States of Nature: Desire and Need from Plato to Modern Philosophy.
The course aims to consider the philosophical anthropology underlying conceptions of the state of nature in modernity. Its aim is to focus on desire and need as two different drivers of the transition from the state of nature to civil society.

- Plato, The Symposium [any edition]
- T. Hobbes, Leviathan, Part One [any edition]
- D. Hume, Treatise on Human Nature, Book III. On Morals [any edition]
- K. Marx, "Forms preceding capitalist production", in Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy (Grundrisse) [photocopies provided by the professor]

Tragic and Sublime in Ancient Aesthetics

Aristotele, Poetica, a cura di G. Paduano, Laterza.
Il sublime, a cura di G.Lombardo, Mimesis
G. Lombardo, L'estetica antica, Il Mulino

The course aims at presenting one of the main nodes of the so-called Philosophies of Habit, that is the reflection on the relationship between crisis and modification of individual and social habits at the heart of several philosophical reflections on habit from modernity onwards, with particular attention to the development that this theme assumes especially from the 19th century, at the crossroads between philosophy, psychology and social sciences. The first didactic unit (3 CFU) will be devoted to an overview of philosophical theories on habits and customs, from antiquity onwards, with particular attention to the twentieth-century theories of Durkheim, Dewey and Bourdieu. The second didactic unit (3 CFU) will focus on the relationship between crisis and interruption of habits, starting from the analysis of some texts of the late nineteenth century (Dumont, Peirce), and extending the attention to traumatic historical-social events such as the Covid-19 pandemic.

U.D.1:
1. Marco Piazza, Creature dell’abitudine. Abito, costume, seconda natura da Aristotele alle scienze cognitive, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2018 (limitedly to chapters 1,2,5)
2. Beate Krais, Gunter Gebauer, Habitus, Rome, Armando, 2009.
U.D.2:
3. Léon Dumont, L'abitudine (1876), ed. D. Vincenti, Milan, Mimesis, 2020
4.Charles S. Peirce, Il fissarsi della credenza (1877), in Opere, ed. M.A. Bonfantini, Milan, Bompiani, 2003, pp. 357-371.
5. Charles S. Peirce, Come chiarire le nostre idee (1878), in Opere, ed. M.A. Bonfantini, Milan, Bompiani, 2003, pp. 377-393.
6. Corinna Guerra, Marco Piazza (eds.), Disruption of Habits during the Global Pandemic, Milan, Mimesis International, 2022 (a selection of almost five chapters).

The thought of Thomas Aquinas in the contemporary philosophical debate.

Tommaso d’Aquino, La conoscenza di Dio, Fabbri Editori, RCS, Milano, 2001.
S. L. Brock, Percorsi di sapienza naturale. Dodici lezioni sulla metafisica di San Tommaso, Edusc, Roma, 2022.
L. Messinese, Il filosofo e la fede, Vita e Pensiero, Milano, 2022.
B. Ippolito, "DETRONIZZARE LA VERITA'?, Forum, Vol. 7, 2021, pp. 147–168.
M. Micheletti, “IL CONTRIBUTO DEL TOMISMO ANALITICO ALLA FILOSOFIA CONTEMPORANEA. DALL'ANTROPOLOGIA ALLA TEOLOGIA NATURALE E AL DIBATTITO SULL'ONTOLOGIA.” Divus Thomas, vol. 117, no. 2, 2014, pp. 110–175.
M. Marassi, “IL PROBLEMA DEL FONDAMENTO NEI CONTRIBUTI DELLA «RIVISTA DI FILOSOFIA NEO-SCOLASTICA»: A MARGINE DELLA PIÙ FAMOSA DISPUTA.” Rivista Di Filosofia Neo-Scolastica, vol. 101, no. 1/3, 2009, pp. 323–348.
D. Sacchi, “LA PRESENZA DI GUSTAVO BONTADINI SULLA «RIVISTA DI FILOSOFIA NEO-SCOLASTICA» NELLA SECONDA METÀ DEL NOVECENTO.” Rivista Di Filosofia Neo-Scolastica, vol. 101, no. 1/3, 2009, pp. 217–284.

Money, Value, Intellect

What is money? This question seems harmless since money is an object that has permeated our existence since birth; all the more so in today’s world, where financial markets often dictate our form of life. Nevertheless the answer is complicated. So much so that, in order to illustrate what money is, it is necessary to introduce and explain two fundamental philosophical concepts: value and intellect. This course will be devoted to clarifying the notions of ‘money’, ‘value’ and ‘intellect’ in modern and contemporary society; primarily through the thought of Karl Marx and Georg Simmel, as they analyzed those concepts in their major works. In order to fully grasp contemporary world, extensive reference will be made to feminist elaborations on the concepts of ‘value’ and ‘reproduction’.

