CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE: classes of inorganic compounds, minimum formula, molecular and structural formula, classes of chemical reactions, organic compounds: hydrocarbons, alcohols, and amines (8 H)
ATOMIC NATURE OF MATTER: atomic structure, atomic mass, mole, isotopes, electromagnetic radiation, Bohr and Schroedinger electronic structure, periodic properties (8 H)
CHEMICAL BOND THEORIES: covalent bond, Lewis structures, VSEPR geometry, ionic bond, electrostatic weak bonds (8 H)
CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PHASES OF MATTER: laws of gases, properties of liquids, Clausius Clapeyron's law, classification and properties of solids, phase transitions and state diagrams (6 H)
TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEMS: solutions, concentration units, the solubility of gases, liquids and solids, colligative properties (6 H)
THERMODYNAMICS AND THERMOCHEMICS, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, principles of thermodynamics, Hess's law, the spontaneity of reactions and the Gibbs energy (8 H)
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM: gas equilibrium, the law of mass action, properties of the equilibrium constant, Van't Hoff's law, Le Chatelier's principle (4 H)
EQUILIBRIA IN WATER SOLUTION: water autoprotolysis, pH, strong and weak acids and bases, polyprotic acids and bases, acid-base equilibria, hydrolysis reactions, buffer solutions, neutralization reactions, solubility product of slightly soluble salts (8 H)
LABORATORY EXPERIENCES AND NUMERICAL EXERCISES: practical exercises and numerical exercises on the topics of the course (24 H)

“Elementi di Chimica” di Palmisano , Marci, Costantini, Luciani, Schiavello (IIa edizione)- EDISES

"Esercizi di chimica generale" di Alessandro Del Zotto - EDISES
“Stechiometria per la chimica generale” di Paola Michelin Lausarot, G. Angelo Vaglio - PICCIN

Introduction to Physical Geography; the composition, the subdivision of the atmosphere; the radiative balance of the Sun / Earth / atmosphere system; the air temperature; atmospheric pressure and winds; the general circulation of the atmosphere; air humidity and precipitation; atmospheric pertubation; meteorological weather and climate; the classification of climates and their distribution; the climate in Italy; climatic variations over time; the hydrological cycle; the sea; the physical-chemical characteristics of seawater; the movements of the sea (waves, currents, tides); Introduction to climate change; general introduction on maps and their construction; the scale of the map; the shape of the Earth (ellipsoid and geoid) and the datum; the geographical network; the concept of latitude and longitude; geographic projections; hints of triangulation; the UTM system; cartographic symbology; reading and interpretation of topographic maps; Italian cartographic production; practical exercises on topographic maps at different scales of detail concerning: the calculation of the geographical and metric coordinates (UTM and Gauss-Boaga), the construction of the topographic profile, the delimitation of the river basin, the calculation of the percentage and angular slope, the altitude of a point, the planimetric and real distances and the magnetic declination for a correct orientation of the card.

MCKNIGHT T.H. & HESS D.H., GEOGRAFIA FISICA. COMPRENDERE IL PAESAGGIO. PICCIN, PADOVA

LUPIA PALMIERI E. & PAROTTO M., IL GLOBO TERRESTRE E LA SUA EVOLUZIONE, ZANICHELLI, BOLOGNA

SAURO U., MENEGHEL M., BONDESAN A. & CASTIGLIONI B. – DALLA CARTA TOPOGRAFICA AL PAESAGGIO. ATLANTE RAGIONATO. – ZETABETA EDITRICE SRL, VICENZA

MORI A. – LE CARTE GEOGRAFICHE E LA LORO LETTURA E INTERPRETAZIONE. – LIBRERIA GOLIARDICA, PISA

▪ Set theory (hints).
▪ Number sets: natural, integers, rational, real and complex numbers.
▪ Vectors and vector calculus.
▪ Matrices, linear algebra and linear systems.
▪ Real-valued functions of one real variable:
- elementary functions: powers, exponentials, logarithms, trigonometric functions;
- limits, derivatives, Taylor formula;
- qualitative study of the graph.
▪ Hints of differential calculus in higher dimensions:
- gradient, directional derivative, Hessian matrix;
- divergence, rotor.

Theory
• Notes of the lectures.
• P. Marcellini, C. Sbordone, Elementi di Calcolo (versione semplificata per i nuovi corsi di laurea), Liguori Editore (2016).
• D. Benedetto, M. Degli Esposti, C. Maffei, Matematica per le Scienze della Vita (III edizione), Casa Editrice Ambrosiana -Zanichelli (2015).

Exercises
• Notes of the lectures.
• P. Marcellini, C. Sbordone, Esercitazioni di Analisi di Matematica I (prima parte e seconda parte), Liguori Editore (2016).
• S. Salsa, A. Squellati, Esercizi di Matematica - Calcolo infinitesimale e algebra lineare, Zanichelli (2001).

The course is organized in three teaching units dedicated to the basic principles of geology and astronomy (The Earth in Space).

The first teaching unit takes place in the first semester, during which topics concerning the general principles of geology and the rock cycle are discussed. The topics covered in this teaching units are detailed in the following. The scientific method: hypothesis, theory, law. The principle of uniformitarianism. Chemical composition of the Earth and its differentiation. The concept of time in geology. The Earth as an integrated system: atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and geosphere. The physiography of the Planet: continents and oceans. The unifying model: plate tectonics. Minerals, rocks and their classification. Igneous rocks: classification criteria. Origin of magmas and their geodynamic context. Volcanoes: shapes and products of volcanic activity. The processes of alteration and the genesis of soils. Sedimentary rocks: their origin and classification. Metamorphic rocks: their origin and classification.
During the first semester, practical activities are dedicated to the macroscopic recognition of minerals and rocks.

