WATER AND VEGETABLE CELLS - WATER BALANCE SHEET - SOLIDS TRANSPORT - SOIL, ROOTS AND MICROBIASES - PHOTOSYNTHESIS, LIGHT REACTIONS - DARK REACTIONS: CALVIN CYCLE AND CONCENTRATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE - TRANSLOCATION IN THE FLOEMA - SUMMARY OF CARBOHYDRATES - CELLULAR WALL: STRUCTURE, SYNTHESIS AND FUNCTION - CYCLE OF NITUDE AND SULFUR - SECONDARY METABOLICS - GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT - AUXINE - GIBBERELLINE - CITOCHININE - ETHYLENE - ABSYCISSIC ACID - BRASSINOSTEROIDS - PHOTORECEPTORS AND LIGHT RESPONSE - FLOWER CONTROL - PHYSIOLOGY OF STRESS.

Looking at nature through different perspectives: ecological principles from ecosystems to populations, origin and development of ecology as a science. Ecology as a group of subdisciplines.Ecosystem ecology: factors related to distribution of biomes, biomes and climatic changes, the flux of energy in the ecosystem, trophic structure, production and productivity, ecological pyramids, biogeochemical cycles.Community ecology: community structure, aims and methods in community analyses in an ecological perspective, successions, methods in successional studies, biodiversity, diversity measures, factors influencing diversity in different ecosystems, alien species, diversity and conservation. Bioindicators.Population ecology. Population structure and dynamics, r and k selection, interactions, intraspecific relationships, interspecific competition, ecological niche.Environment-organisms relationships, ecological factors, response of organisms to environmental factors, stress and disturbance, c-s-r strategiesEcosystems conservation and management. Introduction to conservation biology, management of protected areas.Introduction to landscape ecology. Landscape structure and landscape dynamics, landscape and ecosystem management.Introduction to urban ecology. Major features of urban ecosystems.

SMITH, T. & SMITH, R. 2017. ELEMENTI DI ECOLOGIA. PEARSON-B. CUMMINGSCAIN, M. BOWMAN, W. & HACKER, S. 2017. ECOLOGIA. PICCIN

THE COURSE CONCERNS THE GENERAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS WHICH REGULATE THE BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES OCCURRING WITHIN A CELL, WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASYS ON GENETIC STRUCTURE, ORGANIZATION AND EXPRESSION OF PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS. FURTHERMORE, THE SUBJECT TAKES INTO CONSIDERATION THE MOST UPDATED MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL PROCEUDURES UTILIZED IN BASIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH. THE TEACHING PROGRAM IS ORGANIZED AS FOLLOWS: GENOME ANATOMY, TRANSCRIPTOMES AND PROTEOMES; GENOME ACCESSIBILITY; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION COMPLEX; RNA SYNTHESES AND MATURATION; PROTEOME SYNTHESES AND MATURATION; GENOME SEQUENCING; GENOME REPLICATION; REPAIR SYSTEMS; GENETIC RECOMBINATION; GENETIC ENGINEERING AND DNA RECOMBINANT TECHNIQUES.

REFERENCE TEXTBOOK: BIOLOGIA MOLECOLARE, AMALDI ET AL., TERZA EDIZIONE, CASA EDITRICE ZANICHELLI. FURTHER SUGGESTED TEXTBOOKS: 1) GENOMI, BROWN, QUARTA EDIZIONE, CASA EDITRICE EDISES; 2) IL GENE, LEWIN, TERZA EDIZIONE COMPATTA, ZANICHELLI.

THE COURSE CONCERNS THE GENERAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS WHICH REGULATE THE BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES OCCURRING WITHIN A CELL, WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASYS ON GENETIC STRUCTURE, ORGANIZATION AND EXPRESSION OF PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS. FURTHERMORE, THE SUBJECT TAKES INTO CONSIDERATION THE MOST UPDATED MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL PROCEUDURES UTILIZED IN BASIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH. THE TEACHING PROGRAM IS ORGANIZED AS FOLLOWS: GENOME ANATOMY, TRANSCRIPTOMES AND PROTEOMES; GENOME ACCESSIBILITY; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION COMPLEX; RNA SYNTHESES AND MATURATION; PROTEOME SYNTHESES AND MATURATION; GENOME SEQUENCING; GENOME REPLICATION; REPAIR SYSTEMS; GENETIC RECOMBINATION; GENETIC ENGINEERING AND DNA RECOMBINANT TECHNIQUES.