Marx K., Il capitale. Critica dell’economia politica, Libro primo, capitoli primo e terzo, paragrafo 3 del capitolo quarto;
Simmel G., Filosofia del denaro, capitoli primo (del paragrafo III, passi scelti), secondo (passi scelti) e quarto (solo il paragrafo I);
Fortunati L., L’arcano della riproduzione. Casalinghe, prostitute, operai e capitale, capitoli 1-6-8 (available/downloadable in PDF on Moodle).

Sensations and feelings of our time

A. Mazzarella, Le relazioni pericolose. Sensazioni e sentimenti del nostro tempo, Bollati Boringhieri, Torino 2018.
Ph. Roth, L'animale morente, Einaudi, Torino 2013.
W. G. Sebald, Austerlitz, Adelphi, Milano 2006.

This course aims at giving the students the basic concepts of applied ethics and the relation between ethics and communication (with a specific interest in film communication).

The goal of the course is that the students understand these fundamental issues of moral philosophy. At the end of the course, the students will be able to understand the essential features of these discussions.

FOR THE STUDENTS WHO WRITE THE PAPER (ON WHICH SEE THE SECTION "PROGRAMMA DELL'INSEGNAMENTO" AND WILL PASS THE PRE-EXAM AT THE END OF THE COURSE:

1. Photocopies of articles that the instructor will put on Moodle
2. De Caro, Magni, Vaccarezza, Le sfide dell'etica, Mondadori (the second part only)
3. Massarenti, Stramaledettamente logico, Laterza


FOR THE STUDENTS WHO WILL NOT PASS THE PRE-EXAM
1. Article by John Searle: https://download.kataweb.it/mediaweb/pdf/espresso/scienze/1990_259_1.pdf
2. De Caro, Magni, Vaccarezza, Le sfide dell'etica, Mondadori (chs. 11-18)
3. Massarenti, Stramaledettamente logico, Laterza (entire book)

The course deals especially with a series of texts directly or indirectly linked to the theme of philosophical or aesthetic education in Western philosophy of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries – from Kant, Hegel and Nietzsche to Arendt, Lyotard and Danto – in order to compare them with the particular attitude of conceiving philosophy as a way of life in China and Japan. The theoretical texts will be accompanied by eight films that problematize some great questions about education, existence and freedom of thought.

a)
- I. Kant: Che cosa significa orientarsi nel pensiero? Mimesis, Milano 2015.
- G.W.F. Hegel: La Scuola. Discorsi e relazioni, Norimberga 1808-1816, Ed. Riuniti, Roma 1993, pp. 43-98.

b)
- F. Nietzsche: Schopenhauer come educatore, Adelphi, Milano 1985.
- H. Arendt, Socrate, Raffaello Cortina, Milano 2015.

c)
- J. F. Lyotard, Pourquoi philosopher? Presses Universitaires de France 2015
- A.C. Danto: "The Artworld," Journal of Philosophy 61 (1964), 571-584.

d)
- F. Jullien, De l'Être au vivre, Lexique euro-chinois de la pensée, Gallimard, 2015, (students may choose three chapters)
- D. Richie, A Tractate on Japanese Aesthetics, Stone Bridge Press, 2007.

Students (whether attending or not) should choose one text from each session (a, b, c, d) for a total of four texts. In addition, the attending students will have to choose one of the following texts (both compulsory for the non attending students):


E. Morin, Enseigner à vivre. Manifeste pour changer l'éducation, Actes Sud Editions, 2014.

or

M.C. Nussbaum: Cultivating Humanity. A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education. Harvard University Press 1998.