The second teaching unit takes place in the second semester, where topics related to the dynamics of planet Earth and sedimentary environments are discussed. The topics covered in this teaching unit are detailed in the following. Earthquakes: genesis and distribution. Tsunamis. Notes on the deformation of rocks: faults and folds. Notes on the origin and structure of the mountain ranges. Recording time in the rocks. Principles of superposition, cross-cutting and intrusion. Stratigraphic gaps and angular unconformities. The fossil record. Radiometric dating. The geological time scale. Surface running waters, deserts, glaciers, coastal environments.
During the second semester, practical activities are devoted to the interpretation of geological maps and the construction of geological sections.

The third teaching unit (The Earth in Space) takes place in the second semester as well. The following topics are covered. Astronomical and geographical elements (the Earth and the celestial sphere; time measurement; the measurement of the Earth). The planet Earth in the Solar System (orbital characteristics of the Earth and the planets; the cyclical orbital variations; the planetary orbit and the climatic control factors). The origin of the Earth and the interactions with the cosmic environment (meteorites and formation of the solar system; accretion of the Earth and of the terrestrial planets; the Earth and the meteorites; the Earth-Moon system).
This teaching unit includes a visit to some of the main astronomical sites of the City of Rome is planned, and in particular at the Meridiana Clementina of the Basilica of S. Maria degli Angeli (Rome) to observe the diurnal and annual motion of the Sun, the effects of seasonality, the astronomical variations connected to the equinoctial precession cycle, the related consequences to the millennial variations of the obliquity of the rotation axis.

Field activity
During the course four field excursions will be carried out, two in the first semester and two in the second semester. The first two will take place within the city of Rome (Parco della Caffarella and historic center), the third will take place in the Prenestini Mountains and the fourth, dedicated to astronomy, again in the historic city center.
The main objective of the field activity is to link the skills acquired during course attendance within the natural environment, represented by the field analysis that represents the geologist's main goal. The specific objectives are: observation of the relationship between morphology and lithology (erodibility, subsurface structure, relief shapes, chemical and mechanical erosion processes), learning data acquisition techniques (strike, dip, azimuth of the dip) and annotating them in the field notebook, reading topographic maps, definition and recognition of geological limits, basic geological cartography, construction of simple geological sections starting from the field data, recognition of the main lithotypes of sedimentary and volcanic rocks and their origin.

During the field experience, several activities are carried out. Virtual astronomical observation at the Rocca di Cave Planetarium: recognition of the main references of the celestial vault, observation of phenomena related to diurnal rotation, recognition of the stars and constellations of the current season, identification of the ecliptic, of the observable planets and their motions, observation of the celestial bodies at the telescope of the observatory station of Rocca di Cave, observations of deep-sky objects and macroscopic details of planetary surfaces, notes on the use of CCD devices for the acquisition of planetary images and data processing.

- John P. Grotzinger Thomas H Jordan. Capire la Terra. Zanichelli, Bologna. Pagine: 752 ISBN: 9788808821232
- Tarbuck E.J., Lutgens F.K. & Tozzi M. – Scienze Della Terra. – Principato, Milano. Pagine: 572 ISBN: 9788841656501
- E. Lupia Palmieri & M. Parotto - La Terra nello spazio. Zanichelli, Bologna. Pagine 456 - ISBN 9788808063892. (Capitoli 3,4)
- J. K. Beatty, C. C. Petersen & A. Chaikin. The New Solar System. Carolyn Collins Petersen. Sky Publishing Corporation-Cambridge University Press. ISBN:0-933346-86-7.
(Capitoli 7,8,11,15,20)

1. Measurement units, physical quantities and vectors
2. Newton's laws of motion
3. Work and energy
4. Linear momentum
5. Rotational motion
6. Fluid mechanics
7. Periodical motions
8. Waves
9. Thermal properties of matter
10. Laws of thermodynamics
11. Introduction to statistics

James S. Walker: Fondamenti di Fisica
H.D. Young, R. A. Freedman and A. L. Ford: Principi di Fisica

INTEGRATION IN ONE VARIABLE
The notion of area. Riemann sums and definite integral. The fundamental theorem of calculus. Integration techniques: integral by subbstitution and by parts; integral of rational functions. Area enclosed by curves. The mean value of a function. Improper integrals.
Length of a curve and curvilinear integral.

ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Separable differential equations. Linear first order differential equations. Second order differential equations with constant coefficients. Vectorial fields. The theorem of existence and uniqueness. The Euler method.

INTEGRALS IN TWO OR MORE VARIABLES
The notion of volume. Integrals in planar domains and in the three-dimensional space. Surface area and integral on a surface.
Change of variables. The divergence theorem, Green's theorem and Stokes' theorem.

PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
The wave and heat equations on an interval.

- D. Benedetto, M. Degli Espositi, C. Maffei, Matematica per le scienze della vita.
- P. Marcellini, C. Sbordone, Calcolo.
- P. Marcellini, C. Sbordone, Esercitazioni di Analisi Matematica I, prima parte e seconda parte.
- J. Stewart, Calculus - Early trascendentals.

Electrical force

Electrical field

Electrostatic energy

Capacitors

Resistivity

DC circuit, Kirchhoff's law

DC circuit, charging of a capacitor

Magnetic field

Laplace's second law

Laplace's first law

Ampère's law

Fileds in continuous fields*

Magnetic induction

Displacement currents

Inductors

AC circuits

EM waves: derivation and general ideas*

EM waves: properties

Propagation of EM waves*

Geometrical optics

Interference

Diffraction, polarisation

* These topics will not be addressed in the written exam.

The course is broadly based on the volume:
H.D. Young, R.A. Feedman, Principi di Fisica vol. 2

Introduction to Geomorphology; Weathering; soils; introduction to air-photo analysis; geomorphological cartography; slope processes, landforms and deposits; river processes, landforms and deposits; glacial processes, landforms and deposits; periglacial processes, landforms and deposits; karst processes, landforms and deposits; aeolian processes, landforms and deposits; tectonic geomorphology; volcanic geomorphology; planation landforms and landscape evolution models. The lab activity includes the interpretation of air photos relative to central Italy.

