychtyes and e osteichthyes: 3h
Sarcopterygians and the origin of tetrapods: 3h
Amphibia: 3h
Anapsida: 3h
Diapsida: 3h
Dinosauria: 3h
Pterosauria vs. Aves: 3h
Sinapsida: 3h
Mesozoic mammals-Metatheria: 3h
Afrotheria and Xenartra: 3h
Boreoeutheria: 3h
Laurasiatheria: 3h
Euarchontoglires: 3h
Primates: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Benton M.J. (2005) - Vertebrate Palaeontology. Blackwell Publishing, 472 pp.
and recent, updated editions.

Additional references to be discussed during the classes will be selected among the most recent and/or controversial.

The course aims to introduce students to the teaching of mathematics in first and second grade secondary schools, through a historical-epistemological approach to the basic concepts of elementary mathematics (arithmetic, geometry, algebra, probability, functions). In particular: the teaching of mathematics and its evolution; numerical systems; Euclid's axioms and postulates; non-Euclidean and locally Euclidean geometries; geometric constructions with ruler and compass and mathematical machines; elements of history of infinitesimal calculus. Outline of national indications.

GIORGIO ISRAEL, ANA MILLÁN GASCA, Pensare in matematica, Zanichelli, 2012.
ANA MILLÁN GASCA, All'inizio fu lo scriba, Mimesis, 2004
ENRICO GIUSTI, Analisi matematica 1, Bollati Boringhieri, 2002

The materials of the Earth: minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle, the magmatic rocks, the sedimentary rocks, the metamorphic rocks, the bedding and the deformation of the rocks.
Volcanic phenomena: magma and volcanic activity, the main types of eruptions, shape of volcanic buildings, products of volcanic activity, the geographic distribution of volcanoes, volcanoes and man (the volcanic risk).
Seismic phenomena: the theory of elastic rebound, the seismic cycle, types of seismic waves and their propagation and registration, the force of an earthquake (scales of intensity and magnitude), the geographic distribution of earthquakes, the seismic activity and the man (seismic risk)
Plate tectonics: the internal structure of the Earth, the structure of the crust, the Earth's magnetic field, Earth’s internal heat, the convective mantle, from the hypothesis of the drift of the continents to the formulation of the theory of plate tectonics.
The Earth as an integrated system: interaction between the different systems of the planet (biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, cryosphere), the earth's atmosphere, climate and meteorological phenomena, renewable and non-renewable natural resources.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

TEACHING MATHEMATICS WITH THE HELP OF A COMPUTER: GEOGEBRA AND MATHEMATICA SOFTWARES.
COMMANDS FOR NUMERICAL AND SYMBOLIC CALCULUS, GRAPHICS VISUALIZATION, PARAMETRIC SURFACES AND CURVES WITH ANIMATIONS IN CHANGING PARAMETERS.
SOLVING PROBLEMS: TRIANGLE'S PROPERTIES IN EUCLIDEAN AND NON-EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY WITH EXAMPLES, APPROXIMATION OF PI AND OTHER IRRATIONAL NUMBERS, SOLUTIONS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES,SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS, DEFINING AND VISUALIZING GEOMETRICAL LOCI, FUNCTION INTEGRAL AND DERIVATIVES, APPROXIMATION OF SURFACE AREA.

LIST OF PROBLEMS GIVEN IN CLASS WITH VISUALIZATION AND SOLUTIONS WITH THE HELP OF SOFTWARE MATHEMATICA OR GEOGEBRA.

RENZO CADDEO, ALFRED GRAY LEZIONI DI GEOMETRIA DIFFERENZIALE - CURVE E SUPERFICI VOL. 1,
ED. CUEC (COOPERATIVA UNIVERSITARIA EDITRICE CAGLIARITANA)

The program includes two intertwined courses: themes that have a didactic interest and more specifically computational applicative themes. Classical topics (Euclidean geometry, points and lines configurations ..) are chosen for their fallout in computer graphics, arguments of computational geometry are motivated by mathematical problems that have an elementary representation (Systems of polynomial equations in n unknowns ..).
 Based on the interests and requests of attending students, changes to parts of the program are possible.

 
Euclidean geometry: axioms, remarkable points in triangles, nine points circle, Morley's theorem, other theorems on triangles.
Affine geometry and barycentric coordinates, Ceva theorem, Menelaus theorem.
Projective geometry: axioms, the case of the plane over the finite field F2, Pappus and Desargues theorems, collineations and correlations.
Ordered geometry and the Sylvester problem on point collineation, generalizations.
Delaunay triangulations and Voronoi tassellation: properties and algorithms.
Ideals of polynomials, orderings of monomials and divisions between polynomials in several variables, Groebner bases.
Solving polynomial equations by elimination, by eigenvectors and eigenvalues, by resulting.
Polytopic geometry, mixed volume, Bernstein's theorem.

Materials, discussions, forum, videos on moodle https://matematicafisica.el.uniroma3.it/

1) H.S.M. Coxeter Introduction to geometry, Wiley 1970;
2) D. Cox, J. Little, D. O’Shea Using Algebraic Geometry, GTM 185 Springer.

moreover
3) D. Cox, J. Little, D. O’Shea Ideals, Varieties, and Algorithms. An Introduction to Computational Algebraic Geometry and Commutative Algebra UTM Springer
4) M. Aigner, G. Ziegler, Proofs from THE BOOK, Springer, 1998;
5) S. Rebay, Tecniche di Generazione di Griglia per il Calcolo Scientifico-Triangolazione di Delaunay, slides Univ. Studi di Brescia;
6) B. Sturmfels, Polynomial equations and convex polytopes, American Mathematical Monthly 105 (1998) 907-922.
7) Shuhong Gao, Absolute Irreducibility of Polynomials via Newton Polytopes, J. of Algebra 237 (2001), 501-520.

EACH LESSON WILL ILLUSTRATE THE CLIMATES AND THE ENVIRONMENTS WHICH CHARACTERIZED THE EARTH SINCE HADEAN TO HOLOCENE.
Hadean and Archean: 3h
Proterozoic: 3h
Cambrian: 3h
Ordovician: 3h
Silurian: 3h
Devonian: 3h
Carboniferous: 3h
Permian: 3h
Triassic: 3h
Giurassic: 3h
Cretaceous: 3h
Paleogene: 3h
Neogene: 3h
Quaternary: 3h
Further insights: causes and dinamics of climate change, main floral and faunal turnovers, supplementary data on palaeogeography, topics selected by the students: 6h

STANLEY S.S. (2009) - EARTH SYSTEM HISTORY. FREEMAN AND COMPANY, NEW YORK, 551 PP.

ELMI S. & BABIN C. (2006) – HISTOIRE DE LA TERRE. DUNOD, PARIS, 239 PP.
ANDERSON D.E., GOUDIE A.S., PARKER A.G. (2007) - GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTS THROUGH THE QUATERNARY. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, OXFORD, 359 PP.
GORNITZ V. (ED.)(2009) – ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PALEOCLIMATOLOGY AND ANCIENT ENVIRONMENTS. SPRINGER (REFERENCE BOOK).
SELDEN P. & NUDDS J. (2012) – EVOLUTION OF FOSSIL ECOSYSTEMS. MANSON PUBLISHING, 2ND EDITION

Additional references to be discussed during the classes will be selected among the most recent and/or controversial.

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

The course program includes the presentation and discussion of the following topics:
Definition and types of urban systems. Natural hazards and risks of urban areas. Role of geological conditions, influence of natural factors and geographical conditions on the development of urban areas. Risk, hazard, exposed value and vulnerability in urban areas, and their evolution in time. Methodology for collection, normalization and processing of drilling data. Issues and real cases applications.

Geologia di Roma “Vol L” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (1995).
La geologia di Roma dal centro storico alla periferia “Vol LXXX” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (2008).
U. Ventriglia – Geologia del territorio del Comune di Roma, a cura dell’Amministrazione Provinciale di Roma, (2002).
G. Gisotti – Ambiente urbano. – Dario Flaccovio Editore, Palermo (2007).

Historical definition of Quaternary: paleontological and climatic criteria. Causes of the Quaternary climatic changes. Gelasian and Pleistocene glaciations. Historical palaeoclimatology during Holocene (6h).
Historic excursus on the Plio-Quaternary chronostratigraphy. The Plio-Quaternary boundary. Ages and Stages of the marine Quaternary. GSSP and the most relevant Quaternary marine Italian successions. The Holocene and the ice cores. The Anthropocene (10h).
Quaternary isotopic stratigraphy. Quaternary magnetostratigraphy. Quaternary dating methods (2h). Sea-level oscillations during Quaternary: geomorphological and palaeobiological sea-level indicators. The eustatic curves (2h).
Plio-Quaternary marine biostratigraphy: planktonic and benthonic foraminifers, calcareous nannofossils, marine molluscs and ostracods (concept of “northern” and “senegalese” guests) (8h). Historical chronology of Plio-Quaternary glaciations. Illustration of the most relevant glacial deposits on Alps and Apennines (2h).
History of the continental Plio-Quaternary stratigraphy (2h).
Plio-Quaternary biochronology based on large and small mammals, freshwater molluscs and non-marine ostracods. Pollen stratigraphy and climatic stratigraphy (8h).
Examples of relevant continental quaternary records in central Italy: the Plio-Quaternary deposits of the Roman Campaign; the intermontane basins in central Italy (Valdarno, Tiberino and l’Aquila basins) (8h).

Pdf and copies of updated specialistic scientific publications given by the teacher

Physical properties of minerals, mineral separation, principles of spectroscopy, X-rays: emission and absorption, X-ray diffraction, vibrational (Raman, FTIR) spectroscopies, electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), WDS microanalysis (EMPA), case studies, practicals, seminars.

A.F. GUALTIERI INTRODUZIONE ALLE TECNICHE ANALITICHE STRUMENTALI, ED. LIBRERIA UNIVERSITARIA
Dyar, Gunter, Tasa (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America. 708 pp. Disponibili versioni PDF e iPad.
Hutchison (1974) Laboratory handbook of petrographic techniques. Wiley, 527.