The following films will be shown in the classroom, followed by a debate and accompanied by a critical reflection questionnaire (which must also be watched by non-attendants):

Interstellar (2014) by Christopher Nolan
Jeder für sich und Gott gegen alle (1974) by Werner Herzog
A torinói ló (2011) by Béla Tarr and Ágnes Hranitzky
Hannah Arendt (2013) by Margarethe von Trotta
The Tree of Life (2011) by Terrence Malick
The square (2017) by Ruben Östlund
Balzac et la petite tailleuse chinoise (2002) by Dai Sijie
An (2015) by Naomi Kawase

the politics of technology

Philosophy of technology is a relatively recent discipline that deals with relationships between Technology, knowledge and society.
The course wants to answer to the following questions:
What is technology?
Is it possible to think about science without a reflexion on technology in the present technoscientific environment?
Which are the relationships between society and technology?
Which are the relevant changes introduced by technology in living styles?
Is it possible to consider technology as neutral and value and ideology free?
Technology has a relevant and permanent influence on science and on knowledge building in general but also on the definition of society and its working assets. Technical artefacts produce changes on society and are influenced by social choices, political constraints and economical investments.
In this course we will discuss the importance of philosophy of technology for philosophy itself, if we accept the idea that philosophy is a research for understanding and for acting on present. If we accept this perspective we cannot ignore the importance of technology.
Technology is created according to projects, objectives and standards on which society has no direct control, but technical objects have relevant consequences on the functioning of social practices including the epistemological ones.
Technology is a normative discipine (different from science). Its object is not the study of how things are in the world. it imposes an organization on the world in order for its devices to work correctly. It proposes and orders a regulation for society and it is in need that society imposes a regulation on its implementation: not all that it is feasible technically it is allowed.

Parini E. G. e Pellegrino G.(eds) (2009) S come scienza T come tecnica e riflessione sociologica, Liguori Ed., Milano, pp. 120-264.
Stiegler B.(2019) La società automatica, Mimesis, Milano.
Crawford K. (2021) Atlas Of AI, Yale University Press, New Haven.

The course discusses the epistemic dynamics that result in new beliefs and new knowledge when new information is released. In particular, we discuss the effect of information release – be such information truthful or not – on the community of epistemic agents that receive the information and can mutually engage in communication exchanges. To this purpose, the course will introduce the formal representation of (individual and collective) notions of knowledge and belief, the formal representation of information release dynamics (public observation, private or semi-public observation, testimony by other agents), and it will discuss how the connection within a given group of agents (or among different groups of agents) can be relevant in the way opinions are spread within given societies of epistemic agents.
In order to do so, the course will introduce one formal framework for representing (and reasoning about) the phenomena above: Dynamic Epistemic Logic, which extends the static framework of Epistemic Logic. In addition, the course will discuss some basic aspects of Judgement Aggregation Theory, Belief Merging and Network Epistemology.
The approach is ‘bottom-up’: we start from puzzles, problems of reasoning, and specific phenomena we need to understand, we go to tools designed to solve or approach them, and then we move further to the theories in which such tools are defined and discussed. The course will be taught in English.

Main texts:

van Ditmarsch H. and Kooi B., One Hundred Prisoners and a Lightbulb, Springer, Berlin, 2015.

van Benthem J., Logical Dynamics of Information and Interaction, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Chapters 1 – 4, 7, and 12 – 13.

Lombard Southern Italy. Power and Society, in the Ninth-Eleventh Centuries (part one, 6 cfu).
The course aims to analyze, with direct use of sources and historiography, the relationships between princely powers and society in the Lombard Southern Italy, from the principality of Arechi (774) to the eleventh century: princes and aristocracy, economic bases of princely power, relations between city and territory.

G. Zornetta, Italia meridionale longobarda. Competizione, conflitto e potere politico a Benevento (secoli VIII-IX), Rome, Viella, 2020, , capitoli 2, 3, 4; V. Loré, Uno spazio instabile. Capua e i suoi conti nella seconda meta del IX secolo, in Les élites et leurs espaces. Mobilité, rayonnement, domination (du VIe au XIe siècle), eds. P. Depreux, F. Bougard, R. Le Jan, Turnhout, Brepols, 2007, pp. 341-360; Idem, Genesi e forme di uno spazio politico: Capua nell’alto Medioevo, in Felix Terra. Capua e la Terra di Lavoro in età longobarda, Atti del convegno internazionale (Capua-Caserta, 4-7 giugno 2015), ed. F. Marazzi, Cerro al Volturno, Volturnia, 2017, pp. 53-64; V. Loré, La chiesa del principe. S. Massimo di Salerno nel quadro del Mezzogiorno longobardo, in Ricerca come incontro. Archeologi, paleografi e storici per Paolo Delogu, a cura di G. Barone, A. Esposito, C. Frova, Rome, Viella, 2013, pp. 103-124; selected sources, analyzed during the lessons. Non-attending students will replace the study of the dossier with Erchemperto, Piccola storia dei Longobardi di Benevento, ed. L. A. Berto, Napoli, Liguori, 2013.

Part 1: Some preliminary notions.
Order relations and trees, inductive definitions, proofs by induction, axiom of choice and Kőnig's lemma.