DRAMIS & OLLIER, Genesi ed evoluzione del rilievo terrestre. PITAGORA EDITRICE BOLOGNA

MCKNIGHT & HESS, Geografia Fisica. PICCIN, PADOVA

CICCACCI, LE FORME DEL RILIEVO, Atlante illustrato di Geomorfologia. MONDADORI UNIVERSITA’

SPAGNA, Aerogeologia. PITAGORA EDITRICE, BOLOGNA.

ANGELELLI, ARCOZZI, MANDOLESI, PRETI, Guida alla fotointerpretazione e restituzione tematica. PITAGORA EDITRICE, BOLOGNA.

GOMARASCA, Elementi di Geomatica. A.I.T., ROMA.

General Palaeontology:
Brief history of Palaeontology (2h).
Taphonomy (2h).
Systematics: classification. the species concept. Different taxonomy schools (2h).
Palaeoecology: marine palaeoecology. Elements of continental palaeoecology. Palaeoichnology (4h).
Biostratigraphy: biozones. Biostratigraphic correlations (4h).
Evolution: fossils and evolution. Lamark’s and Neo-lamarckist’s evoluton theory. Darwin’s evolution theory. Microevolution. Synthetic and Punctuated Equilibria theories. Macroevolution. Extinction. Adaptive radiation (4h).
Palaeobiogeography: the historical biogeography: dispersion and vicariance. The ecological biogeography. Plate tectonics and palaeobiogeography (4h).
Case studies (2h)

Systematic Palaeontology:
Prokaryote and eukaryote cells. The Kingdoms (1h).
Kingdom Protista - Foraminifera: morphology, taxonomy, stratigraphic distribution and palaeoecology. Detailed study on Orbitolinidae, Fusulinidae, Alveolinidae, Nummulitidae, orbitoids, and Globigerinini (6h). Morphology, taxonomy, stratigraphic distribution and palaeoecology of Radiolaria, Tintinnida, Calcareous Nannofossils and Calcareous Algae (1h).
Kingdom Animalia – Porifera: morphology, taxonomy, and palaeoecology (1h).
Cnidaria: morphology, taxonomy, stratigraphic distribution and palaeoecology (1h).
Mollusca: general morphology and taxonomy. Morphology, taxonomy, stratigraphic distribution and palaeoecology of Bivalvia (including detailed study of Superfamily Hippuritoidea), Gastropoda and Cephalopoda (6h).
Arthropoda: general morphology and taxonomy. Morphology and palaeoecology of Trilobita and Ostracoda (2h).
Echinodermata: general morphology and taxonomy. Morphology and palaeoecology of Echinoidea and Crinoidea (2h).
Lophophorata: general morphology and taxonomy. Morphology and palaeoecology of Bryozoa. Morphology, taxonomy, stratigraphic distribution and palaeoecology of Brachiopoda. (2h).
Stratigraphic Palaeontology: the Cambrian and Phanerozoic fauna; (2h).

Laboratory of Palaeontology:
Practical training on micro- and macrofossil morphology (18h).
Microbiofacies analysis of the Neotethyan basinal sedimentary successions during Meso-Cenozoic (example: the Umbro-Marchean succession) (9h).
Microbiofacies analysis of the Neotethyan carbonate platform sedimentary successions during Meso-Ceonozoic (example: the Latium-Abruzzi succession) (9h).

General Paleontology:
Società Paleontologica Italiana (a cura della), 2020 – Manuale di Paleontologia. Fomdamenti – Applicazioni. Idelson-Gnocchi, Napoli.
Raffi S. & Serpagli E., 1993 - Introduzione Alla Paleontologia. U.T.E.T.;
Benton M.J. & Harper D.A.T., 2009 - Introduction to Paleobiology and the fossil record, Wiley-Blackwell.

Systematic Paleontology:
Società Paleontologica Italiana (a cura della), 2020 – Manuale di Paleontologia. Fomdamenti – Applicazioni. Idelson-Gnocchi, Napoli.
Teacher handouts relating to the lessons
Allasinaz A., 1999 - Invertebrati fossili. U.T.E.T.

Paleontological Laboratory:
Teacher handouts relating to the lessons.

Course Program – 1st semester
Introduction. Definition of crystal and mineral. Mineralogy in earth science. Minerals as economic resource. History of mineralogy.
Crystal morphology. Symmetry and symmetry operations. The 32 points groups. Crystallographic axes. The 32 classes and seven systems of crystals. Axial ratios, Weiss parameters, Miller indices of crystal faces. Crystal forms and crystal habit. Twinning. Stereographic projection of crystal faces and forms.
Crystal structures. Translational symmetry: rows, plane and three-dimensional lattices. The 14 Bravais lattices. Symmetry operations with translation: screw axes and glide planes. The 230 space groups.
Crystal chemistry. Atoms and ions: structure, electron affinity, ionization energy, electronegativity, atomic and ionic radii. Chemical bonds and bonding. Packing, coordination, charge balance. Pauling's rules.
Energetics and mineral stability. Basic thermodynamic concepts. Crystallization and crystal growth. Solid solutions. Phase transitions and phase diagrams. Polymorphism. Twinning and crystal defects.
Chemical composition of minerals. Calculation of mineral formulas from chemical analyses. Graphical representation and interpretation of data.
Physical properties of minerals. Mechanical (hardness, cleavage, tenacity etc.), electrical, magnetic properties. Specific gravity. Color and optical effects (asterism, chatoyancy, play of colors, etc.).
Systematic mineralogy. Mineral classification. Systematic of non-silicate minerals. Systematic of silicate minerals.
Practical. Crystal morphology. Stereographic projections. Identification of minerals in hand specimen.