Introduction and purpose of balanced geological sections. Main techniques used in the past. Fundamentals of deep geological sections. Ramp-fault geometry. Stratigraphic Separation Diagrams. Cutoff Lines (intersections between faults and stratigraphic contacts). Fault Branching. Projection to depth of geological data. Dip domain analysis. Fault-related folding: fault-bend folding; fault-propagation folding. Thick skin versus thin skin tectonics. Restoring a geological section. Angular versus sinuous restoration. Transversal and longitudinal sections. The contribution of fracture patterns in the preparation of a deep section. The role played by compaction and erosion. Section admissibility. Balancing techniques used by commercial software and introduction to their use. The role of fractures in reservoir permeability. Methods to infer fracturing conditions produced by the tectonic evolution of geological structures by the numerical modeling of their tie/space evolution and comparison with analogues.

N.B. Woodward, S.E. Boyer, J. Suppe (1989)- Balanced Geological Cross-Sections: an essential technique in geological research and exploration. - American Geophysical Union. R.C.

THE COURSE IS DEVOTED TO PROVIDE STUDENTS WITH TOOLS AND METHODS TO IDENTIFY THE ANTHROPIC IMPACT ON NATURAL GEOCHEMICAL CYCLES OF ELEMENTS AND CHEMICALS. IT IS ORGANISED INTO THREE MAIN SECTIONS ON WATER POLLUTION, ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES AND ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOGEOCHEMISTRY.
THE COURSE OPENS WITH THE ILLUSTRATION OF TWO CASE-STUDIES ABOUT ACCIDENTAL SPILLS IN THE SUBSOIL OF TWO CHEMICALS (CR-VI AND ACETONE CYANOYDRIN), WITH FOLLOWING SOIL AND GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION. MONITORING ACTIONS TO IDENTIFY THE EXTENSION OF THE PLUME AND REMEDIATION APPROACHES ARE INTRODUCED. THESE EXAMPLES ARE USED TO PRESENT THE BASIC S OF ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY: SORPTION ONTO MINERAL CLAYS, ORGANIC MATTER AND FE/AL/MN OXIDES/HYDROXIDES; GEOCHEMICAL MOBILITY AND RELATED PARAMETERS; NATURAL GEOCHEMICAL BASELINES AND THE USE OF A SPECIFIC CHEMICAL MAPPING. CONTAMINATION FROM HEAVY METALS (PB AND HG).
THE SECOND SECTION DEALS WITH GREENHOUSE EFFECT, REDUCTION OF THE STRATOSPHERIC OZONE, URBAN POLLUTION, ACID RAINS AND PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG. THE CONFLICTING CONCEPTS OF NATURAL EQUILIBRIA ALTERED BY HUMAN ACTIVITIES AND RECORDS OF PAST NATURAL DISTURBANCE IN THE GEOLOGICAL RECORDS ARE EMPHASISED.
LAST MAIN SECTION IS DEDICATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY AND RISK DUE TO HUMAN ACTIVITIES DEALING WITH NUCLEAR ENERGY: NUCLEAR REACTORS, GEOLOGICAL DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE, ACCIDENTS TO NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (CHERNOBYL AND FUKUSHIMA), MILITARY USE OF DEPLETED URANIUM. FINALLY, THE FOLLOWING ISSUES ARE DESCRIBED: RADON RISK, THE USE OF RADON AS TRACER OF SINKHOLE DEVELOPMENT, AS SEISMIC PRECURSOR AND AS A TOOL TO STUDY GROUNDWATER CIRCULATION AND MIXING OR THE OCCURENCE IN THE SUBSOIL OF NON AQUEOSUS PHASE LIQUIDS (NAPL).
GENERALLY SPEAKING, THE RECENTLY INTRODUCED DISCIPLINE OF MEDICAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND THE IMPACT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILLS ON THE ENVIRONMENT ARE EXPOED WITH SPECIAL ENPHASIS ON THE LEACHATE, THE ROLE OF BACTERIA IN THE DEGRADATION OF POLLUTANTS AND NATURAL ATTENUATION.

BAIRD C. CHIMICA AMBIENTALE. ZANICHELLI EDITORE, 2001- IN ITALIAN
DONGARRA' G., VARRICA D. GEOCHIMICA E AMBIENTE, EDISES, 2004 - IN ITALIAN
DREVER J.I. THE GEOCHEMISTRY OF NATURAL WATERS - SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER ENVIRONMENT, PRENTICE-HALL, 1997 - CHAPTERS 4, 5, 9 – SORPTION, IONIC EXCHANGE AND HEAVY METALS
NATHANAIL C.P., BARDOS R.P. RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED LAND, WILEY, 2004
SHERWOOD LOLLAR B. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY. VOLUME 9 DEL TREATISE ON GEOCHEMISTRY, ELSEVIER B.V. 2004
TUCCIMEI P. SPECIFIC TEACHING MATERIAL

- PHYSICAL AND INDEX PROPETIES OF SOILS; SOIL CLASSIFICATION; ATTERBERG LIMITS;
- PERMEABILITY OF SOILS; DARCY’S LAW; LABORATORY PERMEABILITY TESTS;
- STRESSES (TOTAL AND EFFETTIVE) IN SOILS;
- COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOIL; ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION TEST; LOAD-DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS;
- SHEAR STREANGTH OF SOIL; MOHR’S THEORY OF FAILURE; DIRECT SHEAR TEST; TRIAXIAL TEST;
- STABILITY OF SLOPES; INFINITY SLOPES; METHOD OF SLICES (BISHOP’S SIMPLIFIED METHOD);
- CLASSIFICATION AND INDEX PROPERTIES OF ROCKS;
- ROCK STRENGTH AND FAILURE CRITERIA;
- APPLICATIONS OF ROCK MECHANICS TO ROCK SLOPE ENGINEERING.

LAMBE T.W. & WHITMANN R.W., SOIL MECHANICS, J. WILEY & SONS, LONDON
LANCELLOTTA R., GEOTECNICA, ZANICHELLI, BOLOGNA.
COLOSELLI COLOMBO. ELEMENTI DI GEOTECNICA. ZANICHELLI. BOLOGNA
INTRODUCTION TO ROCK MECHANICS. R.E. GOODMAN.
VARIOUS MATERIAL PROVIDED BY THE TEACHER.

INTRODUCTION TO PETROLEUM GEOLOGY. GEOLOGY APLIED TO RESERARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROCARBONS. THE ROLO OF HYDROCARCON ENERGY IN THE PRESENT DAY SOCIETY. STATISTICS ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS. THE ROLE OF THE PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST. NATURE ANS ORIGIN OF HYDROCARBONS. HYDROCARBON COMPOSITIONS AND CLASSIFICATION. THE PETROLEUM ACCUMULATION CYCLE. ORGANIC AND INORGANIC NATURE. SOURCE ROCKS. PRINCIPLES OF TRASFORMATION OF ORGANIC MATTER INTO HYDROCARBONS. MIGRATION PROCESSES AND TRAPPING. ACCUMULTION OF PETROLEUM. RESERVOIR ROCKS. HYDROCARBON TRAPS ANS THEIR CLASSIFICATION. WELL LOGS TYPES AND INTERPRETATION. SEISMIC EXPLORATION. RESEARCH TECHNIQUES RELATED TO GEOLOGICAL CONTEXTS. PREPARATION OF BALANCED CROSS SECTIONS AND THEIR RESTORATION. PRACTICAL WORK. ONE DAY FIELD TRIP TO OUTCROPS OF SOURCE ROCKS, RESERVOIR ROCKS AND VISIT TO AN ACTIVE OIL FIELD.

- J. GLUYAS, R. SWARBRICK - PETROLEUM GEOSCIENCE - BLACKWELL PUBLISHING (2003).
- SELLEY - ELEMENTS OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY-SECOND EDITION ACADEMIC PRESS (1998).
- N.B. WOODWARD, S.E. BOYER, J. SUPPE - BALANCED GEOLOGICAL CROSS-SECTIONS: AN ESSENTIAL TECHNIQUE IN GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND EXPLORATION. - AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION. R.C. (1989).

Origin and brief history of remote sensing. Introduction to optical remote sensing. The role of remote sensing in geo-environment and geo-tectonic monitoring. E.m. spectrum and its interaction with surface materials (water/ice, vegetation, soils, rocks). Characteristics of optical sensors. Spatial, spectral, radiometric and temporal resolution. Elements of Spectral radiometry: reflectance, transmittance, emittance. Interaction with the atmosphere. Spectral signatures. Characteristics of panchromatic, multispectral, and hyperspectral imaging. Techniques of processing and interpretation of images at the regional and local scales. Supervised and unsupervised classifications. Active remote sensing in microwaves.: radar systems. Technique of use of radar images. Thermal imaging. Practical training on data acquired with different satellite and airplane sensor systems.

Gomarasca M.A., 2004. Elementi di Geomatica. Ed. Associazione Italiana di Telerilevamento
S A Drury 2001. Image interpretation in Geologgy. Blackwell Science
Dessena MA e Melis MT, 2006. Telerilevamento applicato. Mako edizioni

Sabins F. F., 2007. Remote Sensing: Principles and Interpretation. Waveland Press, Inc.

Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the principles of cell biology and tissue organization. Ability to communicate effectively and with the correct terminology;
Applied skills: The basic knowledge acquired through the study of cytology will allow students to apply them to the study of tissues.
Cytology.
Cell theory. Methods of studying the cell: the microscope.
Macromolecules: The main carbohydrates of biological interest and their polymers.
Nucleic acids. DNA and RNA structure. DNA replication, messenger transcription and RNA, genetic code, ribosomes and protein synthesis.
Cell membranes and intercellular junctions.
Cytoplasmic and secretory pathway, The endoplasmic reticulum, Origin and sorting of secretory and membrane proteins. Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes, peroxisomes, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis.
Structure of mitochondria. Notes on energy metabolism: respiration.
The cytoskeleton: Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
The nucleus of eukaryotes, nuclear envelope and nuclear pores. Euchromatin and heterochromatin. Chromosome structure.
The cell cycle: the interphase (phases G1, S and G2), Cell division. Mitosis in animal cells. Meiosis.

