Molecular and Cell Biophysics. Amino acids, protein structure, hemoglobin, myoglobin, enzymes, enzyme catalysis, enzyme activation, enzyme inhibition, carbohydrates, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, lactate biosynthesis, alcoholic fermentation, lipids, beta-oxidation, amino acid and protein catabolism, urea cycle. The cell compartimentation, The energy of living organisms. Tissues organization. Membrane dynamic structure, functions and dynamics of cell plasma membranes. Junctions, channels, receptors. Permeability, diffusion, osmosys, tonicity. Plasma membrane transport systems: facilitate, primary and secondary active transport. Endocytosis-exocytosis. Ion transport.

Biophysics of Homeostatic Systems: central nervous system and autonomous nervous system. Electrical properties of the cell plasma membrane, genesis of the transplasma membrane potential, excitability, resting membrane potential, electrotonic and action potential. Propagation and transmission of electric signals. Synapses. Neuronal plasticity. Somatic and autonomous reflex arc. Sensory physiology. Hormones. Cell communication, general properties of the endocrine system, chemical structure and release of hormones. Hormone signal transduction.

MAIN TEXTBOOK: D.U. SILVERTHORN Human Physiology 2010 Pearson Education inc

BOOKS FOR DEEPENING KNOWLEDGE: (AVAILABLE IN THE SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY) HILL R, WYSE G, ANDERSON M FISIOLOGIA ANIMALE 2006 ZANICHELLI; RANDALL D. ET AL., FISIOLOGIA ANIMALE ZANICHELLI; CASELLA C. E TAGLIETTI V. PRINCIPI DI FISIOLOGIA ED. LA GOLIARDICA PAVESE; BERNE R.M. E LEVY M.N. PRINCIPI DI FISIOLOGIA CASA EDITRICE AMBROSIANA.

Physiology of organs and systems: muscle system. Skeletal, smooth, cardiac muscle. Mechanic of the skeletal muscle contraction. Myogram. Refractory period. Tetanic contraction. Control of the muscle contraction. Fatigue. Cardiovascular system. Electrical properties of the heart, potentials of pacemaker cells and working myocardium, the heart as a pump. Intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of the heart cardiac output. Vascular system, flux, artery pressure and its regulation. The blood. Properties, globular resistance, blood distribution to tissues. Coagulation. Respiratory system. Respiratory mechanic, ventilation, exchange and transport of gases, ph regulation, regulation of ventilation. Basis of gastro-intestinal physiology. Renal system. Glomerular filtration, reassorbtion, secretion, excretion. Hormone regulation of the renal function. Digestive system. Motility, secretion, digestion, absorption of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.

MAIN TEXTBOOK: D.U. SILVERTHORN Human Physiology 2010 Pearson Education inc

BOOKS FOR DEEPENING KNOWLEDGE: (AVAILABLE IN THE SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY) HILL R, WYSE G, ANDERSON M FISIOLOGIA ANIMALE 2006 ZANICHELLI; RANDALL D. ET AL., FISIOLOGIA ANIMALE ZANICHELLI; CASELLA C. E TAGLIETTI V. PRINCIPI DI FISIOLOGIA ED. LA GOLIARDICA PAVESE; BERNE R.M. E LEVY M.N. PRINCIPI DI FISIOLOGIA CASA EDITRICE AMBROSIANA.

Discrete signals and systems. Operations between sequences. Scale changes. Digital transforms. Filtering. Linear system analysis. Optimum filters. Digital estimators and performance. Prediction. Spectral estimators. Applications of telemedicine. Digital health systems.
Laboratory of numerical examples by MatLab platform.

G. GIUNTA, "PROBLEMI DI BASE DI ELABORAZIONE NUMERICA DEI SEGNALI" - IV EDIZIONE, ROMA.
TAMAL BOSE, FRANCOIS MEYER, "DIGITAL SIGNAL AND IMAGE PROCESSING", DECEMBER 2003, WILEY PUBL.
G. GIUNTA, LUCIDI DEL CORSO (SCARICABLI DAL SITO WEB DEL CORSO).
A.V. OPPENHEIM, R.W. SHAFER, J.R. BUCK, "DISCRETE-TIME SIGNAL PROCESSING", PRENTICE-HALL, UPPER SADDLE RIVER, NJ (USA), 1999.