Course Program – 2nd semester.
Optical properties. Nature of light as an electromagnetic wave: wave nomenclature, wave front, wave normal, phase and interference. Polarizing microscope. Reflection, refraction, dispersion and polarization. Refractive indices and Snell's law. Birefringence. Uniaxial and biaxial indicatrix. Optical properties of minerals using polarized light: color, form and habit, cleavage, pleochroism, refractive index, relief, Becke line. Optical properties of minerals using crossed polars: interference colors, extinction, and elongation sign. Optical properties of minerals using convergent polarized light: uniaxial and biaxial interference figures (optic sign, 2v and birefringence). Optical properties of the most common rock forming minerals.
Laboratory. Introduction to the petrographic microscope. Relief and Becke line test. Color and pleochroism. Interference colors and birefringence estimation. Interference figures of uniaxial and biaxial minerals. Optical properties and identification of the principal rock forming minerals.

Klein c. (2004). Mineralogia. Zanichelli.
Deer W.A., Howie R.A. & Zussman Jj. (1994). Introduzione ai minerali che costituiscono le rocce. Zanichelli.
Mottana A. (1989). Fondamenti di mineralogia geologica. Zanichelli.

And eventually also:
Dyar M.D. e Gunter M. (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America.
Putnis A. (1992). Introduction to Mineral Sciences. Cambridge University Press.
Bloss F.D. (1999). Optical crystallography. Mineralogical Society of America.

Introduction and math background: scalars and vector operations, divergence, curl, gradient, tensors, matrix algebra
Elasticity: stress and strain tensors, Hooke's law, general elasticity relationships, Elastic moduli: Young, incompressibility, shear, Lamè constants, circular diagram of 2-D stress (Mohr circle).
Granular media: classificationa and mechanical properties, strenght, lishopsheric stress pattern, saturated media: Terzahi principle, effective pressure, total pressure. Dyanmic conditions, flow motion and Darcy's law
Rheology: Fragile behaviour, viscositym visco-elastic models (MAxwella nd Kelving-Voigt) .
Elastic waves: origin and propagation of P and S- waves, reflection and transmission coefficients, moment tensor and focal mechanisms (beach balls)

- Introduzione alla Meccanica delle Terre e delle Rocce (Cozzi, Della Monica)
- Fundamental of Geophysics, Lowrie, Cambridge ed.

LECTURES
Module 1. INTRODUCTION
Plate tectonics and plate margins. The Wilson cycle. Composition and structure of the crust and lithosphere: continental and oceanic (ophiolites). Main provinces composing the plates. Distribution of rocks on the Earth's surface in the world and in Italy. The rock cycle. General concepts and principles of stratigraphy. The time scale. Stratigraphic units. Lithostratigraphy (units and relationships between units) and its applications (e.g., geological maps, sedimentary environments, correlations). Main sedimentary basins in divergent, convergent and transcurrent contexts: classification and controlling factors. Main deformation mechanisms in the crust.
Module 2. LITHOGENESIS AND DEFORMATION OF DIVERGENT MARGINS
Distribution of divergent margins in the plate puzzle. Brittle extensional tectonics: normal faults, normal fault systems (geometry, kinematics). Extensional sedimentary basins and their tectono-stratigraphic evolution: from continental rift to oceanic rift, development of passive margins. Anatomy and classification of passive margins. Salt tectonics. Oceanic rift (morphology, magmatism, metamorphism). Models of divergent margin evolution: pure shear, simple shear.
Module 3. LITHOGENESIS AND DEFORMATION OF CONVERGENT MARGINS
Distribution of convergent margins in the plate puzzle. Evolution of convergent margins: from subduction to collision (magmatism and metamorphism). Brittle compressional tectonics: reverse faults, overthrusts, folds. Fold and overthrust systems (geometry, kinematics). Sedimentary basins in convergent contexts and their tectono-stratigraphic evolution: oceanic trench basins, forearc and retroarc basins, foredeep and thrust-top basins. Anatomy and classification of orogens.
Module 4. LITHOGENESIS AND DEFORMATION OF TRANSFORM MARGINS
Distribution of transform margins in the plate puzzle. Brittle transcurrent tectonics: transcurrent faults and strike-slip deformation systems (geometry, kinematics). Sedimentary basins in transcurrent contexts.

IN-DOOR LABORATORY
Introduction to the study of sedimentary rocks; siliciclastic rocks; carbonate rocks and marine carbonate environments; evaporitic rocks; rocks of organic origin; residual rocks. Introduction to Geological Map Reading. Reading and interpretation of the geological map of the Grand Canyon on a small scale, Sora sheet on a 100,000 scale, Spoleto sheet on a 50,000 scale, use of stereographic projections to represent geological planes and lines, use of the compass.

FIELD TRIP (Interdisciplinary field work)
Geological-regional Excursion through the central Italy, from the Tuscan-Lazio peri-Tyrrhenian extensional margin to the Umbria-Marche Apennine fold and thrust belt, with the development of three main themes and five thematic exercises for the collection and processing of field data.
Theme 1. Tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the peri-Tyrrhenian margin (Tarquinia, Civitavecchia)
Aims and methods: reconstruction of coastal uplift through morphological survey and micropaleontological sampling of marine terraces (in the field), microscopic analysis of microfauna meaning for age and facies assessment, analysis of aerial photographs, integration of analytical results (in the classroom), calculation of uplift and drafting of a descriptive report on the recent evolution of the margin.
Theme 2. Tectonic, magmatic and sedimentary evolution of the peri-Tyrrhenian margin and relations with the compressional evolution of the Apennine chain (Boccheggiano, Massa Marittima)
Aims and methods: reconstruction of survey excerpts and framing of the deformation style and extensional kinematics and of the associated lithogenetic processes (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic rocks) by means of geological survey for the collection of field data, measurement of plane and line attitude, rock recognition, processing of the data collected for the reconstruction of the main structures surveyed.
Theme 3. Tectonic-stratigraphic evolution of the Apennine chain in the Umbria-Marches domain (Valnerina)
Aims and methods: reconstruction of simple geological maps and regional cross sections to assess the deformation style and kinematics of Miocene compressional tectonics and Quaternary extensional tectonics. Collection of meso-scale structural data. Reconstruction of the Meso-Cenozoic stratigraphic succession. Pleistocene stratigraphic and morphologic evolution (through travertine analysis) of the Nera River at the confluence with the Corno River. Reading and interpretation of geological and topographical cartography at various scales.