Histology
Epithelial tissue. Connective tissue. Blood and signs of cellular immunology. Bone tissue. Muscle tissue. Nervous tissue.

Cytology
Essential Cell Biology, Bruce Alberts, Karen Hopkin, Alexander D. Johnson, David Morgan, Martin Raff. Garland Science. Last edition
Histology
Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, Anthony Mescher. Lange. Last edition

The environment of celestial bodies; the Solar System; the shape and size of the Earth; the main motions of the Earth (rotation and revolution); the long-term movements of the Earth; the Earth-Moon system.
Orientation; time and its measure; the representation of the earth's surface; the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude), the reading of topographic maps.
The shapes of the relief and the modeling of the terrestrial relief; the marine hydrosphere, the continental hydrosphere, the cryosphere; the atmosphere; the climate.
The materials of the Earth: the minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle.
The evolution of the Earth.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

1.Euclidean Geometry; rudiments of history of Greek Mathematics. Ruler and compass constructions. The classical problems. Euclid's Elements.
2. The V Postulate's problem: Posidonius attempt. Equivalent Postulates: Playfair, Wallis, transitivity of parallelism. Saccheri's work. Saccheri's Quadrilaterals. The three hyposes. Saccheri-Lagrange's Theorem and the exclusion of obtuse angle hypothesis. The birth of Non-Euclidean Geometry in Bolyai and Lobatchewaki.
3. Symmetries of the plane: Isometries of the plane and their type. Characterization of an isometry by the image of three points not on a line, Chasles' Theorem. Discrete groups of isometries. Rosettes, Friezes and Wallpaper groups. The Theorem of addiction of the angles. Leonardo's Theorem and the classification of finite groups of isometries. Sketch of the classification of the Frieze groups. Crystallographic restriction's Theorem and the classification of wallpaper groups.
4. Gauss' Geometry; The geometry on the Sphere. Locally euclidean geometries. Uniformly discontinuous groups of isometries. The Torus, Mobius band, Klein bottle. Classification of uniforly discontinuous groups of isometries. Sketch of the proof of the Theorem of classification of locally euclidean geometries
5. Moduli of geometries on the torus and hyperbolic geometry: Similar geometries. Similar geometries on the Torus. The modular figure. Poincaré upper plane model.Lines and distance. What was repugnant to Saccheri and that was not for Aristotle.

R. Trudeau: "La rivoluzione non Euclidea" Bollati Boringhieri
V, Nikulin, I. Shafarevich "Geometries and groups" Springer ed.

Introduction: hazard and risk, historical perspective;
General concepts: Earth Science; energy and causes of natural hazards; managing, modelling and describing natural disasters; forecasting.
Analysis, physical understanding and social impact of the natural disasters in Earth science: earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, landslides, hurricanes, floods, drought, climate changes, sea level changes.
Synthesis: towards a general and shared vision to mitigate natural disasters.

material provided by the teacher

Introduction the Earth Physics course
The Earth in the Solar System
The Earth as a Planet
Mass, density and inertia moments of the Earth
The figure and the Earth gravity
Tide and Earth rotation
Concepts on physical properties of minerals and rocks
History of Earth Magnetism
Rocks Magnetism
Earth magnetic field
Earth internal heat
Internal structure of the Earth

Stacey, F. D., and Davis, P. M. (2008) Physics of the Earth, Cambridge University Press.

Fowler, C. M. R. (2005). The Solid Earth, Cambridge University Press.

Part I: The igneous process. geochemical characteristics of magmas as petrogenetic indicators. trace elements and isotopic distribution in magmas. magma melting and diversity. magmatic series. geochemical features and eruptive style in the main petrogenetic provinces. mid-ocean ridge volcanism, subduction-related igneous activity and granitoid rocks. orogenesis and magmatism: the meditteranean province.


Part II: the metamorphic process: lithological types and the main metamorphic facies; gradient of metamorphism and geodynamic settings. the orogenic and subduction-zone metamorphism.the contact metamorphism; migmatites and partial melting processes. mineral growth and rock fabrics: pre-, syn- , post-kinematic crystallization. metamorphic thermobarometry and reconstruction of the pressure-temperature-time (p-t-t) paths in polyphase metamorphism. orogeny and metamorphism: regional examples.



Part III: Main isotopic dating methods used in different geodynamic settings with the aim to understand potential and limits of each method. theory and applications of the following methods: k/ar, ar/ar, rb/sr, u-th/pb, sm/nd. radiation damage methods, as fission tracks and luminescence, particularly useful in thermochronometric reconstruction.

Part I

J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey



Part II

Bucher & Fry - Petrology Of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer



Part III

Faure, T. M. Mensing – Isotopes. Principles And Applications. Wiley, 2005

Introduction to mineral resources, environmental sustainability and energy, the role of mineral resources for the development of human society, principles of ore deposits, classification and geology of ore deposits, quarries and mines, environmental mineralogy. Case studies: pigments, metals, cement and concrete, zeolites, ceramics, materials for cultural heritage, seminars.

VARIOUS MATERIAL PROVIDED BY THE TEACHER AND ALSO
SE Kesler e AC Simon (2015). Mineral resources, economics and the environment. Cambridge University press. 433 pp.
Ugo Bardi (2011) La terra svuotata. Editori Riuniti, 295 pp.
G. Tanelli (2009) Georisorse e ambiente. Aracne. 280 pp.

Water chemistry. Gas-water-rock interaction (dissolution, leaching, mixing, redox processes, adsorption, precipitation, base exchange). Groundwater classification using Piper, Schoeller, Chada and Stiff diagrams. Chemical equilibria and speciation. Dissolved gases. Ancient and modern groundwater dating using 14C, 3H and CFC methods. Environmental isotopes in hydrogeology ---- Water sampling (springs and streams) in Valle della Caffarella area (Roma) and in situ analyses (T, pH, EC, TDS). Laboratory determination of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3- NO2-, SiO2, PO43- concentration. Data elaboration and modelling

C.A.J. Appelo, Dieke Postma Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution, CRC Press Second Edition, 2005, ISBN 9780415364218

The course is intended to provide students with the tools and methods for the study of rocks-forming minerals. After a recall of the basic concepts of structural and morphological crystallography, the most important minerals in geological environments, in particular, the silicates, will be studied from the point of view of their systematic and crystal-chemical aspects. The use of natural materials in industry, technology and in cultural heritage will be also treated. The basic elements of modern techniques for the analysis of minerals and for the use of quantitative data in mineralogy will be given.

Klein c. (2004). Mineralogia. Zanichelli.
Deer W.A., Howie R.A. & Zussman Jj. (1994). Introduzione ai minerali che costituiscono le rocce. Zanichelli.
Mottana A. (1989). Fondamenti di mineralogia geologica. Zanichelli.

And eventually also:
Dyar M.D. e Gunter M. (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America.
Putnis A. (1992). Introduction to Mineral Sciences. Cambridge University Press.

Introduction, chordates, basal vertebrates: 3h
"Agnatha" and the origin of lower jaw: 3h
Chondrychtyes and e osteichthyes: 3h
Sarcopterygians and the origin of tetrapods: 3h
Amphibia: 3h
Anapsida: 3h
Diapsida: 3h
Dinosauria: 3h
Pterosauria vs. Aves: 3h
Sinapsida: 3h
Mesozoic mammals-Metatheria: 3h
Afrotheria and Xenartra: 3h
Boreoeutheria: 3h
Laurasiatheria: 3h
Euarchontoglires: 3h
Primates: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Benton M.J. (2005) - Vertebrate Palaeontology. Blackwell Publishing, 472 pp.
and recent, updated editions.

Additional references to be discussed during the classes will be selected among the most recent and/or controversial.

Introduction; the role of Geomophology in the assessment of natural risk; the principles of geomorphological hazard, vulnerability, risk; endogenic and exogenic morphogenesis of dangerous surface processes and methods to study them; fluvial dynamics and river erosion, relative hazard and mitigation; floods; coastal dynamics, marine erosion and mitigation; tectonic geomorphology with particular regard on active tectonics; slope dynamics: diffusion, mass wasting, soil erosion, relative hazard and mitigation. In-class activities are planned for each topic.

Alcantara-Ayala, Goudie "Geomorphological Hazards and Disaster Prevention", Cambridge University Press

Mario Panizza "Manuale di Geomorfologia Applicata", FrancoAngeli (Nuova Edizione)

Antonio Vallario "Frane e territorio", Liguori Editore

During in-class activity and lessons, scientific papers and exercises will be hand out by the professor.

Hazard and risk applied to volcanoes: concepts, history, perspectives. Deterministic and probabilistic approach on the short-, medium- and long-term. Volcano monitoring systems. Volcanic unrest. Eruptive and reference scenarios. Elicitations. Build up of the event-tree.
Basic principles to evaluate the volcanic risk (vulnerability and exposure; evacuations, resilience, dissemination).
Hazard related to effusive activity (lava flows, domes, lava fountains, strombolian activity). Hazard related to explosive eruptions (pyroclastic flows, fall deposits, ash plumes, climate changes). Mobilization of volcanic products (lahars). Hazard related to sector collapses and related tsunamis. Hazard from gas emission. Seismic hazard in volcanic areas. Integrate approach and multi-hazard analysis.
Volcanic risk in the Civil Protection.
Examples of definition of the volcanic hazard at the main active Italian volcanoes (Etna, Stromboli, Vesuvio, Campi Flegrei).

material provided by the teacher

The course aims to introduce students to the teaching of mathematics in first and second grade secondary schools, through a historical-epistemological approach to the basic concepts of elementary mathematics (arithmetic, geometry, algebra, probability, functions). In particular: the teaching of mathematics and its evolution; numerical systems; Euclid's axioms and postulates; non-Euclidean and locally Euclidean geometries; geometric constructions with ruler and compass and mathematical machines; elements of history of infinitesimal calculus. Outline of national indications.