Introduction to the Biomedical Engineering in general and to this course in particular. Acquisition of biomedical signals. The Movement Analysis Lab. Kinematics, Kinetics and Electrophysiology of human movement. Statistical analysis: descriptive statistics, inferential statistics. Design and realization of a 3 components force plate. Biolab3 iPED: an integrated wireless system to evaluate athlete performances during cycling

• BRONZINO - BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, TAYLOR AND FRANCIS GROUP

• ONLINE TUTORIALS ON moodle2 web platform

Biomaterials (I module)
A.A. 2015/2016


1. Introduction
History of biomaterials. Definition of biomaterials. Biocompatibility. Sterilization, prevention of infection. Classification of Biomaterials

2. Material properties
Mechanical properties: Young's modulus; Stress–strain curves of different types of materials. Dynamic fatigue failure. Viscoelasticity. Hardness. Thermal Properties.

3. Organic Chemistry
The Origins of Organic Chemistry. Principles of Atomic Structure. Bond Formation: The Octet Rule. Ionic and covalent Bonding. Electronegativity and Bond Polarity. Lewis Structures. Multiple Bonding. Resonance. Pi Bonding. Hybridization and geometry. Bond rotation. Structure and properties of Hydrocarbons: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons. Intermolecular Forces. Functional groups. Structure and properties of organic compounds: Halogenated compounds; Alcohols; Thiols; Ethers; Amines; Aldehydes; Ketones; Carboxylic acids. Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases. Condensation reaction of Acids with Alcohols: Esters. Condensation reaction of carboxylic acid and ammonia or an amine: Amides. Stereochemistry.

4. Polymers
Definition. Classification of polymers. Characteristics and properties of polymeric materials: Degree of Polymerization; Molecular Weight; Degree of Polydispersity; Reticulation degree; Glass transition temperature; Melting temperature. Condensation polymers: Polyamides; Polyesters; Polyurethanes. Disadvantages of condensation polymers. Addition Polymers: Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC); polymethacrylate (PMA); Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA); Hydrogels; Teflon (TFPE). Stereochemistry of polymers. The physical state of the polymers: Crystalline Polymers, Semi-Crystalline Polymers, Amorphous Polymers. Fibers. Elastomers: Natural Rubber, Synthetic rubbers, Silicones. Behavior of polymers as a function of temperature: thermoplastic polymers, thermosetting polymers. Thermoplastic polymers with high resistance: Polyacetals, Polysulfones, Polycarbonates. Biodegradable polymers.

5. Metallic biomaterials
Structure, Properties and Applications. Types and Composition of Stainless Steels. Cobalt-based alloys: CoCrMo and CoNiCrMo alloy. Ti and Ti-based alloys (Ti6Al4V). Shape–memory alloys: Ni–Ti alloy. Corrosion of metallic implants.

6. Ceramic biomaterials
Physical Properties. Sintering. Use of ceramic materials. Bioinert ceramics: alumina, zirconia and pyrolytic carbon. Bioactive ceramics: hydroxyapatite (HA), bioglasses or glass-ceramics. bioresorbable ceramics: tricalcium phosphate (TCP).

7. Hip prostheses
Characteristics of hip prostheses and biomaterials used. Cementless and Cemented hip prostheses. Stress-shielding. Bone cement.

8. Heart Valve Implants
The Functions of the Heart and natural Heart valves. Valvular heart disease. Mechanical valves: Caged ball valve, Monoleaflet mechanical valve, Bileaflet mechanical valve. Bioprosthetic valves: Porcine bioprosthetic valves, Pericardial bioprosthetic valves, Stentless Bioprostheses, Percutaneous Bioprostheses. Selecting the Optimal Prosthesis in the Individual Patient.

9. Vascular Prostheses
Arterial disease: stenosis and aneurysm. Ideal characteristics of a graft. Implants of biological origin and implants of synthetic origin. Materials used in synthetic Implants. Porosity/permeability and Compliance of synthetic vascular prostheses.

10. Ophthalmic implants
Contact lenses and intraocular lenses. General Properties of Materials of Relevance to Contact Lenses. Hard contact lenses. Soft contact lenses. Biomimetic lenses. Materials used for intraocular lenses.

11. Tissue response to implants
Cellular Response to Implants: Ceramics, metals and polymers. Systemic Effects by Implants. Blood Compatibility.

"Biomaterials An introducion”
Joon Park and R.S. Lakes Third Edition (Springer)

“Biomaterials”
Véronique Migonney (Wiley)

Descriptive and inferential statisticsfundamentals.
Basics of the Design of Experiments.
Lab activities on projects with applications in the biomedical field:
- Design of the experimental protocol
- Definition and set-up of the recording and processing system
- Experimental testing
- Data processing, and interpretation.