Handouts and scientific articles distributed by the lecturer

Mottana M., Crespi R. Minerali e rocce. ISBN 9788837029562

PRESS Frank , SIEVER Raymond , GROTZINGER John , JORDAN Thomas H 2006. CAPIRE LA TERRA. ISBN 978-8808-07991-6 Trad. di P. Fredi, revisione di E. Lupia Palmieri e M. Parotto. Zanichelli ed. pp. 672

Tucker ME 2010. Geologia del sedimentario 2010. Rocce, strutture sedimentarie, ambienti deposizionali. ISBN 9788857900414. 384 pp.

Venturini c. 2012. Realizzare e leggere carte e sezioni geologiche Un approccio alla geologia di terreno e alla sua rappresentazione cartografica. dario flaccovio ed.ISBN 9788857901534. pp.224.

Module 1. INTRODUCTION

Plate tectonics and plate margins. The Wilson cycle. Composition and structure of the crust and lithosphere: continental and oceanic (ophiolites). Main provinces composing the plates. Distribution of rocks on the Earth's surface in the world and in Italy. The rock cycle. General concepts and principles of stratigraphy. The time scale. Stratigraphic units. Lithostratigraphy (units and relationships between units) and its applications (e.g., geological maps, sedimentary environments, correlations). Main sedimentary basins in divergent, convergent and transcurrent contexts: classification and controlling factors. Main deformation mechanisms in the crust.

Module 2. LITHOGENESIS AND DEFORMATION OF DIVERGENT MARGINS

Distribution of divergent margins in the plate puzzle. Brittle extensional tectonics: normal faults, normal fault systems (geometry, kinematics). Extensional sedimentary basins and their tectono-stratigraphic evolution: from continental rift to oceanic rift, development of passive margins. Anatomy and classification of passive margins. Salt tectonics. Oceanic rift (morphology, magmatism, metamorphism). Models of divergent margin evolution: pure shear, simple shear.

Module 3. LITHOGENESIS AND DEFORMATION OF CONVERGENT MARGINS

Distribution of convergent margins in the plate puzzle. Evolution of convergent margins: from subduction to collision (magmatism and metamorphism). Brittle compressional tectonics: reverse faults, overthrusts, folds. Fold and overthrust systems (geometry, kinematics). Sedimentary basins in convergent contexts and their tectono-stratigraphic evolution: oceanic trench basins, forearc and retroarc basins, foredeep and thrust-top basins. Anatomy and classification of orogens.

Module 4. LITHOGENESIS AND DEFORMATION OF TRANSFORM MARGINS

Distribution of transform margins in the plate puzzle. Brittle transcurrent tectonics: transcurrent faults and strike-slip deformation systems (geometry, kinematics). Sedimentary basins in transcurrent contexts.



IN-DOOR LABORATORY

Introduction to the study of sedimentary rocks; siliciclastic rocks; carbonate rocks and marine carbonate environments; evaporitic rocks; rocks of organic origin; residual rocks. Introduction to Geological Map Reading. Reading and interpretation of the geological map of the Grand Canyon on a small scale, Sora sheet on a 100,000 scale, Spoleto sheet on a 50,000 scale, use of stereographic projections to represent geological planes and lines, use of the compass.



FIELD TRIP (Interdisciplinary field work)

Geological-regional Excursion through the central Italy, from the Tuscan-Lazio peri-Tyrrhenian extensional margin to the Umbria-Marche Apennine fold and thrust belt, with the development of three main themes and five thematic exercises for the collection and processing of field data.

Theme 1. Tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the peri-Tyrrhenian margin (Tarquinia, Civitavecchia)

Aims and methods: reconstruction of coastal uplift through morphological survey and micropaleontological sampling of marine terraces (in the field), microscopic analysis of microfauna meaning for age and facies assessment, analysis of aerial photographs, integration of analytical results (in the classroom), calculation of uplift and drafting of a descriptive report on the recent evolution of the margin.

Theme 2. Tectonic, magmatic and sedimentary evolution of the peri-Tyrrhenian margin and relations with the compressional evolution of the Apennine chain (Boccheggiano, Massa Marittima)

Aims and methods: reconstruction of survey excerpts and framing of the deformation style and extensional kinematics and of the associated lithogenetic processes (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic rocks) by means of geological survey for the collection of field data, measurement of plane and line attitude, rock recognition, processing of the data collected for the reconstruction of the main structures surveyed.

Theme 3. Tectonic-stratigraphic evolution of the Apennine chain in the Umbria-Marches domain (Valnerina)

Aims and methods: reconstruction of simple geological maps and regional cross sections to assess the deformation style and kinematics of Miocene compressional tectonics and Quaternary extensional tectonics. Collection of meso-scale structural data. Reconstruction of the Meso-Cenozoic stratigraphic succession. Pleistocene stratigraphic and morphologic evolution (through travertine analysis) of the Nera River at the confluence with the Corno River. Reading and interpretation of geological and topographical cartography at various scales.

Lecture notes and scientific articles distributed by the teacher

Mottana M., Crespi R. Minerali e rocce. ISBN 9788837029562

PRESS Frank , SIEVER Raymond , GROTZINGER John , JORDAN Thomas H 2006. CAPIRE LA TERRA. ISBN 978-8808-07991-6 Trad. di P. Fredi, revisione di E. Lupia Palmieri e M. Parotto. Zanichelli ed. pp. 672

Tucker ME 2010. Geologia del sedimentario 2010. Rocce, strutture sedimentarie, ambienti deposizionali. ISBN 9788857900414. 384 pp.

Venturini c. 2012. Realizzare e leggere carte e sezioni geologiche Un approccio alla geologia di terreno e alla sua rappresentazione cartografica. dario flaccovio ed.ISBN 9788857901534. pp.224.