GIORGIO ISRAEL, ANA MILLÁN GASCA, Pensare in matematica, Zanichelli, 2012.
ANA MILLÁN GASCA, All'inizio fu lo scriba, Mimesis, 2004
ENRICO GIUSTI, Analisi matematica 1, Bollati Boringhieri, 2002

The materials of the Earth: minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle, the magmatic rocks, the sedimentary rocks, the metamorphic rocks, the bedding and the deformation of the rocks.
Volcanic phenomena: magma and volcanic activity, the main types of eruptions, shape of volcanic buildings, products of volcanic activity, the geographic distribution of volcanoes, volcanoes and man (the volcanic risk).
Seismic phenomena: the theory of elastic rebound, the seismic cycle, types of seismic waves and their propagation and registration, the force of an earthquake (scales of intensity and magnitude), the geographic distribution of earthquakes, the seismic activity and the man (seismic risk)
Plate tectonics: the internal structure of the Earth, the structure of the crust, the Earth's magnetic field, Earth’s internal heat, the convective mantle, from the hypothesis of the drift of the continents to the formulation of the theory of plate tectonics.
The Earth as an integrated system: interaction between the different systems of the planet (biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, cryosphere), the earth's atmosphere, climate and meteorological phenomena, renewable and non-renewable natural resources.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

TEACHING MATHEMATICS WITH THE HELP OF A COMPUTER: GEOGEBRA AND MATHEMATICA SOFTWARES.
COMMANDS FOR NUMERICAL AND SYMBOLIC CALCULUS, GRAPHICS VISUALIZATION, PARAMETRIC SURFACES AND CURVES WITH ANIMATIONS IN CHANGING PARAMETERS.
SOLVING PROBLEMS: TRIANGLE'S PROPERTIES IN EUCLIDEAN AND NON-EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY WITH EXAMPLES, APPROXIMATION OF PI AND OTHER IRRATIONAL NUMBERS, SOLUTIONS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES,SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS, DEFINING AND VISUALIZING GEOMETRICAL LOCI, FUNCTION INTEGRAL AND DERIVATIVES, APPROXIMATION OF SURFACE AREA.

LIST OF PROBLEMS GIVEN IN CLASS WITH VISUALIZATION AND SOLUTIONS WITH THE HELP OF SOFTWARE MATHEMATICA OR GEOGEBRA.

RENZO CADDEO, ALFRED GRAY LEZIONI DI GEOMETRIA DIFFERENZIALE - CURVE E SUPERFICI VOL. 1,
ED. CUEC (COOPERATIVA UNIVERSITARIA EDITRICE CAGLIARITANA)

The program includes two intertwined courses: themes that have a didactic interest and more specifically computational applicative themes. Classical topics (Euclidean geometry, points and lines configurations ..) are chosen for their fallout in computer graphics, arguments of computational geometry are motivated by mathematical problems that have an elementary representation (Systems of polynomial equations in n unknowns ..).
 Based on the interests and requests of attending students, changes to parts of the program are possible.

 
Euclidean geometry: axioms, remarkable points in triangles, nine points circle, Morley's theorem, other theorems on triangles.
Affine geometry and barycentric coordinates, Ceva theorem, Menelaus theorem.
Projective geometry: axioms, the case of the plane over the finite field F2, Pappus and Desargues theorems, collineations and correlations.
Ordered geometry and the Sylvester problem on point collineation, generalizations.
Delaunay triangulations and Voronoi tassellation: properties and algorithms.
Ideals of polynomials, orderings of monomials and divisions between polynomials in several variables, Groebner bases.
Solving polynomial equations by elimination, by eigenvectors and eigenvalues, by resulting.
Polytopic geometry, mixed volume, Bernstein's theorem.

Materials, discussions, forum, videos on moodle https://matematicafisica.el.uniroma3.it/

1) H.S.M. Coxeter Introduction to geometry, Wiley 1970;
2) D. Cox, J. Little, D. O’Shea Using Algebraic Geometry, GTM 185 Springer.

moreover
3) D. Cox, J. Little, D. O’Shea Ideals, Varieties, and Algorithms. An Introduction to Computational Algebraic Geometry and Commutative Algebra UTM Springer
4) M. Aigner, G. Ziegler, Proofs from THE BOOK, Springer, 1998;
5) S. Rebay, Tecniche di Generazione di Griglia per il Calcolo Scientifico-Triangolazione di Delaunay, slides Univ. Studi di Brescia;
6) B. Sturmfels, Polynomial equations and convex polytopes, American Mathematical Monthly 105 (1998) 907-922.
7) Shuhong Gao, Absolute Irreducibility of Polynomials via Newton Polytopes, J. of Algebra 237 (2001), 501-520.

Introduction to the course. Introduction to Matlab 1. Matricial Calculation; search for main components (eigenvalues, eigenvectors, ...).
Introduction to Matlab 2: rows, columns, matrix, figure, vectors, import data, ... Tensors; rigid rototranslations and associated matrix.
Rotation of a seismic signal to derive the radial and transverse component. Complex numbers and trigonometric functions. Polar representation. Phasor. Matlab exercise: representation in Cartesian-polar-spherical coordinates. Vector calculation. Waves. Stationary waves.
Signal analysis: linear time-invariant system, Convolution theorem.
Exercise on the impulse and step response. Fourier series. Fourier transform. Exercise on Fourier Analysis of mechanical waves. Solution of the wave equation in the frequency domain. Exercise: delay and phase.
Cross Correlation - Filtering of data in time and frequency domain.

Mathematical modelling for Earth sciences. Xin She Yang. Dunedin.

Introduction to the course. Introduction to Matlab 1. Matricial Calculation; search for main components (eigenvalues, eigenvectors, ...).
Introduction to Matlab 2: rows, columns, matrix, figure, vectors, import data, ... Tensors; rigid rototranslations and associated matrix.
Rotation of a seismic signal to derive the radial and transverse component. Complex numbers and trigonometric functions. Polar representation. Phasor. Matlab exercise: representation in Cartesian-polar-spherical coordinates. Vector calculation. Waves. Stationary waves.
Signal analysis: linear time-invariant system, Convolution theorem.
Exercise on the impulse and step response. Fourier series. Fourier transform. Exercise on Fourier Analysis of mechanical waves. Solution of the wave equation in the frequency domain. Exercise: delay and phase.
Cross Correlation - Filtering of data in time and frequency domain.

Mathematical modelling for Earth sciences. Xin She Yang. Dunedin.

Roma Tre University - A.A. 2019-2020
Program of the course of "Physics of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere"
prof. Carlo Scotto
Most of the topics are dealt in the book by G.W. Prölss ("Physics of the Earth's Space Environment", ed. Springer). Reference is made to the paragraphs of this book. The remaining topics are reported in the distributed Lesson Notes. The relevant detailed bibliography is shown in them.
Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of the topics covered.

1. Notions of magneto-ionospheric plasma physics
Plasma frequency, Debye distance and Debye-Hückel potential, plasma conditions, free mean path, phase refraction index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and in the absence of magnetic field, cold plasma (Lesson notes). (P. 232, § 7.3.1, § 7.3.2, § 7.3.3). Energy of the electromagnetic field (Lesson notes). Motion of electric charges in a magnetic field: gyration motion, the magnetic moment as an adiabatic invariant, motion where grad(B) is parallel to B, bounce motion (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, pp. 220-228), gradient drift motion (§ 5.3.2, pp. 228-229), neutral shift drift, drift E x B and plasma conductivity in the absence of collisions, drift under the action of external forces (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, § 5.3.3 pp. 219-233).

2. The interplanetary medium.
The solar corona and the solar wind (§ 6.1 and 6.1.1, pp. 278-282, including all the references). Large-scale solar wind structure and on the ecliptic plane (§ 6.1.6). The interplanetary magnetic field: observations and physical characteristics (§ 6.2.1, pp. 300-304). The heliosferic current sheet (§ 6.2.4). Segment structure of the polar component of B (§ 6.2.5). Alfven's theorem (Appendix A.14, pp.484-487).

3. Magnetosphere
The geomagnetic field near the Earth (§ 5.2). Curvature drift (p. 233). Total drift (p. 234-235). Composed motion of charge carriers (§ 5.3.4). Particle populations in the internal magnetosphere: radiation belts, ring current, plasmashere (§ 5.4).
The distant geomagnetic field: configuration and classification, currents on the diurnal side of the magnetopause, reflection of the particles and formation of the current, system of currents in the geomagnetic tail (§ 5.5). Particle population in the external magnetosphere: magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer (§ 5.6). Formation of bow shock and the magnetosheat (§ 6.4 introduction and § 6.4.1, pp. 325-328).

4. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, gas radiation attenuation, energy deposition in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth ionosphere: historical outline, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and disappearance of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in E region and in region F2 region (§ 3.2; introduction of chap 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3). Ionosphere morphology: the cusps on the ionogram trace and the ionospheric regions (Lesson notes). Regular variations of the ionosphere: layers E and F1 (Lesson notes). Irregular variations of the ionosphere: F2 layer (Lesson notes). Sporadic E layer(Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for regions E and F: F1 layer (Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for region D (Lesson notes). Refraction index for radio waves with collisions and in the absence of a magnetic field; interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index: absorption ( Lesson notes). Solar flares and short waves fadeout (Lesson notes). Additional notes on the F1 layer (Lesson notes). Additional notes on layer E (Lesson notes).

5. Magnetoionic theory
Introduction. Constitutive equations for a cold plasma with collisions and in the presence of a magnetic field (Lesson notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, neglecting collisions and considering the Earth's magnetic field: Appleton-Hartree equation (Lesson notes). Continuity of nf in X = 1. The zeros of the collisionless Appleton-Hartree equation: longitudinal, transverse and general propagation case (Lesson notes). Polarization: continuity in X = 1 in the general case and in the case of longitudinal propagation. Polarization in case of longitudinal propagation: dependence on the sign of YL. Polarization in general conditions, for X = 1 (Lesson Notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, considering collisions and the earth's magnetic field. Mention upon the polarization in the collisional case. Curves of mi(X) with collisions: importance of the Booker rule (Lesson notes). Conditions of reflection and ionograms, ordinary, extraordinary trace. Ray Z (Lesson Notes). Examples of ionograms (Lesson notes).
As indicated in the lesson notes, the material of this teaching unit can be found at: Ratcliffe, J. A. (1959), The magneto-Ionic Theory and its Applications to the Ionosphere, Cambridge University Press.