Part 2: Provability and satisyability.
First order formal language: alphabet, terms, formulas, sequents. Structures for first order languages: structures, terms and formulas with parameters in a structure, value of terms, formulas and sequents. The calculus of sequents for first order logic: Gentzen's LK. Derivable sequents and derivations. Correctness of the rules of LK. Canonical analysis and fundamental theorem: construction of the canonical analysis (with and without cuts) and proof of the fundamental theorem of the canonical analysis. Consequences of the fundamental theorem: completeness theorem, compactness theorem, eliminability of cuts, L"owenheim-Skolem's theorem.

Part 3: Towards proof-theory: the cut-elimination theorem.
The cut-elimination procedure. Definition of the elementary steps of cut-elimination. First proof strategy (big reduction steps). Second proof strategy (reversion of derivations). The complexity of the cut-elimination procedure (sketch). Some immediate consequences of the cut-elimination theorem.

V. Michele Abrusci e Lorenzo Tortora de Falco, Logica. Vol. 1 Dimostrazioni e modelli al primo ordine, Springer, 2014
https://sites.google.com/view/lm410/home

Structure and functions of the nervous system - Methods of investigation;
Neural correlates of emotional, cognitive and social processes: Objects and faces recognition, Memory and learning, Emotions, Cognitive control, Action - Mirror neurons, Empathy, Social cognition - Theory of Mind; Design and construction of an experimental task, electroencephalographic data (EEG) recording and analysis, exercises and discussion of scientific projects and papers.

Gazzaniga, Ivry & Mangun (2015). Neuroscienze Cognitive. Zanichelli (Capp. 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13);
Scientific papers and material discussed in class

Institutional part on the general history of behavioral sciences, and neuroscience:
I) History of science and history of psychology 1. Why study the history of the sciences of the mind 2. Historiography of science: continuism and scientific revolutions 3. Normal science and paradigms 4. Historiography of psychology and neuroscience
II) The philosophical past 1. The first psychological problems 2. The change in the conception of man with Humanism and renaissance and Scientific Revolution 6. Descartes 7. Rationalism and empiricism 8. From Descartes to the "idéologues" 9. The Kantian Interdiction
III) The birth of experimental psychology: from Helmholtz to Wundt 1. The birth of experimental psychology 2. Helmholtz: specific nervous energy and unconscious inference 3. The phenomenological innatism of Ewald Hering 4. Wilhelm Wundt and physiological psychology 5. Titchener and North American structuralism
IV) The reaction to Wundt in Europe and America 1. Brentano and the Brentanians 5. American functionalism, between evolutionism and pragmatism
V) The psychology of Gestalt 1. The beginnings 2. The laws of Gestalt 3. Isomorphism 4. The field model 5. Rise and diaspora
VI) The behaviorist perspective I. Introduction 2. American psychology at the beginning of the century: structuralism and functionalism 3. Behaviorism from Watson to the 50s 4. Skinner and the behaviorist utopia 5. Operationism in psychology 6. Personality, psychopathology and social learning in the behaviorist perspective
VII) The cognitive perspective 1. Introduction 2. The study of cognitive processes: from the Würzburg school to Bartlett 3. The theories of intelligence 4. Theories of psychic development 5. Piaget's theory 6. Probabilistic and ecological theories of mental processes 7. Cognitivism 8. Cognitive science
VIII) The biological and neuroscientific perspective 1. Introduction 2. Animal and comparative psychology. Ethology 3. Research on brain functions at the beginning of the twentieth century 4. Bechterev's reflexology 5. Pavlov's theory of higher nervous activity 6. Holistic theories of the functioning of the mind and brain in the early twentieth century 7. The neuroconnectionism of Hebb 8. Research on brain function and behavior: 1950-70 9. The theory of brain functional systems of Lurija 10. Cognitive, affective and social neuroscience.
IX) The contemporary debate 1. Crisis of theories or crisis of psychology 2. Empirical verification in psychology 3. Psychology of common sense and alternative psychology 4. The primacy of neuroscience 5. The discomfort of psychotherapy 6. Psychology and contemporary society.

for the institutional part
Luccio R. (2013). Storia della psicologia: un’introduzione. Rome-Bari: Laterza (chapters: 1; 2 paragraphs 2.1, 2.2, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9; 3; 4; 5 paragraphs 5.1 and 5.5; 6).