Please see textbooks adopted in module I.

THE MISSION OF THE PROGRAM IS TO PROVIDE EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE AND IMMERSION IN STATE-OF THE ART TECHNOLOGY. THE PROGRAM INCLUDES THE STUDY OF BASIC MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURE OF A FULL RANGE OF BIOMATERIALS USED IN MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY. THE BIOLOGIC INTERACTIONS OF THESE MATERIALS RELATED TO THEIR COMPOSITION, SURFACE, ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES AND FUNCTION; AND THE METHODS EMPLOYED TO INVESTIGATE STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND BIOLOGIC INTERACTIONS ARE PRESENTED AND EXPLORED. PRINCIPLES OF BIOMATERIAL SCIENCE, METALS, CERAMICS, POLYMERS, BIOCERAMICS. POLYMER CHEMISTRY. MECHANIAL PROPERTIES. IMAGING TECHNIQUES SUCH AS SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, OPTICAL MICROSCOPY, XPS, TOFSIMS, RAMAN FTIR.EEXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, RESEARCH METHODS, PHYSICAL METHODS.BIOMATERIALS-TISSUE INTERFACE.

Introduction to the course. Biomedical signals: Electroencephalography (EEG), Electromyography (EMG), Electrocardiography (ECG). Basic Elements of Signal Processing: representation in the Fourier domain, filtering, artifacts and noise rejection. Spectral estimation: non-parametric and parametric techniques. Time-frequency analysis: Short Time Fourier Transform and Spectrogram, Wavelet and Scalogram. Matlab Labs.

I

L. Sornmo, P. Laguna. Bioelectrical signal processing in cardiac and neurological applications. Elsevier Academic Press. 2005.
Materials on-line (notes, exercises, solutions. Download from Moodle).

"Discipline within biomedical engineering that uses engineering techniques to understand, repair, replace, enhance, or otherwise exploit the properties of neural systems. Neural engineers are uniquely qualified to solve design problems at the interface of living neural tissue and non-living constructs. " (Wikipedia)

Based on this general definition of the concept of Neuroengineering, the course aims to provide the knowledge of techniques and tools for analysing the central nervous system and for understanding its functionality for the recovery and the assistance in disability, through application examples such BCI (Brain Computer Interface) and cochlear implants.

The course consists of 2 theoretical sections:
1. Technologies and methods for in vivo monitoring of neural activity.
2. Technologies and methods for in vivo monitoring of cortical and peripheral activity.

and tutorials on using processing tools for simulation and analysis of neural, cortical, and peripherical activity.

- Bin He, Neural Engineering, Springer, 2005. (scaricabile qui se si accede dalla rete di Ateneo).
- Eric R. Kandel, James H. Schwartz, Thomas M. Jessell, Principi di Neuroscienze, CEA, 2003.
- Kenneth W Horch, Gurpreet S Dhillon, Neuroprosthetics Theory and Practice, World Scientific Pub Co Inc, 2004.
- Bear, M. F.; Connors, B. W.; Paradiso, M. A., Neuroscienze. Esplorando il cervello, Elsevier, 2007.
- Laurence F. Abbott, Peter Dayan, Theoretical Neuroscience: Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems, MIT Press, 2001, Chapters 5-6.
- Hodgkin, A.L., Huxley, A.F., and Katz, B. Measurement of current-voltage relations in the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo, J.Physiol, 1952.

Problem-based learning to introduce students to the recent advances in biomedical engineering, with a specific emphasis on the design of biomedical devices and systems in the diagnostic area. Students are exposed to the theory associated with the acquisition and recording of biomedical signals through dedicated circuits; use of multimeters, oscilloscopes, spectrum analyzers; sensing and transduction; filtering, conditioning, and amplification stages; A/D conversion, digitalization; post-recording processing. Lab activities in small groups to use virtual design and computational tools to design, propose and validate feasible solutions to real-world biomedical engineering problems of clinical and diagnostic relevance. The introduction covers the principles of formation, recording and basic processing of biological signals. The remaining sections describe diagnostic devices and methods of measurement used by them.