6. Absorption and dissipation of solar wind energy
Topology of the high polar atmosphere (§ 7.1). Electric fields, and plasma convection (§ 7.2). Conductivity and currents in the polar ionosphere (§ 7.3). Polar auroras: energy dissipation of the auroral particles, origin of the auroral particles, diffuse and discrete aurora(§ 7. 4). Solar Wind Dynamo (§ 7.6.1), open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.2), plasma convection in the open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.3), open magnetosphere with tail (§ 7.6.4), mention upon the reconnection (part of § 7.6. 5) Birkeland currents in regions 1 and 2 (§ 7.6.6).

7. Geospheric storms
Magnetic storms: regular variation, equatorial electroject, magnetic activity at low, high and medium latitudes, geomagnetic indexes (§ 8.1). Magnetic substorms: growth and expansion phase, Alvfèn waves and their role (§ 8.3). Ionospheric storms: negative and positive storms (§ 8.5).

Per l' Anno Accademico 2019-2020:
1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Lecture Notes

first part
Dr. Luca Fiorani

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part
Dr. Antonello Pasini

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

Testi
F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

1 Solar System Part
- Overall description of the Solar System, mass and angular momentum distribution, astrophysical variables.
- Overall description of planets, their main characteristics ; description of planetary satellites systems and of minor bodies of the Solar System.
- Terrestrial planets: main characteristics and evolutive processes of planetary surfaces.
- Terrestrial planets: thermal history, impact cratering processes, volcanism, tectonics.Comparative planetology.
- Meteorites and minor bodies; radiometric dating and clues for the formation of the Solar System.
- Giant planets
- Planetary satellites
- Internal structure of planets, different evolution of terrestrial and giant planets.
- Planetary atmospheres
2 Extrasolar Planets Part
- Historical Introduction
- Exo planets Indirect discovery methods
- Exo planets Direct discovery methods
- Exo Planets Characteristics
- Physics of extrasolar Planets
- Characterization and results
- Which Life?
- Habitability and Habitable Zone
- The search for life
3 Common Part
- Introduction to the Planetary formation Theory

- There is no official text of the course. A suggested text is the following: Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press. During the course several scientific review papers will be suggested by the lecturers.

Material

- Course slides
- Scientific papers

- Introduction
- Foundation (surface, interior, Matlab)
- Mass conservation
- Energetics (Heat and T)
- Mechanics: Force and Rheology (Stress and strain, Elasticity-Viscosity-Plasticity, Rheology of the lithosphere, Rheology of the mantle, Forces applied to lithospheric plates)
- Force balance
- Fluid dynamics
- Gravity
- Faulting
- Applications to different tectonic environments

- GEODYNAMICS: SECOND EDITION, TURCOTTE, D. L. AND SCHUBERT, G., JOHN WILEY & SONS, NEW YORK, 2002 (AVAILABLE AT BAST).

REFERENCES PROVIDED DURING THE CLASS

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the principles of cell biology and tissue organization. Ability to communicate effectively and with the correct terminology;
Applied skills: The basic knowledge acquired through the study of cytology will allow students to apply them to the study of tissues.
Cytology.
Cell theory. Methods of studying the cell: the microscope.
Macromolecules: The main carbohydrates of biological interest and their polymers.
Nucleic acids. DNA and RNA structure. DNA replication, messenger transcription and RNA, genetic code, ribosomes and protein synthesis.
Cell membranes and intercellular junctions.
Cytoplasmic and secretory pathway, The endoplasmic reticulum, Origin and sorting of secretory and membrane proteins. Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes, peroxisomes, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis.
Structure of mitochondria. Notes on energy metabolism: respiration.
The cytoskeleton: Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
The nucleus of eukaryotes, nuclear envelope and nuclear pores. Euchromatin and heterochromatin. Chromosome structure.
The cell cycle: the interphase (phases G1, S and G2), Cell division. Mitosis in animal cells. Meiosis.

Histology
Epithelial tissue. Connective tissue. Blood and signs of cellular immunology. Bone tissue. Muscle tissue. Nervous tissue.

Cytology
Essential Cell Biology, Bruce Alberts, Karen Hopkin, Alexander D. Johnson, David Morgan, Martin Raff. Garland Science. Last edition
Histology
Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, Anthony Mescher. Lange. Last edition

The environment of celestial bodies; the Solar System; the shape and size of the Earth; the main motions of the Earth (rotation and revolution); the long-term movements of the Earth; the Earth-Moon system.
Orientation; time and its measure; the representation of the earth's surface; the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude), the reading of topographic maps.
The shapes of the relief and the modeling of the terrestrial relief; the marine hydrosphere, the continental hydrosphere, the cryosphere; the atmosphere; the climate.
The materials of the Earth: the minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle.
The evolution of the Earth.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

1.Euclidean Geometry; rudiments of history of Greek Mathematics. Ruler and compass constructions. The classical problems. Euclid's Elements.
2. The V Postulate's problem: Posidonius attempt. Equivalent Postulates: Playfair, Wallis, transitivity of parallelism. Saccheri's work. Saccheri's Quadrilaterals. The three hyposes. Saccheri-Lagrange's Theorem and the exclusion of obtuse angle hypothesis. The birth of Non-Euclidean Geometry in Bolyai and Lobatchewaki.
3. Symmetries of the plane: Isometries of the plane and their type. Characterization of an isometry by the image of three points not on a line, Chasles' Theorem. Discrete groups of isometries. Rosettes, Friezes and Wallpaper groups. The Theorem of addiction of the angles. Leonardo's Theorem and the classification of finite groups of isometries. Sketch of the classification of the Frieze groups. Crystallographic restriction's Theorem and the classification of wallpaper groups.
4. Gauss' Geometry; The geometry on the Sphere. Locally euclidean geometries. Uniformly discontinuous groups of isometries. The Torus, Mobius band, Klein bottle. Classification of uniforly discontinuous groups of isometries. Sketch of the proof of the Theorem of classification of locally euclidean geometries
5. Moduli of geometries on the torus and hyperbolic geometry: Similar geometries. Similar geometries on the Torus. The modular figure. Poincaré upper plane model.Lines and distance. What was repugnant to Saccheri and that was not for Aristotle.

R. Trudeau: "La rivoluzione non Euclidea" Bollati Boringhieri
V, Nikulin, I. Shafarevich "Geometries and groups" Springer ed.

Introduction: hazard and risk, historical perspective;
General concepts: Earth Science; energy and causes of natural hazards; managing, modelling and describing natural disasters; forecasting.
Analysis, physical understanding and social impact of the natural disasters in Earth science: earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, landslides, hurricanes, floods, drought, climate changes, sea level changes.
Synthesis: towards a general and shared vision to mitigate natural disasters.

material provided by the teacher

1. Introduction to the Course, Earth Physics and the Environment

2. Introduction to Matlab, matrices and vectors, functions

3. Recall to Fourier series and transform. Transfer function, causality, dispersion.

4. Matlab Exercise, Pulse Response

5. Sampling theorem, aliasing, analytical signal, signal energy

6. Matlab Exercise, Fourier Transform, FFT

7. Time series

8. Matlab Exercise, Least Squares problem and Data fitting

9. Introduction to Climate Change

10. Exercise on a time series (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere)

11. Earthquakes and propagation of waves

12. Exercise on a time series (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere)

13. Maxwell equations, constitutive relations

14. Exercise on a time series (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere)

15. Low frequency and high frequency electromagnetic measurements

16. Exercise on Earthquake location

17. Relation between electrical parameters and hydraulic parameters: electrical conductivity and hydraulic permeability

18. Exercise on Earthquake location

19. Hydrodynamic dispersion equation

20. Exercise on the diffusion of a pollutant

• D. C. Champeney, Fourier Transform and their applications, Academic Press.

• J. Gaskill, Linear systems, Fourier transforms, and optics, Wiley.

• F. W. Taylor, Elementary Climate Phyisics, OXFORD Univeristy Press.

• C. Chatfield, The Analysis of Time Series, CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC.

• A. Zollo, Terremoti e Onde, Liguori Editore.

• A. R. Von Hippel, Dielectric and Waves, John Wiley & Sons.

The course is intended to provide students with the tools and methods for the study of rocks-forming minerals. After a recall of the basic concepts of structural and morphological crystallography, the most important minerals in geological environments, in particular, the silicates, will be studied from the point of view of their systematic and crystal-chemical aspects. The use of natural materials in industry, technology and in cultural heritage will be also treated. The basic elements of modern techniques for the analysis of minerals and for the use of quantitative data in mineralogy will be given.

Klein c. (2004). Mineralogia. Zanichelli.
Deer W.A., Howie R.A. & Zussman Jj. (1994). Introduzione ai minerali che costituiscono le rocce. Zanichelli.
Mottana A. (1989). Fondamenti di mineralogia geologica. Zanichelli.

And eventually also:
Dyar M.D. e Gunter M. (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America.
Putnis A. (1992). Introduction to Mineral Sciences. Cambridge University Press.

Introduction, chordates, basal vertebrates: 3h
"Agnatha" and the origin of lower jaw: 3h
Chondrychtyes and e osteichthyes: 3h
Sarcopterygians and the origin of tetrapods: 3h
Amphibia: 3h
Anapsida: 3h
Diapsida: 3h
Dinosauria: 3h
Pterosauria vs. Aves: 3h
Sinapsida: 3h
Mesozoic mammals-Metatheria: 3h
Afrotheria and Xenartra: 3h
Boreoeutheria: 3h
Laurasiatheria: 3h
Euarchontoglires: 3h
Primates: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Benton M.J. (2005) - Vertebrate Palaeontology. Blackwell Publishing, 472 pp.
and recent, updated editions.

Additional references to be discussed during the classes will be selected among the most recent and/or controversial.

The course aims to introduce students to the teaching of mathematics in first and second grade secondary schools, through a historical-epistemological approach to the basic concepts of elementary mathematics (arithmetic, geometry, algebra, probability, functions). In particular: the teaching of mathematics and its evolution; numerical systems; Euclid's axioms and postulates; non-Euclidean and locally Euclidean geometries; geometric constructions with ruler and compass and mathematical machines; elements of history of infinitesimal calculus. Outline of national indications.