Study of marine terraces (Tarquinia and Montalto di Castro area, northern Latium) and their tectonic meaning by field survey, air-photo interpretation and palaeontologic analysis.

hand-outs provided by the professor

The first part of the Muldisciplinary field activity (Paleontology) consists of one day on the field and two ays of laboratorial activity. The field activity is carried out in the Tarquinia and Montalto Di Castro areas (northern Latium) the laboratorial activity is developed in the Roma Tre Laboratory of Paleontology and Photogeology, provided with steromicroscopes. During the first day, students learn how to draw a stratigraphic log of two sedimentary successions, characterised by different thicknesses and lithologies, measuring the bedding and making microscopical observations on the rock texture, mineralogical and paleontological composition (with the 10x lens). Students collect two samples that will be studied in the following days.
During the two following days in the Lab, students carry on the micropaleontological analysis of the collected samples, counting benthic and planktonic foraminifers and picking the ostracod valves for their specific identification and the calculation of the percentage frequencies.
At the end of the analyses, students, guided by teachers, discuss the results providing the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the examined sedimentary successions in the frame of the landscape evolution. Finally, students are required to write a report which includes two topographic profiles, two geomorphological maps of terraces, the calculations to obtain the palaeo-bathymetry of the examined deposits and the Plio-Pleistocene uplift rates of the studied Tyrrhenian coastal sector.

Atlas of Ostracods (Teacher handhouts)

Criteria for recognition of eruptive, magmatic and metamorphic rocks and relative textures in the field. Recognition of primary and secondary (tectonic) foliation in metamorphic rocks. Recognition and cartographic representation of faults, bedding and lithological contacts.

lecture notes provided by the teacher

First part: igneous petrology
classification and nomenclature of igneous rocks. igneous structures and field relationship.
diversification of magmas. magmatism and plate tectonic.

Second part: metamorphic petrology
The types of metamorphism. classification of metamorphic rocks. structures and textures of metamorphic rocks

MATERIALS FURNISHED BY THE PROFESSOR.

PARTE I :
COSMOCHIMICA (2H). PROCESSI DI NUCLEOSINTESI E STABILITÀ DEGLI ELEMENTI (2H). ABBONDANZA DEGLI ELEMENTI NELLA TERRA E LORO DISTRIBUZIONE NELLE SFERE GEOCHIMICHE (4H). LA CLASSIFICAZIONE GEOCHIMICA DEGLI ELEMENTI: MAGGIORI, MINORI, IN TRACCE (4H). COMPORTAMENTO DEGLI ELEMENTI NEL CORSO DEI PROCESSI MAGMATICI: COEFFICIENTE DI RIPARTIZIONE, ELEMENTI COMPATIBILI E INCOMPATIBILI (4H). MODELLAZIONE GEOCHIMICA DEI PROCESSI DI FUSIONE PARZIALE E CRISTALLIZZAZIONE FRAZIONATA (4H). INTRODUZIONE ALLA GEOCRONOLOGIA RADIOMETRICA (4H): ACCUMULATION CLOCK, DECAY CLOCK, DISEQUILIBRIUM. METODI CRONOLOGICI DEL K/AR, C-14 E RB/SR. INTRODUZIONE ALLA GEOCHIMICA DEGLI ISOTOPI STABILI (2H).
PARTE II:
COMPORTAMENTO DEGLI ELEMENTI DURANTE I PROCESSI SUPERGENICI. PROCESSI DI WEATHERING E RUOLO DELL’ACQUA (4H). FATTORI CHE CONTROLLANO IL COMPORTAMENTO GEOCHIMICO DEGLI ELEMENTI DURANTE IL TRASPORTO E LA SEDIMENTAZIONE: POTENZIALE IONICO, PH, EH (4H). PROCESSI DI ASSORBIMENTO (2H). GEOCHIMICA DELL’IDROSFERA: ACQUE CONTINENTALI (SUPERFICIALI E SOTTERRANEE) (6H). INTERAZIONE ACQUA/ROCCIA. ACQUE MINERALI E LORO UTILIZZAZIONE DA PARTE DELL’UOMO (4H). CENNI DI RADIOATTIVITÀ AMBIENTALE, CON PARTICOLARE RIFERIMENTO AL PROBLEMA RADON. MISURA DELLA RADIOATTIVITÀ NATURALE ATTRAVERSO LA SPETTROMETRIA GAMMA (4H).

W.M. WHITE (2005) - GEOCHEMISTRY, available online at the following address: http://www.imwa.info/geochemistry

PARTE I :
COSMOCHIMICA. PROCESSI DI NUCLEOSINTESI E STABILITÀ DEGLI ELEMENTI. ABBONDANZA DEGLI ELEMENTI NELLA TERRA E LORO DISTRIBUZIONE NELLE SFERE GEOCHIMICHE. LA CLASSIFICAZIONE GEOCHIMICA DEGLI ELEMENTI: MAGGIORI, MINORI, IN TRACCE. COMPORTAMENTO DEGLI ELEMENTI NEL CORSO DEI PROCESSI MAGMATICI: COEFFICIENTE DI RIPARTIZIONE, ELEMENTI COMPATIBILI E INCOMPATIBILI. MODELLAZIONE GEOCHIMICA DEI PROCESSI DI FUSIONE PARZIALE E CRISTALLIZZAZIONE FRAZIONATA. INTRODUZIONE ALLA GEOCRONOLOGIA RADIOMETRICA: ACCUMULATION CLOCK, DECAY CLOCK, DISEQUILIBRIUM. METODI CRONOLOGICI DEL K/AR, C-14 E RB/SR. INTRODUZIONE ALLA GEOCHIMICA DEGLI ISOTOPI STABILI.
PARTE II :
COMPORTAMENTO DEGLI ELEMENTI DURANTE I PROCESSI SUPERGENICI. PROCESSI DI WEATHERING E RUOLO DELL’ACQUA. FATTORI CHE CONTROLLANO IL COMPORTAMENTO GEOCHIMICO DEGLI ELEMENTI DURANTE IL TRASPORTO E LA SEDIMENTAZIONE: POTENZIALE IONICO, PH, EH. PROCESSI DI ASSORBIMENTO. GEOCHIMICA DELL’IDROSFERA: ACQUE CONTINENTALI (SUPERFICIALI E SOTTERRANEE). INTERAZIONE ACQUA/ROCCIA. ACQUE MINERALI E LORO UTILIZZAZIONE DA PARTE DELL’UOMO. CENNI DI RADIOATTIVITÀ AMBIENTALE, CON PARTICOLARE RIFERIMENTO AL PROBLEMA RADON. MISURA DELLA RADIOATTIVITÀ NATURALE ATTRAVERSO LA SPETTROMETRIA GAMMA.