Mecacci L. (2011). Storia della psicologia del Novecento. Rome-Bari: Laterza (chapters: 4; 5; 7; 8).

for the monographic part:
teacher's handouts

Emotions: definition, biological and social functions, types, regulation, expression, and communication. Basic emotions, image, cognitive, social, and moral emotions. Their relationships with interpersonal interaction and relations, on the job, in teaching and learning, politics, art, music, and entertainment.
In-depth study and research on the psychological processes (cognitive, affective, relational) of communication in all of its modalities: verbal and body (words and sentences, prosody and intonation, gestures, facial expression, gaze, touch, posture, proxemics, music), and technological media. Analysis of sincere and deceptive, cooperative and aggressive communication, and its uses in interpersonal interaction, at work, in education, politics, and entertainment.

Teaching material for the course “Psychology of Emotions and Multimodal Communication”, 6 Credits
The items to be studied for the oral exam are the following:

A. D’Urso V. e Trentin R.: Introduzione alla psicologia delle emozioni. Laterza, Bari 2006.
B. Poggi I.: Psicologia della comunicazione. La mente, il corpo, gli altri. Milano, Mondadori 2022.


Teaching material for those who have to give the following exam: “Psychology of Emotions”, 6 Credits
The items to be studied for the oral exam are the following:

A. D’Urso V. e Trentin R.: Introduzione alla psicologia delle emozioni. Laterza, Bari 2006.
B. Poggi I. (a cura di): La mente del cuore. Roma, Armando 2008.
C. One text or a set of texts, chosen among the following 13 items:

1. Castelfranchi C.: Che figura. Emozioni e immagine sociale. Il Mulino, Bologna 2005.
2. Nussbaum, M.: L’intelligenza delle emozioni. Il Mulino, Bologna 2013.
3. Matarazzo O. e Zammuner V. (a cura di): La regolazione delle emozioni. Il Mulino, Bologna 2012.
4. Ledoux J.: Il cervello emotivo. Baldini e Castoldi, Milano 2005.
5. Damasio A.R.: Emozione e coscienza. Adelphi, Milano 2010.
6. Miceli M. e Castelfranchi C.: Expectancy and Emotion. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2013.
7. D’Amico A.: Intelligenza emotiva e metaemotiva. Il Mulino, Bologna. 2018.
8. Palvarini P.: Le emozioni che rendono forti. Il lavoro con le emozioni in psicoterapia. Alpes Italia.
9. Levorato M.C.: Le emozioni della lettura. Mulino, Bologna, 1999.
10. Gallese V. e Guerra M.: Lo schermo empatico. Cinema e neuroscienze. Raffaello Cortina, Milano 2015.
11. Boulez P., Changeux J.P. e Manoury P.: I neuroni magici. Musica e cervello. Carocci, Roma 2016.
12. Mado Proverbio A.: Neuroscienze cognitive della musica. Il cervello musicale tra arte e scienza. Bologna, Zanichelli 2019

13. 4 papers on emotions, to be downloaded from the following link:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Isabella_Poggi


Teaching material for those who have to give the following exam: “Psychology of Multimodal Communication”, 6 Credits
The items to be studied for the oral exam are the following:


A. Poggi I.: Psicologia della comunicazione. La mente, il corpo, gli altri. Milano, Mondadori 2022.
B. One text or set of texts, chosen within the following items:

1. Bazzanella C.: Linguistica cognitiva. Un’introduzione. Laterza, Bari 2014.
2. Gallese V. e Guerra M.: Lo schermo empatico. Cinema e neuroscienze. Raffaello Cortina, Milano 2015.
3. Boulez P., Changeux J.P. e Manoury P.: I neuroni magici. Musica e cervello. Carocci, Roma 2016.
4. Cavalieri R. e Chiricò D.: Parlare, segnare. Introduzione alla fisiologia e alla patologia delle lingue verbali e dei segni. Bologna, Il Mulino.
5. Benedetti F.: L’effetto placebo. Breve viaggio tra mente e corpo. Roma, Carocci 2018.
6. Viale R.: Oltre il nudge. Libertà di scelta, felicità e comportamento.
7. Bologna, Il Mulino. Mortara Garavelli B. Il parlar figurato. Manualetto di figure retoriche. Bari, Laterza.
8. Bambini V. Il cervello pragmatico. Roma, Carocci.
9. Nobile L. e Lombardi Vallauri E.: Onomatopea e fonosimbolismo. Roma, Carocci.
10. Ferrari M. e Paladino P.: L'apprendimento della lingua straniera. Roma, Carocci.