GIORGIO ISRAEL, ANA MILLÁN GASCA, Pensare in matematica, Zanichelli, 2012.
ANA MILLÁN GASCA, All'inizio fu lo scriba, Mimesis, 2004
ENRICO GIUSTI, Analisi matematica 1, Bollati Boringhieri, 2002

The materials of the Earth: minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle, the magmatic rocks, the sedimentary rocks, the metamorphic rocks, the bedding and the deformation of the rocks.
Volcanic phenomena: magma and volcanic activity, the main types of eruptions, shape of volcanic buildings, products of volcanic activity, the geographic distribution of volcanoes, volcanoes and man (the volcanic risk).
Seismic phenomena: the theory of elastic rebound, the seismic cycle, types of seismic waves and their propagation and registration, the force of an earthquake (scales of intensity and magnitude), the geographic distribution of earthquakes, the seismic activity and the man (seismic risk)
Plate tectonics: the internal structure of the Earth, the structure of the crust, the Earth's magnetic field, Earth’s internal heat, the convective mantle, from the hypothesis of the drift of the continents to the formulation of the theory of plate tectonics.
The Earth as an integrated system: interaction between the different systems of the planet (biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, cryosphere), the earth's atmosphere, climate and meteorological phenomena, renewable and non-renewable natural resources.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

TEACHING MATHEMATICS WITH THE HELP OF A COMPUTER: GEOGEBRA AND MATHEMATICA SOFTWARES.
COMMANDS FOR NUMERICAL AND SYMBOLIC CALCULUS, GRAPHICS VISUALIZATION, PARAMETRIC SURFACES AND CURVES WITH ANIMATIONS IN CHANGING PARAMETERS.
SOLVING PROBLEMS: TRIANGLE'S PROPERTIES IN EUCLIDEAN AND NON-EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY WITH EXAMPLES, APPROXIMATION OF PI AND OTHER IRRATIONAL NUMBERS, SOLUTIONS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES,SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS, DEFINING AND VISUALIZING GEOMETRICAL LOCI, FUNCTION INTEGRAL AND DERIVATIVES, APPROXIMATION OF SURFACE AREA.

LIST OF PROBLEMS GIVEN IN CLASS WITH VISUALIZATION AND SOLUTIONS WITH THE HELP OF SOFTWARE MATHEMATICA OR GEOGEBRA.

RENZO CADDEO, ALFRED GRAY LEZIONI DI GEOMETRIA DIFFERENZIALE - CURVE E SUPERFICI VOL. 1,
ED. CUEC (COOPERATIVA UNIVERSITARIA EDITRICE CAGLIARITANA)

The program includes two intertwined courses: themes that have a didactic interest and more specifically computational applicative themes. Classical topics (Euclidean geometry, points and lines configurations ..) are chosen for their fallout in computer graphics, arguments of computational geometry are motivated by mathematical problems that have an elementary representation (Systems of polynomial equations in n unknowns ..).
 Based on the interests and requests of attending students, changes to parts of the program are possible.

 
Euclidean geometry: axioms, remarkable points in triangles, nine points circle, Morley's theorem, other theorems on triangles.
Affine geometry and barycentric coordinates, Ceva theorem, Menelaus theorem.
Projective geometry: axioms, the case of the plane over the finite field F2, Pappus and Desargues theorems, collineations and correlations.
Ordered geometry and the Sylvester problem on point collineation, generalizations.
Delaunay triangulations and Voronoi tassellation: properties and algorithms.
Ideals of polynomials, orderings of monomials and divisions between polynomials in several variables, Groebner bases.
Solving polynomial equations by elimination, by eigenvectors and eigenvalues, by resulting.
Polytopic geometry, mixed volume, Bernstein's theorem.

Materials, discussions, forum, videos on moodle https://matematicafisica.el.uniroma3.it/

1) H.S.M. Coxeter Introduction to geometry, Wiley 1970;
2) D. Cox, J. Little, D. O’Shea Using Algebraic Geometry, GTM 185 Springer.

moreover
3) D. Cox, J. Little, D. O’Shea Ideals, Varieties, and Algorithms. An Introduction to Computational Algebraic Geometry and Commutative Algebra UTM Springer
4) M. Aigner, G. Ziegler, Proofs from THE BOOK, Springer, 1998;
5) S. Rebay, Tecniche di Generazione di Griglia per il Calcolo Scientifico-Triangolazione di Delaunay, slides Univ. Studi di Brescia;
6) B. Sturmfels, Polynomial equations and convex polytopes, American Mathematical Monthly 105 (1998) 907-922.
7) Shuhong Gao, Absolute Irreducibility of Polynomials via Newton Polytopes, J. of Algebra 237 (2001), 501-520.

EACH LESSON WILL ILLUSTRATE THE CLIMATES AND THE ENVIRONMENTS WHICH CHARACTERIZED THE EARTH SINCE HADEAN TO HOLOCENE.
Hadean and Archean: 3h
Proterozoic: 3h
Cambrian: 3h
Ordovician: 3h
Silurian: 3h
Devonian: 3h
Carboniferous: 3h
Permian: 3h
Triassic: 3h
Giurassic: 3h
Cretaceous: 3h
Paleogene: 3h
Neogene: 3h
Quaternary: 3h
Further insights: causes and dinamics of climate change, main floral and faunal turnovers, supplementary data on palaeogeography, topics selected by the students: 6h

STANLEY S.S. (2009) - EARTH SYSTEM HISTORY. FREEMAN AND COMPANY, NEW YORK, 551 PP.

ELMI S. & BABIN C. (2006) – HISTOIRE DE LA TERRE. DUNOD, PARIS, 239 PP.
ANDERSON D.E., GOUDIE A.S., PARKER A.G. (2007) - GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTS THROUGH THE QUATERNARY. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, OXFORD, 359 PP.
GORNITZ V. (ED.)(2009) – ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PALEOCLIMATOLOGY AND ANCIENT ENVIRONMENTS. SPRINGER (REFERENCE BOOK).
SELDEN P. & NUDDS J. (2012) – EVOLUTION OF FOSSIL ECOSYSTEMS. MANSON PUBLISHING, 2ND EDITION

Additional references to be discussed during the classes will be selected among the most recent and/or controversial.

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

The course program includes the presentation and discussion of the following topics:
Definition and types of urban systems. Natural hazards and risks of urban areas. Role of geological conditions, influence of natural factors and geographical conditions on the development of urban areas. Risk, hazard, exposed value and vulnerability in urban areas, and their evolution in time. Methodology for collection, normalization and processing of drilling data. Issues and real cases applications.

Geologia di Roma “Vol L” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (1995).
La geologia di Roma dal centro storico alla periferia “Vol LXXX” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (2008).
U. Ventriglia – Geologia del territorio del Comune di Roma, a cura dell’Amministrazione Provinciale di Roma, (2002).
G. Gisotti – Ambiente urbano. – Dario Flaccovio Editore, Palermo (2007).

Historical definition of Quaternary: paleontological and climatic criteria. Causes of the Quaternary climatic changes. Gelasian and Pleistocene glaciations. Historical palaeoclimatology during Holocene (6h).
Historic excursus on the Plio-Quaternary chronostratigraphy. The Plio-Quaternary boundary. Ages and Stages of the marine Quaternary. GSSP and the most relevant Quaternary marine Italian successions. The Holocene and the ice cores. The Anthropocene (10h).
Quaternary isotopic stratigraphy. Quaternary magnetostratigraphy. Quaternary dating methods (2h). Sea-level oscillations during Quaternary: geomorphological and palaeobiological sea-level indicators. The eustatic curves (2h).
Plio-Quaternary marine biostratigraphy: planktonic and benthonic foraminifers, calcareous nannofossils, marine molluscs and ostracods (concept of “northern” and “senegalese” guests) (8h). Historical chronology of Plio-Quaternary glaciations. Illustration of the most relevant glacial deposits on Alps and Apennines (2h).
History of the continental Plio-Quaternary stratigraphy (2h).
Plio-Quaternary biochronology based on large and small mammals, freshwater molluscs and non-marine ostracods. Pollen stratigraphy and climatic stratigraphy (8h).
Examples of relevant continental quaternary records in central Italy: the Plio-Quaternary deposits of the Roman Campaign; the intermontane basins in central Italy (Valdarno, Tiberino and l’Aquila basins) (8h).

Pdf and copies of updated specialistic scientific publications given by the teacher

Physical properties of minerals, mineral separation, principles of spectroscopy, X-rays: emission and absorption, X-ray diffraction, vibrational (Raman, FTIR) spectroscopies, electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), WDS microanalysis (EMPA), case studies, practicals, seminars.

A.F. GUALTIERI INTRODUZIONE ALLE TECNICHE ANALITICHE STRUMENTALI, ED. LIBRERIA UNIVERSITARIA
Dyar, Gunter, Tasa (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America. 708 pp. Disponibili versioni PDF e iPad.
Hutchison (1974) Laboratory handbook of petrographic techniques. Wiley, 527.

Introduction and purpose of balanced geological sections. Main techniques used in the past. Fundamentals of deep geological sections. Ramp-fault geometry. Stratigraphic Separation Diagrams. Cutoff Lines (intersections between faults and stratigraphic contacts). Fault Branching. Projection to depth of geological data. Dip domain analysis. Fault-related folding: fault-bend folding; fault-propagation folding. Thick skin versus thin skin tectonics. Restoring a geological section. Angular versus sinuous restoration. Transversal and longitudinal sections. The contribution of fracture patterns in the preparation of a deep section. The role played by compaction and erosion. Section admissibility. Balancing techniques used by commercial software and introduction to their use. The role of fractures in reservoir permeability. Methods to infer fracturing conditions produced by the tectonic evolution of geological structures by the numerical modeling of their tie/space evolution and comparison with analogues.

N.B. Woodward, S.E. Boyer, J. Suppe (1989)- Balanced Geological Cross-Sections: an essential technique in geological research and exploration. - American Geophysical Union. R.C.