- GEOCHEMISTRY - W.M. WHITE (2013) WILEY

The course program includes the presentation and discussion of the following topics:
INFLUENCE OF GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN ENGINEERING PROJECTS AND ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; ELEMENTS OF SOIL MECHANICS: PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION, ATTEMBERG LIMITS, CHARACTERIZATION OF SOILS, EFFECTIVE STRESS, CONSOLIDATION; ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF ROCKS AND SOILS; HYDROGEOLOGY: DARCY’S LAW, HYDROGEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ROCKS AND SOILS, TYPES OF SPRING, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GROUNDWATER, HYDROGEOLOGICAL BUDGET, COLLCETION OF GROUNDWATER, WELLS AND SPRINGS; GEOGNOSTIC SURVEY: PLANNING, EXECUTING AND MANAGEMENT OF A GEOGNOSTIC SURVEY, MECHANICAL TESTS IN SITU, ROCK AND SOIL SAMPLING, ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING, TYPES OF FOUNDATION, LEGAL AND TECHNICAL STANDARDS; GEOLOGICAL, HYDROGEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL SURVEY; GEOTHEMATIC MAPS; GEOLOGICAL REPORT

- GONZÀLES DE VALLEJO L.I., GEOINGEGNERIA, PEARSON EDUCATION ITALIA (MI);
- CASADIO M. & ELMI C., IL MANUALE DEL GEOLOGO, EDITRICE PITAGORA (BO);
- CESTARI F., PROVE GEOTECNICHE IN SITU, EDIZIONI GEO-GRAPH (SEGRATE-MI);
- SCESI L.,PAPINI M. & GATTINONI P., PRINCIPI DI GEOLOGIA APPLICATA, CASA EDITRICE AMBROSIANA (MI);
- CERBINI G., IL MANUALE DELLE ACQUE SOTTERRANEE, EDITRICE GEO-GRAPH (SEGRATE-MI);
- VALLARIO A., FRANE E TERRITORIO, LIGUORI EDITORE (NA);
- MASSIMO CIVITA, IDROGEOLOGIA APPLICATA E AMBIENTALE, CASA EDITRICE AMBROSIANA (MI).

The course is divided into three main blocks:

1) Principles of geophysics for the structure and dynamics of the Earth.
Earth's structure from seismological, gravimetric and magnetic data
2) Plate tectonics:
Principles of plate tectonics, kinematics and velocity models. From kinematics to dynamics.
3) Regional tectonics.
Subduction and collision processes. The Western Pacific. The Eastern Pacific the Andean system. The Tethyan system: from the Himalayan collision to the Mediterranean.

Practical exercises are focused on reading geological maps and creating geological sections and description of metamorphic and igneous rocks.

C.M.R. Fowler, "The Solid Earth An Introduction to Global Geophysics" (Cambridge University Press) and presentation and other materials.

The course is divided into three main blocks:

1) Principles of geophysics for the structure and dynamics of the Earth.
Earth's structure from seismological, gravimetric and magnetic data
2) Plate tectonics:
Principles of plate tectonics, kinematics and velocity models. From kinematics to dynamics.
3) Regional tectonics.
Subduction and collision processes. The Western Pacific. The Eastern Pacific the Andean system. The Tetidean system: from the Himalayan collision to the Mediterranean.

Practical exercises are focused on reading geological maps, creating geological sections and recognizing igneous and metamorphic rocks and the geodynamics processes that led to their development.

C.M.R. Fowler, "The Solid Earth An Introduction to Global Geophysics" (Cambridge University Press)

Additional material will be provided during by the instructors during the classes

Additional reading:
Allan Cox and Robert B. Hart, "La tettonica delle placche: meccanismi e modalità" (Edizioni Zanichelli)

Introduction to metamorphic processes. Types of metamorphism, metamorphism and geodynamics. Metamorphic rocks: compositional classes and metamorphic facies series. Criteria for recognition of metamorphic rocks in the field. Recognition of primary and secondary foliation in metamorphic rocks. The main lithological types in regional metamorphism

Notes provided by the teacher

IGNEOUS PETROLOGY
THE EARTH’S INTERIOR.CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE OF IGNEOUS ROCKS. IGNEOUS STRUCTURES AND FIELD RELATIONSHIP. AN INTRODUCTION TO THERMODYNAMICS. TWO COMPONENT SYSTEMS. BINARY EUTECTIC SYSTEMS. BINARY PERITECTIC SYSTEMS. BINARY SYSTEMS WITH COMPLETE SOLID SOLUTION. THREE-COMPONENT (TERNARY) SYSTEMS. REACTIONS SERIES. CHEMICAL PETROLOGY: MAJOR AND MINOR ELEMENTS. TRACE ELEMENTS AND ISOTOPES.GENERATION OF BASALTIC MAGMAS. DIVERSIFICATION OF MAGMAS. MAGMATISM ADN PLATE TECTONIC. MID-OCEAN RIDGE VOLCANISM. OCEANIC INTRAPLATE VOLCANISM. SUBDUCTION-RELATED IGNEOUS ACTIVITY. PLUTONIC BELTS OF CONTINENTAL ARCS. GRANITOID ROCKS.