11. The following couple of books:

- Arielli E. e Bottazzini P.: Idee virali. Perché i pensieri si diffondono. Bologna, Il Mulino.
- Riva G.: I social network. Bologna, Il Mulino

12. The following couple of books:
- Cavazza N.: Pettegolezzi e reputazione. Bologna, Il Mulino.
- Riva G.: Fake news: vivere e sopravvivere in un mondo post-verità. Bologna, Il Mulino

13. 4 papers on multimodal communicazione chosen among the following, to be downloaded from:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Isabella_Poggi

LA NATURA E I LIMITI DELLA CONOSCENZA EMPIRICA

The course will introduce and analyse some central themes in epistemology and the philosophy of science, having to do with knowledge. In particular, the following, mutually interconnected questions will be dealt with:

i) Is it possible to provide a coherent definition of the notion of knowledge? (Problem of definition);
ii) Can we know that there is an external world, actually possessing - approximately - the characteristics that it seems to have? (Problem of skepticism);
iii) Can we acquire knowledge of the external world based on experience? (Problem of induction);
iv) Is it reasonable to believe that science provides us with knowledge of the world beyond the phenomena? (Problem of scientific realism).

T. Piazza, Che cos'è la conoscenza, Carocci.
A. Coliva, Scetticismo. Dubbio, paradosso e conoscenza, Laterza.
E. Castellani e M. Morganti, La filosofia della scienza, Il Mulino, chs. 1-3, 5, 7, 9.
D. Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, ed. Selby-Bigge (Clarendon) or Norton and Norton (Oxford University Press), book I, parts I and III.
C. Gabbani, Realismo e antirealismo scientifico. Un'introduzione, ETS.

The course focuses on the relationship between language and narrative from a cognitive and evolutionary point of view. In contrast to the theories considering the sentence as the essence of language, the course suggests an interpretative hypothesis based on the priority of discourse over sentence; specifically, it is suggested that the ability to tell stories is the distinctive trait both of language and human nature.
The course includes experimental activities aimed at supporting the theoretical model proposed.

12 cfu exam:

- Corballis M. (2020), La verità sul linguaggio, Carocci, Roma.
- Scott-Phillips (2017) Dì quello che hai in mente. Le origini della comunicazione umana, Carocci, Roma
- Ferretti F. (2022), L'istinto persuasivo. Carocci, Roma

The course will focus on Plotinus' account of eternity and time in his treatise III.7.
Plotinus' text will be explained in detail and the following issues will be considered:
1: Plotinus' method of inquiry
2: Eternity and the intelligible realm
3: Time, soul and the physical world.

a] Plotino, Sull'eternità e il tempo, in Enneadi di Plotino, a cura di M. Casaglia, C. Guidelli, A. Linguiti, F. Moriani, vol. 1, UTET, Torino 1997, pp. 471-498.
A. H. Armstrong (ed. and trans.), Plotinus, vol. 3, Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA 1967, pp. 293-355.

[b] R. Chiaradonna, Plotino, Carocci, Roma 2009 (più volte ristampato).
R. Chiaradonna, Eternity and Time, in L.P. Gerson and J. Wilberding, The New Cambridge Companion to Plotinus, CUP, Cambridge 2022, pp. 267-288.
P. Kalligas, The Enneads of Plotinus: A Commentary, vol. 1, trans. E. K. Fowden and N. Pilavachi, Princeton University Press, Princeton 2014, pp. 577-620 (Commento a: III 7. On Eternity and Time).
S.K. Strange, ‘Plotinus on the Nature of Eternity and Time’, in L. Schrenk (ed.), Aristotle in Late Antiquity, Catholic University of America Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 22–53.


[c] Students are required to prepare a paper in Italian or English (3.000 words) about one of the following topics:

[i] Plotinus' Method of inquiry in III.7
Bibliografia: ai testi elencati nel programma d’esame, sezioni [a] e [b] va aggiunto il seguente articolo:
A. Cornea, ‘Athroa epibolê: On an Epicurean Formula in Plotinus’ Work’, in A. Longo and D. P. Taormina (eds.), Plotinus and Epicurus: Matter, Perception, Pleasure, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2016, pp. 177–188.
A. Michalewski, ‘Plotinus on the Conception of Time (ennoia chronou): A Re-Examination of Enn. 3.7(45).12’, Méthexis 33, 2021, pp. 151–169.
R. Chiaradonna, ‘Athroa Epibolê: Galen as a Source for Plotinus, 3.7(45)’, Méthexis 34, 2022, pp. 109-118.