INTRODUCTION TO PETROLEUM GEOLOGY. GEOLOGY APLIED TO RESERARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROCARBONS. THE ROLO OF HYDROCARCON ENERGY IN THE PRESENT DAY SOCIETY. STATISTICS ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROCARBON RESERVOIRS. THE ROLE OF THE PETROLEUM GEOLOGIST. NATURE ANS ORIGIN OF HYDROCARBONS. HYDROCARBON COMPOSITIONS AND CLASSIFICATION. THE PETROLEUM ACCUMULATION CYCLE. ORGANIC AND INORGANIC NATURE. SOURCE ROCKS. PRINCIPLES OF TRASFORMATION OF ORGANIC MATTER INTO HYDROCARBONS. MIGRATION PROCESSES AND TRAPPING. ACCUMULTION OF PETROLEUM. RESERVOIR ROCKS. HYDROCARBON TRAPS ANS THEIR CLASSIFICATION. WELL LOGS TYPES AND INTERPRETATION. SEISMIC EXPLORATION. RESEARCH TECHNIQUES RELATED TO GEOLOGICAL CONTEXTS. PREPARATION OF BALANCED CROSS SECTIONS AND THEIR RESTORATION. PRACTICAL WORK. ONE DAY FIELD TRIP TO OUTCROPS OF SOURCE ROCKS, RESERVOIR ROCKS AND VISIT TO AN ACTIVE OIL FIELD.

- J. GLUYAS, R. SWARBRICK - PETROLEUM GEOSCIENCE - BLACKWELL PUBLISHING (2003).
- SELLEY - ELEMENTS OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY-SECOND EDITION ACADEMIC PRESS (1998).
- N.B. WOODWARD, S.E. BOYER, J. SUPPE - BALANCED GEOLOGICAL CROSS-SECTIONS: AN ESSENTIAL TECHNIQUE IN GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND EXPLORATION. - AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION. R.C. (1989).

Origin and brief history of remote sensing. Introduction to optical remote sensing. The role of remote sensing in geo-environment and geo-tectonic monitoring. E.m. spectrum and its interaction with surface materials (water/ice, vegetation, soils, rocks). Characteristics of optical sensors. Spatial, spectral, radiometric and temporal resolution. Elements of Spectral radiometry: reflectance, transmittance, emittance. Interaction with the atmosphere. Spectral signatures. Characteristics of panchromatic, multispectral, and hyperspectral imaging. Techniques of processing and interpretation of images at the regional and local scales. Supervised and unsupervised classifications. Active remote sensing in microwaves.: radar systems. Technique of use of radar images. Thermal imaging. Practical training on data acquired with different satellite and airplane sensor systems.

Gomarasca M.A., 2004. Elementi di Geomatica. Ed. Associazione Italiana di Telerilevamento
S A Drury 2001. Image interpretation in Geologgy. Blackwell Science
Dessena MA e Melis MT, 2006. Telerilevamento applicato. Mako edizioni

Sabins F. F., 2007. Remote Sensing: Principles and Interpretation. Waveland Press, Inc.

The following topics will be addressed: a) Experimental modelling: introduction; history of experimental modeling; overview on the activity realized in national and international laboratories of Experimental Tectonics. b) Analogue materials and material properties (this session includes the measurements of material properties); c) Scaling; d) Quantifying experimental results; e) Overview on image analysis techniques; f) Exercise with PIVLAB (and intro to MATLAB); g) Building crustal-scale brittle models for the study of convergent, extensional and strike-slip systems. h) Building mantle-scale viscous models for the study of the subduction process; i) Visco-elastic models for the study of subduction earthquakes.
All the realized models will be analyzed and modeling results interpreted. Moreover, it will be highlighted potential applications to natural examples.

- Geodynamics: Second Edition, Turcotte, D. L. and Schubert, G., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2002.
- Mantle Dynamics: Mantle Convection in the Earth and Planets, Schubert, G., Turcotte, D. L. and P. Olson, Cambridge University Press, 2001
- Dynamic Earth, Plates, Plumes and Mantle Convection, Davies, G.F., Cambridge University Press, 1999.
- Treatise on Geophysics, volumi 1, 3, 6, 7, 9 Ed. Schubert G., Elsevier 2007
- Bibliography given by the instructors during the classes.

All the reference sources are available at library BAST of Roma Tre University.

- Introduction
- Foundation (surface, interior, Matlab)
- Mass conservation
- Energetics (Heat and T)
- Mechanics: Force and Rheology (Stress and strain, Elasticity-Viscosity-Plasticity, Rheology of the lithosphere, Rheology of the mantle, Forces applied to lithospheric plates)
- Force balance
- Fluid dynamics
- Gravity
- Faulting
- Applications to different tectonic environments

- GEODYNAMICS: SECOND EDITION, TURCOTTE, D. L. AND SCHUBERT, G., JOHN WILEY & SONS, NEW YORK, 2002 (AVAILABLE AT BAST).

REFERENCES PROVIDED DURING THE CLASS

VOLCANISM AND PLATE-TECTONICS; MAGMA-TRIGGERING AND MAGMA-INDUCED STRUCTURES.
- DEFORMATIONS INDUCED BY MAGMATIC ACTIVITY: RISE OF MAGMA THROUGH DIAPIRS; PROPAGATION AND EMPLACEMENT OF DIKES; FORMATION OF SILLS, LACCOLITHS AND MAGMA CHAMBERS; VERTICAL MOVEMENTS IN VOLCANIC AREAS (CALDERAS, RESURGENCES, BRADYSEISMS); SECTOR COLLAPSES OF VOLCANIC EDIFICES; MONITORING OF VOLCANIC AREAS: ANALYSIS OF DEFORMATION AND SOURCES.
- REGIONAL CONTROL OF EXTENSIONAL, STRIKE-SLIP AND COMPRESSIVE TECTONICS ON VOLCANISM: CONTINENTAL, TRANSITIONAL AND OCEANIC RIFTS, OBLIQUELY AND ORTHOGONALLY CONVERGENT MARGINS, BACK-ARC BASINS; EARTHQUAKE-VOLCANO INTERACTIONS; HOT SPOTS.
- VOLCANO-TECTONICS AND ERUPTIONS: HAZARD MITIGATION AND APPLICATIONS TO ITALIAN VOLCANOES.
- VOLCANO-TECTONICS AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY.

VARIOUS MATERIAL PROVIDED BY THE TEACHER

Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the principles of cell biology and tissue organization. Ability to communicate effectively and with the correct terminology;
Applied skills: The basic knowledge acquired through the study of cytology will allow students to apply them to the study of tissues.
Cytology.
Cell theory. Methods of studying the cell: the microscope.
Macromolecules: The main carbohydrates of biological interest and their polymers.
Nucleic acids. DNA and RNA structure. DNA replication, messenger transcription and RNA, genetic code, ribosomes and protein synthesis.
Cell membranes and intercellular junctions.
Cytoplasmic and secretory pathway, The endoplasmic reticulum, Origin and sorting of secretory and membrane proteins. Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes, peroxisomes, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis.
Structure of mitochondria. Notes on energy metabolism: respiration.
The cytoskeleton: Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
The nucleus of eukaryotes, nuclear envelope and nuclear pores. Euchromatin and heterochromatin. Chromosome structure.
The cell cycle: the interphase (phases G1, S and G2), Cell division. Mitosis in animal cells. Meiosis.

Histology
Epithelial tissue. Connective tissue. Blood and signs of cellular immunology. Bone tissue. Muscle tissue. Nervous tissue.

Cytology
Essential Cell Biology, Bruce Alberts, Karen Hopkin, Alexander D. Johnson, David Morgan, Martin Raff. Garland Science. Last edition
Histology
Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, Anthony Mescher. Lange. Last edition

The environment of celestial bodies; the Solar System; the shape and size of the Earth; the main motions of the Earth (rotation and revolution); the long-term movements of the Earth; the Earth-Moon system.
Orientation; time and its measure; the representation of the earth's surface; the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude), the reading of topographic maps.
The shapes of the relief and the modeling of the terrestrial relief; the marine hydrosphere, the continental hydrosphere, the cryosphere; the atmosphere; the climate.
The materials of the Earth: the minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle.
The evolution of the Earth.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

1.Euclidean Geometry; rudiments of history of Greek Mathematics. Ruler and compass constructions. The classical problems. Euclid's Elements.
2. The V Postulate's problem: Posidonius attempt. Equivalent Postulates: Playfair, Wallis, transitivity of parallelism. Saccheri's work. Saccheri's Quadrilaterals. The three hyposes. Saccheri-Lagrange's Theorem and the exclusion of obtuse angle hypothesis. The birth of Non-Euclidean Geometry in Bolyai and Lobatchewaki.
3. Symmetries of the plane: Isometries of the plane and their type. Characterization of an isometry by the image of three points not on a line, Chasles' Theorem. Discrete groups of isometries. Rosettes, Friezes and Wallpaper groups. The Theorem of addiction of the angles. Leonardo's Theorem and the classification of finite groups of isometries. Sketch of the classification of the Frieze groups. Crystallographic restriction's Theorem and the classification of wallpaper groups.
4. Gauss' Geometry; The geometry on the Sphere. Locally euclidean geometries. Uniformly discontinuous groups of isometries. The Torus, Mobius band, Klein bottle. Classification of uniforly discontinuous groups of isometries. Sketch of the proof of the Theorem of classification of locally euclidean geometries
5. Moduli of geometries on the torus and hyperbolic geometry: Similar geometries. Similar geometries on the Torus. The modular figure. Poincaré upper plane model.Lines and distance. What was repugnant to Saccheri and that was not for Aristotle.

R. Trudeau: "La rivoluzione non Euclidea" Bollati Boringhieri
V, Nikulin, I. Shafarevich "Geometries and groups" Springer ed.