REFERENCE TEXTBOOK: BIOLOGIA MOLECOLARE, AMALDI ET AL., TERZA EDIZIONE, CASA EDITRICE ZANICHELLI. FURTHER SUGGESTED TEXTBOOKS: 1) GENOMI, BROWN, QUARTA EDIZIONE, CASA EDITRICE EDISES; 2) IL GENE, LEWIN, TERZA EDIZIONE COMPATTA, ZANICHELLI.

DYNAMICS OF MEMBRANE (1 CFU): STRUCTURE, FUNCTIONS AND DYNAMICS OF CELLULAR MEMBRANES. JOINTS, CHANNELS, RECEPTORS. PERMEABILITY, DIFFUSION, OSMOSIS, TONICITY. MEMBRANE TRANSPORT: FACILITATE, PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ACTIVITY. Exocytosis-endocytosis. ION PASSAGE.HOMEOSTASIS AND CONTROL (2 CFU): CENTRAL AND AUTONOMOUS NERVOUS SYSTEM. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF THE CELLULAR MEMBRANE, GENESIS OF THE TRANSMEMBRANARY POTENTIAL, THE EXCITABILITY, THE RESTING, ELECTROTIC, ACTION POTENTIAL. PROPAGATION AND TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICAL SIGNALS. SINAPSI. SOMATIC AND AUTONOMOUS REFLECTION ARCH. SENSORIAL RECEPTORS. THE HORMONES. CELL COMMUNICATION, GENERAL ON THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM, CHEMICAL NATURE AND RELEASE OF HORMONES. THE TRANSDUCTION OF THE HORMONAL SIGNAL.FUNCTION OF BODIES AND EQUIPMENT (4 ECTS): MUSCULAR SYSTEM. SCHELETRIC, SMOOTH, CARDIAC MUSCLE. MECHANICS OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION. Myograms. REFRACTORY. THE TETANIAN. CONTROL OF MUSCULAR MOVEMENT. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF THE HEART, POTENTIAL OF PACEMAKER CELLS AND WORKMILL, THE HEART AS A PUMP. INTRINSIC AND EXTRASIAL REGULATION OF CARDIAC RUNNING. THE SANGUIGNI VASES, THE FLOW, THE ARTERIAL PRESSURE AND ITS ADJUSTMENT. THE BLOOD. PROPERTY OF BLOOD, GLOBULAR RESISTANCE, THE DISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD TO FABRICS, COAGULATION. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. RESPIRATORY MECHANICS, VENTILATION, EXCHANGE AND TRANSPORT OF GASES, ADJUSTMENT OF PH, VENTILATION ADJUSTMENT. RENAL APPARATUS. GLOMERULAR FILTRATION, REASSORBATION, SECRETION, EXCERTION. HORMONAL REGULATION OF THE RENAL FUNCTION. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. MOTIVITY, SECRETION, DIGESTION, ABSORPTION OF GLUCIDS, LIPIDS AND PROTEINS.INTEGRATED PHYSIOLOGY (1 ECTS): ELEMENTS OF PHYSIOLOGY OF NUTRITION, METABOLISM AND ENERGY BUDGET. HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL OF ENERGY METABOLISM BY INSULIN AND GLUCAGONE, TEMPERATURE CONTROL. HYDRO-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE. WATER-SALINE BALANCE, ACID-BASIC BALANCE. REPRODUCTION. MALE REPRODUCTION, FEMALE REPRODUCTION AND OVARIAN CYCLE.EXERCISES IN CHEMICAL AND COMPUTER LABORATORY (1 ECTS): OSMOTIC PRESSURE, BLOOD (COAGULATION AND GLOBULAR RESISTANCE), BREATHING, ANALYSIS OF INTRACELLULAR GLUCOSE ADJUSTMENT. USE OF HYPERTENSES ON ACTION POTENTIAL, CIRCULATION, RENAL