[ii] Eternity and the intelligible world
Bibliografia: ai testi elencati nel programma d’esame, sezioni [a] e [b] vanno aggiunti i seguenti articoli:
L. Karfíková, ‘Eternity According to Plotinus, Enn. III,7’, Freiburger Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Theologie 58 (2), 2011, pp. 437–452.
J. Wilberding, ‘Eternity in Ancient Philosophy’, in Y. Melamed (ed.), Eternity: A History, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2016, pp. 14–55.

[iii] Time, soul and the physical world
Bibliografia: ai testi elencati nel programma d’esame, sezioni [a] e [b] vanno aggiunti i seguenti articoli:
R. Chiaradonna, ‘Il tempo misura del movimento? Plotino e Aristotele (Enn. III 7 [45])’, in M. Bonazzi and F. Trabattoni (eds.), Platone e la tradizione platonica: Studi di filosofia antica, Cisalpino, Milano 2003, pp. 221–250.
R.W. Sharples, ‘Alexander of Aphrodisias, On Time’, Phronesis 27 (1), 1982, pp. 58–81.
F. Karfík, ‘Le temps et l’âme chez Plotin: À propos des Ennéades VI 5 [23] 11; IV 4 [28] 15–16; III 7 [45] 11’, Elenchos 33 (2), 2012, pp. 227–257.

The course aims to show the relationship between activity and passivity of consciousness analyzing the concepts of perception, affectivity, unconscious, interest, association, judgment in Husserl.

Edmund Husserl, Lessons on Passive Synthesis, La Scuola, 2016.
Edmund Husserl, Phenomenology of the Unconscious, Udine, Mimesis 2021

This course aims to contribute to a better understanding of liberal internationalism and its impact on processes of economic geopolitics.

Non-attending students:

Thomas W. Zeiler, Porte aperte. L'economia mondiale dal 1945 a oggi, Einaudi, Torino 2021
Dani Rodrik, Dirla tutta sul mercato globale. Idee per un'economia mondiale assennata, Einaudi, Torino 2019.

UKRAINE: A COMPLEX HISTORY
The course will present a reconstruction of Ukraine's history in modern and contemporary times. The historical routes of the different territories that formed independent Ukraine will be traced from the early modern period. The Ukrainian question in the Russian Empire and the formation of the Ukrainian national movement will be explored. Focus will be on Ukraine in the Soviet period: the events of the revolution and civil war, the creation of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, the Holodomor, World War II and the Shoah, the post-war redefinition of borders, perestroika and Ukraine. Eventually, the events of independent Ukraine after 1991 will be analysed in their key stages. During the course, special attention will be paid to the linguistic, cultural and religious dynamics as an important element of Ukraine's plural and complex character.

1. Serhii Plokhy, The Gates of Europe, Basic Books, New York 2021
2. Simona Merlo, La costruzione dell'Ucraina contemporanea. Una storia complessa, il Mulino, Bologna 2023 (March 2023)
3. Adriano Roccucci (a cura di), Ucraina. Il profilo complesso di una storia plurale, Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, Napoli 2023 (May 2023)
4. Fabio Bettanin, La Russia, l’Ucraina e la guerra in Europa. Storia e scenari, Donzelli, Roma 2022

Through a critical-thinking approach, the course analyzes the emergence of capitalism in the medieval age up to contemporary society by covering the main forms of capitalism (merchant, industrial and financial) and the thought of Smith, Marx, Weber, Schumpeter, Keynes and Hayek.

Attending students

Geoffrey Ingham, Capitalismo, Einaudi, Torino 2010.
Giampaolo Conte, Riformare i vinti. Storia e critica delle riforme liberal-capitaliste, Guerini e Associati, Milano 2022.

Non-attending students (only one of these):

F. Braudel, La dinamica del capitalismo, Il Mulino, Bologna 2016.
J. Kocka, Capitalismo, una breve storia, Carocci, Roma 2017.
P. Bowles, Il capitalismo, Il Mulino, Bologna 2009.
L. Pellicani, La genesi del capitalismo e le origini della modernità, Rubbettino, Soveria Mannelli 2013 (NO capitoli 2, 3, 8 e 10).
L. Gallino, Finanzacapitalismo, Einaudi, Torino 2013.
B. Milanovic, Capitalismo contro capitalismo. La sfida che deciderà il nostro futuro, Roma-Bari, Laterza 2020.
G. Claeys, Marx e il marxismo, Einaudi, Torino 2020.