Introduction: hazard and risk, historical perspective;
General concepts: Earth Science; energy and causes of natural hazards; managing, modelling and describing natural disasters; forecasting.
Analysis, physical understanding and social impact of the natural disasters in Earth science: earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, landslides, hurricanes, floods, drought, climate changes, sea level changes.
Synthesis: towards a general and shared vision to mitigate natural disasters.

material provided by the teacher

Introduction the Earth Physics course
The Earth in the Solar System
The Earth as a Planet
Mass, density and inertia moments of the Earth
The figure and the Earth gravity
Tide and Earth rotation
Concepts on physical properties of minerals and rocks
History of Earth Magnetism
Rocks Magnetism
Earth magnetic field
Earth internal heat
Internal structure of the Earth

Stacey, F. D., and Davis, P. M. (2008) Physics of the Earth, Cambridge University Press.

Fowler, C. M. R. (2005). The Solid Earth, Cambridge University Press.

Part I: The igneous process. geochemical characteristics of magmas as petrogenetic indicators. trace elements and isotopic distribution in magmas. magma melting and diversity. magmatic series. geochemical features and eruptive style in the main petrogenetic provinces. mid-ocean ridge volcanism, subduction-related igneous activity and granitoid rocks. orogenesis and magmatism: the meditteranean province.


Part II: the metamorphic process: lithological types and the main metamorphic facies; gradient of metamorphism and geodynamic settings. the orogenic and subduction-zone metamorphism.the contact metamorphism; migmatites and partial melting processes. mineral growth and rock fabrics: pre-, syn- , post-kinematic crystallization. metamorphic thermobarometry and reconstruction of the pressure-temperature-time (p-t-t) paths in polyphase metamorphism. orogeny and metamorphism: regional examples.



Part III: Main isotopic dating methods used in different geodynamic settings with the aim to understand potential and limits of each method. theory and applications of the following methods: k/ar, ar/ar, rb/sr, u-th/pb, sm/nd. radiation damage methods, as fission tracks and luminescence, particularly useful in thermochronometric reconstruction.

Part I

J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey



Part II

Bucher & Fry - Petrology Of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer



Part III

Faure, T. M. Mensing – Isotopes. Principles And Applications. Wiley, 2005

Introduction to mineral resources, environmental sustainability and energy, the role of mineral resources for the development of human society, principles of ore deposits, classification and geology of ore deposits, quarries and mines, environmental mineralogy. Case studies: pigments, metals, cement and concrete, zeolites, ceramics, materials for cultural heritage, seminars.

VARIOUS MATERIAL PROVIDED BY THE TEACHER AND ALSO
SE Kesler e AC Simon (2015). Mineral resources, economics and the environment. Cambridge University press. 433 pp.
Ugo Bardi (2011) La terra svuotata. Editori Riuniti, 295 pp.
G. Tanelli (2009) Georisorse e ambiente. Aracne. 280 pp.

Water chemistry. Gas-water-rock interaction (dissolution, leaching, mixing, redox processes, adsorption, precipitation, base exchange). Groundwater classification using Piper, Schoeller, Chada and Stiff diagrams. Chemical equilibria and speciation. Dissolved gases. Ancient and modern groundwater dating using 14C, 3H and CFC methods. Environmental isotopes in hydrogeology ---- Water sampling (springs and streams) in Valle della Caffarella area (Roma) and in situ analyses (T, pH, EC, TDS). Laboratory determination of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3- NO2-, SiO2, PO43- concentration. Data elaboration and modelling

C.A.J. Appelo, Dieke Postma Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution, CRC Press Second Edition, 2005, ISBN 9780415364218

The course is intended to provide students with the tools and methods for the study of rocks-forming minerals. After a recall of the basic concepts of structural and morphological crystallography, the most important minerals in geological environments, in particular, the silicates, will be studied from the point of view of their systematic and crystal-chemical aspects. The use of natural materials in industry, technology and in cultural heritage will be also treated. The basic elements of modern techniques for the analysis of minerals and for the use of quantitative data in mineralogy will be given.

Klein c. (2004). Mineralogia. Zanichelli.
Deer W.A., Howie R.A. & Zussman Jj. (1994). Introduzione ai minerali che costituiscono le rocce. Zanichelli.
Mottana A. (1989). Fondamenti di mineralogia geologica. Zanichelli.

And eventually also:
Dyar M.D. e Gunter M. (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America.
Putnis A. (1992). Introduction to Mineral Sciences. Cambridge University Press.

Introduction, chordates, basal vertebrates: 3h
"Agnatha" and the origin of lower jaw: 3h
Chondrychtyes and e osteichthyes: 3h
Sarcopterygians and the origin of tetrapods: 3h
Amphibia: 3h
Anapsida: 3h
Diapsida: 3h
Dinosauria: 3h
Pterosauria vs. Aves: 3h
Sinapsida: 3h
Mesozoic mammals-Metatheria: 3h
Afrotheria and Xenartra: 3h
Boreoeutheria: 3h
Laurasiatheria: 3h
Euarchontoglires: 3h
Primates: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Benton M.J. (2005) - Vertebrate Palaeontology. Blackwell Publishing, 472 pp.
and recent, updated editions.

Additional references to be discussed during the classes will be selected among the most recent and/or controversial.

Structure of silicate melts. Effect of temperature pressure and composition of the structural configuration of silicate melts. Glass transition temperature and relaxation times.
Chemical and physical properties of magma: density, viscosity, volatile solubility, diffusivity, compressibility and electrical conductivities of magmas. Termodynamic properties of magmas: enthalpy, entropy and heat capacity. Effect of chemical composition, temperature and pressure on the density and viscosity of magmas. The influence of degassing crystallization and deformation regime on the rheological properties of magmas.
Control of the physical and chemical properties on the ascent of magma and on the eruptive style of volcanoes.
Magma ascent: Nucleation and growth of bubbles. Crystallization processes. Fragmentation criteria and magma explosivity. Evolution of physical parameters of magma and flow dynamics during magma ascent
Lava flows: Types of lava flows and rheological control of lava flow geometry. Lava flow motion and effects of ground slope.
Explosive eruptions: Influence of physical parameters on eruptive styles. Steady explosive eruptions: eruption plumes formation. Fallout of clasts from eruption plumes and unstable eruption columns. Formation of piroclastic density currents.
The course will include laboratory activities for the experimental determination of physical-chemical properties of magmas (high temperature experiments and spectroscopic measurements) and numerical exercises aimed at the quantitative determination of the textural parameters of iuvenile products (cristallinity, vesicularity, crystal and bubble size distribution) and at the numerical simulation of the conduit and eruptive dynamics.

FUNDAMENTAL OF PHYSICAL VOLCANOLOGY. ELISABETH A. PARFITT AND LIONEL WILSON. BLACKWELL PUBLISHING
Material furnished by the Professor

The first part of the course is dedicated to the current knowledge about the birth of Planet Earth and its Precambrian evolution.
In the second part of the course the main Paleozoic orogenic events and the formation of Pangea will be illustrated. The third part of the course is dedicated to the main geodynamic events responsible for the current structure of the Alps and the Mediterranean area. The main topics are the following.
Origin of the Solar System: meteorites, the Moon. The Hadean: Early Earth and the magma ocean. Origin and evolution of the atmosphere; origin and evolution of the hydrosphere. Archean: Traces of the first continental crust, the oldest rocks. Proterozoic: the growth of the continents, the banded iron formation (BIF), the Wilson Cycle, the secondary atmosphere, the evolution of life. The beginning of Plate Tectonics, the evolution of Plate Tectonics over time. Paleogeography: methods for paleogeographic reconstructions. Paleozoic paleogeographic evolution. Plates, microplates and oceans in the Paleozoic. Caledonian orogeny. Evolution of the Scottish Caledonides. Evolution of the Scandinavian Caledonides: UHP rock, the supradetachment Devonian basins. The Variscan orogeny: the main structural units, the role of oroclines. Variscan orogeny in Sardinia. The formation of the Pangea Supercontinent. Pangea A and Pangea B. Permo-Triassic basins. The opening of the Atlantic Ocean and the Africa-Europe kinematics. The Alpine cycle: from the passive margin to the construction of the Alpine chains. Main structural units of the Alps and their evolution. Structure and evolution of the Mediterranean area: oroclines, back-arc basins, seismicity and current kinematics. Northern Apennines, from the internal domains to the Padana-Adriatic foredeep. Central Apennines: from the chain to the formation of the Tyrrhenian margin and extensional basins. Southern Apennines: paleogeographic units and present-day structure.

- The Earth Through Time. Harold L. Levin, David T. King Jr. Wiley. ISBN: 978-1-119-22834-9. Scientific articles will be provided by the teacher on specific topics of the course.

The course aims to introduce students to the teaching of mathematics in first and second grade secondary schools, through a historical-epistemological approach to the basic concepts of elementary mathematics (arithmetic, geometry, algebra, probability, functions). In particular: the teaching of mathematics and its evolution; numerical systems; Euclid's axioms and postulates; non-Euclidean and locally Euclidean geometries; geometric constructions with ruler and compass and mathematical machines; elements of history of infinitesimal calculus. Outline of national indications.

GIORGIO ISRAEL, ANA MILLÁN GASCA, Pensare in matematica, Zanichelli, 2012.
ANA MILLÁN GASCA, All'inizio fu lo scriba, Mimesis, 2004
ENRICO GIUSTI, Analisi matematica 1, Bollati Boringhieri, 2002

The materials of the Earth: minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle, the magmatic rocks, the sedimentary rocks, the metamorphic rocks, the bedding and the deformation of the rocks.
Volcanic phenomena: magma and volcanic activity, the main types of eruptions, shape of volcanic buildings, products of volcanic activity, the geographic distribution of volcanoes, volcanoes and man (the volcanic risk).
Seismic phenomena: the theory of elastic rebound, the seismic cycle, types of seismic waves and their propagation and registration, the force of an earthquake (scales of intensity and magnitude), the geographic distribution of earthquakes, the seismic activity and the man (seismic risk)
Plate tectonics: the internal structure of the Earth, the structure of the crust, the Earth's magnetic field, Earth’s internal heat, the convective mantle, from the hypothesis of the drift of the continents to the formulation of the theory of plate tectonics.
The Earth as an integrated system: interaction between the different systems of the planet (biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, cryosphere), the earth's atmosphere, climate and meteorological phenomena, renewable and non-renewable natural resources.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course