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY
METAMORPHIC AGENTS AND CHANGES. THE TYPES OF METAMORPHISM. CLASSIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS. STRUCTURES AND TEXTURES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS. ISOGRADS, METAMORPHIC FACIES, AND PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE EVOLUTION. ASSEMBLAGE, REACTIONS AND EQUILIBRIUM. CONTROL OF METAMORPHIC REACTIONS. METAMORPHISM OF MAFIC AND ULTRAMAFIC IGNEOUS ROCKS. METAMORPHISM OF ALUMINOUS CLASTIC ROCKS. METAMORPHISM OF CALCAREOUS ROCKS.

1)AN INTRODUCTION TO IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY. JOHN D. WINTER.PRENTICE HALL NEW JERSEY.
2)ESSENTIALS OF IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY B. RONALD FROST CAROL D. FROSTCAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
3) LE ROCCE E I LORO COSTITUENTI. LUCIO MORBIDELLI SCIENZE E LETTERE
4) PETROGRAFIA MICROSCOPICA. ZEZZA U. LA GOLIARDICA PAVESE
5)MATERIAL FURNISHED BY THE PROFESSOR

Third part: practical teaching in the mineralogy and petrology laboratory. The teaching consists in the study and recognition in thin section of the most common igneous and metamorphic rocks.

First (igneous petrology) and second part (metamorphic petrology):
- An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. John D. Winter.Prentice Hall New Jersey.
- Magmatismo E Metamorfismo. D’amico C., Innocenti, F., Sassi F.P. Utet.

Third part (practical teaching):
- Petrografia Microscopica. Zezza U. La Goliardica Pavese

THIS COURSE ADDRESSES SOME BASIC NOTIONS (FACIES, ROCK FORMING PROCESSES, TECTONIC PROCESSES, WEATHERING, ETC.) TOGETHER WITH SOME TECHNIQUES FOR COLLECTING DATA FROM THE FIELD AND REPRESENTING THEM ON A MAP. THIS COURSE ADDRESSES SOME MAIN POINTS: 1) AIMS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (COGNITIVE AND APPLIED); 2) USE OF DIFFERENT MAP SCALES; 3) METHODS FOR DOING THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC, BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC, CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC, AND MIXED CRITERIA). AIDS FOR THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY: BE ABLE FOR READING TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS AND INTERPRETING AERO PHOTOS, MEASUREMENTS OF GEOLOGICAL SURFACES, PRINCIPLES OF STRATIMETRY (BEDDING, REAL AND APPARENT THICKNESS, INTERSECTION LINE BETWEEN DIFFERENT SURFACES), MACROSCOPIC OBSERVATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE MAIN ROCK TYPES. GEOMETRIES OF UNDEFORMED AND DEFORMED ROCKS. BASIC UNITS FOR THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY: FROM FORMATION TO UBSU.
INTRODUCTION TO THE LAB AND FIELD ACTIVITIES: THE MAIN FIELD OPERATIONS AND DATA PROCESSING.
THE FIELD ACTIVITIES WILL BE DONE IN FIELD TRIPS LEADED IN DIFFERENT GEOLOGICAL AREAS FOR WORKING ON KEY AREAS OF THE CENTRAL APENNINES. EACH FIELD TRIP WILL BE PREPARED IN CLASSROOM, LOOKING AT BOTH THE MORPHOLOGICAL AND THE GEOLOGICAL SETTING OF THE AREA. SUBSEQUENTLY, ONE DAY OF FIELD TRIP ALLOW STUDENTS TO COLLECT GEOLOGICAL DATA FROM THE KEY AREA. DURING THEIR FIELD WORK STUDENTS WILL BE LEADED TO TAKE BEDDING AND FAULT PLANE MEASUREMENTS, TO RECOGNIZE THE MAIN ROCK TYPES USING A FIELD LENS, TO DRAW STRATIGRAPHIC LOGS, TO TAKE THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS, AND TO DO OTHER ACTIVITIES USEFUL TO UNDERSTAND THE GEOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF THAT KEY AREA. ONE OF THE MAJOR POINTS OF THE FIELD ACTIVITIES WILL BE TO PUT THE GEOLOGICAL DATA ON BOTH THE TOPO MAP AND ON THE FIELD BOOK.
THE COLLECTED DATA WILL BE MANAGED IN CLASSROOM AND WILL BE INTEGRATED WITH AERO PHOTOS OBSERVATIONS. FOR EACH FIELD EXPERIENCE, STUDENTS WILL PROVIDE A GEOLOGICAL MAP WITH SOME SCHEMES, INCLUDING THE STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT MAPPED UNITS, AND SOME CROSS-SECTIONS, TO ILLUSTRATE THE 3D SETTING OF THE ANALYSED AREA.
WHEN IT IS THE CASE, SOME TECHNICAL ASPECTS WILL BE DISCUSSED FOR THE DIFFERENT ANALYSED AREAS (HYDROGEOLOGICAL SETTING, TUNNELLING OR ROAD CONSTRUCTIONS, ETC.)

CREMONINI G. - RILEVAMENTO GEOLOGICO. - ED. PITAGORA, BOLOGNA, 1985.
DAMIANI A. - GEOLOGIA SUL TERRENO E RILEVAMENTO GEOLOGICO. - ED. GRASSO, BOLOGNA, 1984.
BUTLER B.C. & BELL J.D.- LETTURA E INTERPRETAZIONE DELLE CARTE GEOLOGICHE. - ED. ZANICHELLI, BOLOGNA, 1991.
VENTURINI C. – REALIZZARE E LEGGERE CARTE E SEZIONI GEOLOGICHE. – FLACCOVIO DARIO EDITORE, PALERMO, 2012.
MORE: GEOLOGICAL MAPS, TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS, AERO PHOTOS, AND ARTICLES ON THE GEOLOGY OF THE DIFFERENT AREAS THAT WILL BE OBJECT OF THE FIELD TRIPS, WILL BE PROVIDED BY THE PERSONNEL RESPONSIBLE FOR THE COURSE.