structure and function of the bacterial cell and microbial diversity• Discovery of the microbial world: main historical exertions • The cell wall of bacteria and Archea. Peptidoglycan: structure, function, synthesis; biochemical principles of colorations • Cytoplasmic membrane and transport systems in prokaryotes • Cytoplasmic structures (organelles and inclusions) and extra-cytoplasmic (capsule, pili and fimbriae, flagella) • Organization and structure of the genome in prokaryotes • Basic models of regulation gene expression in bacteria • Spore: structure and regulation • Chemotaxis in bacteria • Overview of energy metabolism in prokaryotes • Chemolitotroph bacteria • Cell cycle in bacteria: cell division and growth curve • Control of bacterial growth: sterilization, disinfection , antibiotics and mechanisms of resistance • Host-parasite interactions: pathogenic bacteria and pathogenicity factors • Exotoxins, endotoxin and intracellular parasitismOverview of taxonomy and bacterial systematic Identification and description of fundamental taxonomic units • The Archea functional and evolutionary structural features. • Archea hyperthermophiles, methanogens and halophiles • Biodiversity of microorganisms. Pure culture isolation methods for typing Analisiphenotypic and antibody use • Genotype analysis DNA analysis (% GC, DNA_DNA reassay,) Use of restriction enzymes • PCR-based analysis. Use of various methods for the typing of microorganisms. • Overview of the use of microorganisms in biotechnology

STRUCTURAL THEORY. ISOMERIA AND STEREOISOMERIE. RESONANCE AND ELECTRONIC EFFECTS. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS: STRUCTURE, NOMENCLATURE AND CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLS, CYCLAALCANS, ALCHENES, ALCHINES, ARENAS, HALOGENURES, ALCOHOLS, AMMINES, IMMINES, PHENOLS, ACIDS, FOREIGN, AMMIDS, IMMIDES AND NITRILE. COMPOUNDS OMO- AND ETHERO-AROMATICS. MAIN MECHANISMS OF REACTION: RADICAL HALOGENIZATION OF THE ALCOHOLS; ELECTROFILED ADDITION TO ALCHENI, DIENI AND ALCHINI; Polymerization; NUCLEOFILY REPLACEMENT (SN1, SN2) AND ELIMINATION (E1 AND E2) TO CARBON SP3; AROMATIC ELECTROPHIL REPLACEMENT; ADDITION NUCLEOFILA TO CARBONY AND REPLACEMENT OF ACRYLIC NUCLEOFILES. SYNTHESIS AND REACTIVITY OF VARIOUS FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN THE LIGHT OF REACTION MECHANISMS. ENOLATED AND THEIR INTER-, INTRA-MOLECULAR AND CROSS CONDENSATIONS. BI- AND POLIFUNCTIONAL MOLECULES: ACETACETIC AND MALONIC SYNTHESIS; HYDROXYCYCLES, ENONIC SYSTEMS, TRIGLYCERIDES (SOAPS, SURFACTANTS AND MICELLAS), ALFA-AMINO ACIDS (STRUCTURES AND ISOELETTRIC POINT), CARBOHYDRATES (CLASSIFICATION, EMIACETALIC STRUCTURES, GLUCOSIDES, POLYSACCHARIDES).

STRUCTURAL THEORY. ISOMERIA AND STEREOISOMERIE. RESONANCE AND ELECTRONIC EFFECTS. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS: STRUCTURE, NOMENCLATURE AND CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLS, CYCLAALCANS, ALCHENES, ALCHINES, ARENAS, HALOGENURES, ALCOHOLS, AMMINES, IMMINES, PHENOLS, ACIDS, FOREIGN, AMMIDS, IMMIDES AND NITRILE. COMPOUNDS OMO- AND ETHERO-AROMATICS. MAIN MECHANISMS OF REACTION: RADICAL HALOGENIZATION OF THE ALCOHOLS; ELECTROFILED ADDITION TO ALCHENI, DIENI AND ALCHINI; Polymerization; NUCLEOFILY REPLACEMENT (SN1, SN2) AND ELIMINATION (E1 AND E2) TO CARBON SP3; AROMATIC ELECTROPHIL REPLACEMENT; ADDITION NUCLEOFILA TO CARBONY AND REPLACEMENT OF ACRYLIC NUCLEOFILES. SYNTHESIS AND REACTIVITY OF VARIOUS FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN THE LIGHT OF REACTION MECHANISMS. ENOLATED AND THEIR INTER-, INTRA-MOLECULAR AND CROSS CONDENSATIONS. BI- AND POLIFUNCTIONAL MOLECULES: ACETACETIC AND MALONIC SYNTHESIS; HYDROXYCYCLES, ENONIC SYSTEMS, TRIGLYCERIDES (SOAPS, SURFACTANTS AND MICELLAS), ALFA-AMINO ACIDS (STRUCTURES AND ISOELETTRIC POINT), CARBOHYDRATES (CLASSIFICATION, EMIACETALIC STRUCTURES, GLUCOSIDES, POLYSACCHARIDES).