Handouts and textbooks made available on the moodle platform
"Medical Electronic devices” by Marek Penhaker and Martin Imramovsky, available online on the moodle platform

MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD ENERGY ABSORPTION IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
FIELD COMPUTATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION CRITERIA FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT
DANGER LEVELS OF NON-IONIZING ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD EXPOSURE CRITERIA:
1-INTERNATIONAL CRITERIA
2-MODERN NEGATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF NON-IONIZED RADIATION
3-INTERNATIONAL EXPOSURE CRITERIA

• A.S. PRESMAN, ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND LIVE, ED. F.A. BROWN, PLENUM PRESS, 1977.
• AUTORI VARI, WIRELESS PHONES AND HEALTH, ED. GEORGE L. CARLO.
• BIANCHI, LOZITO, MELONI, CAMPI ELETTROMAGNETICI, TECNICHE DI MONITORAGGIO E PRINCIPI DELL’INTERAZIONE BIOLOGICA ED. INGV 2002.
• C. POLK, E. POSTOW, HANDBOOK OF BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS CRC, 1995.
• CEI 106-11 2006 “GUIDA PER LA DETERMINAZIONE DELLE FASCE DI RISPETTO PER GLI ELETTRODOTTI (LINEE AEREE E IN CAVO)”, COMITATO ELETTROTECNICO ITALIANO.
• CEI 211-6 2001, “GUIDA PER LA MISURA E PER LA VALUTAZIONE DI CAMPI ELETTRICI E MAGNETICI NELL’INTERVALLO DI FREQUENZE COMPRESE TRA 0 KHZ E 10 KHZ CON RIFERIMENTO ALL’ESPOSIZIONE UMANA”, COMITATO ELETTROTECNICO ITALIANO.
• CEI 211-7/B 2008 “MISURA E VALUTAZIONE DEL CAMPO ELETTROMAGNETICO EMESSO DAGLI IMPIANTI RADAR DI POTENZA”, COMITATO ELETTROTECNICO ITALIANO.
• CEI EN 50383 2003 “NORME DI BASE PER IL CALCOLO E LA MISURA DELL’INTENSITÀ DI CAMPO ELETTROMAGMETICO E DEL SAR (110 MHZ 40 GHZ)”, COMITATO ELETTROTECNICO ITALIANO.
• GRATTAROLA, MASSOBRIO, BIOELECTRONICS HANDBOOK: MOSFETS BIOSENSORS AND NEURONS, ED. MC GRAW HILL.
• ICNIRP GUIDELINES FOR LIMITING EXPOSURE TO TIME–VARYING ELECTRIC MAGNETIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS (UP 300 GHZ), HEALTH PHYSICS 1999.
• J. MALMIVUO, R. PLONSEY, BIOELETTROMAGNETISM: PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS OF BIOELECTRIC AND BIOMAGNETIC FIELDS, ED. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS.
• K. TH. LIOLIOUSIS, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS, DIAVLOS BOOKS, 1997
• PALANGIO, LOZITO, MELONI, BIANCHI, MONITORAGGIO ELETTROMAGNETICO AMBIENTALE (PROGETTO INTERREGIONALE MEM), ED. INGV 2008.

Knowing how to identify the biomechanical model of the human body and be able to determine the most appropriate geometric and inertial parameters. Know the conceptual and mathematical tools useful for representing human motion in virtual reality and to describe joint kinematics. Being able to estimate the joint moments and forces acting on the hard and soft passive tissues transmitted by the muscles during movement. Being able to describe a motor act using the language of the mechanical work and energy. Understanding the biomechanics of human joints and spine. Know the biomechanics of physical activities of daily living such as walking, climb and descent of stairs, getting up and sitting etc.. Know the basic biomechanical principles to describe and evaluate sports paradigmatic gestures (jumping, throwing, hitting). Being familiar with the tools that allow the measurement of human movement and external forces. Be familiar with the laboratory of movement analysis and experimental protocols. Knowing how to assess risks for the locomotor apparatus in sport and at work. Acquiring the ability to design an experimental procedure, based on the use of these instruments and protocols, for clinical purposes or with reference to sport and ergonomics.

Handouts of the classes; Kinematics of Human Motion e Kinetics of Human Motion di Vladimir M. Zatziorsky, 1998, Human Kinetics, Champaign, Illinois, USA.; Kinematic Analysis of Human Movement, Cheze Laurence, John Wiley & Sons 2014; Gait Analysis: Normal and Pathological Function Perry Jacquelin and Burnfield Judith, SLACK; 2010; An introduction to biomechanics of sport and exercise James Watkins, Churchill Livingstone, 2007.