Institutional part on the general history of behavioral sciences, and neuroscience:
I) History of science and history of psychology 1. Why study the history of the sciences of the mind 2. Historiography of science: continuism and scientific revolutions 3. Normal science and paradigms 4. Historiography of psychology and neuroscience
II) The philosophical past 1. The first psychological problems 2. The change in the conception of man with Humanism and renaissance and Scientific Revolution 6. Descartes 7. Rationalism and empiricism 8. From Descartes to the "idéologues" 9. The Kantian Interdiction
III) The birth of experimental psychology: from Helmholtz to Wundt 1. The birth of experimental psychology 2. Helmholtz: specific nervous energy and unconscious inference 3. The phenomenological innatism of Ewald Hering 4. Wilhelm Wundt and physiological psychology 5. Titchener and North American structuralism
IV) The reaction to Wundt in Europe and America 1. Brentano and the Brentanians 5. American functionalism, between evolutionism and pragmatism
V) The psychology of Gestalt 1. The beginnings 2. The laws of Gestalt 3. Isomorphism 4. The field model 5. Rise and diaspora
VI) The behaviorist perspective I. Introduction 2. American psychology at the beginning of the century: structuralism and functionalism 3. Behaviorism from Watson to the 50s 4. Skinner and the behaviorist utopia 5. Operationism in psychology 6. Personality, psychopathology and social learning in the behaviorist perspective
VII) The cognitive perspective 1. Introduction 2. The study of cognitive processes: from the Würzburg school to Bartlett 3. The theories of intelligence 4. Theories of psychic development 5. Piaget's theory 6. Probabilistic and ecological theories of mental processes 7. Cognitivism 8. Cognitive science
VIII) The biological and neuroscientific perspective 1. Introduction 2. Animal and comparative psychology. Ethology 3. Research on brain functions at the beginning of the twentieth century 4. Bechterev's reflexology 5. Pavlov's theory of higher nervous activity 6. Holistic theories of the functioning of the mind and brain in the early twentieth century 7. The neuroconnectionism of Hebb 8. Research on brain function and behavior: 1950-70 9. The theory of brain functional systems of Lurija 10. Cognitive, affective and social neuroscience.
IX) The contemporary debate 1. Crisis of theories or crisis of psychology 2. Empirical verification in psychology 3. Psychology of common sense and alternative psychology 4. The primacy of neuroscience 5. The discomfort of psychotherapy 6. Psychology and contemporary society.

for the institutional part
Luccio R. (2013). Storia della psicologia: un’introduzione. Rome-Bari: Laterza (chapters: 1; 2 paragraphs 2.1, 2.2, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9; 3; 4; 5 paragraphs 5.1 and 5.5; 6).

Mecacci L. (2011). Storia della psicologia del Novecento. Rome-Bari: Laterza (chapters: 4; 5; 7; 8).

for the monographic part:
teacher's handouts

The course is structured into lectures aimed at acquiring knowledge about the main psychodynamic theories, describing the historical evolution of psychoanalysis from Freud to the most contemporary and relational psychoanalytic perspectives. Points of convergence and divergence between different theoretical perspectives will be discussed in reference to conceptualizations of psychic functioning, psychopathology, and treatment.

Eagle, M. (2012). Da Freud alla psicoanalisi contemporanea. Critica e integrazione. Raffaello Cortina Editore.

The distinction between synthetic and analytic judgements in Immanuel Kant's theory of knowledge will be analysed, and then its reception and problematisation in Charles S. Peirce, Rudolf Carnap and Jean Cavaillès. Finally, some recent theoretical proposals will be considered.


The programme will be developed as follows:
- Synthetic and analytic judgements in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason
- Peirce's reception of Kantian theory of knowledge
- Carnap's interpretation of analyticity
- The mathematical gesture in Jean Cavaillès and Giuseppe Longo
- Synthetic reasoning and gesture

I. Kant, Critica della ragion pura (preferibilmente edizione Bompiani, a cura di Costantino Esposito) [Introduzione e Dello schematismo dei concetti puri dell'intelletto].
C. S. Peirce, Scritti scelti, UTET, Torino 2008 [parti scelte].
R. Carnap, L’analiticità nel linguaggio osservativo e nel linguaggio teorico, in Analiticità, significanza, induzione, Il Mulino 1971.
G. Maddalena, Filosofia del gesto. Un nuovo uso per pratiche antiche, Carocci 2021.
G. Baggio, Lo schematismo trascendentale e il problema della sintesi tra senso, segno e gesto. Un'interpretazione pragmatista, in “Spazio filosofico”, 1/2018, pp. 83-99.
A text to select from:
J. Cavaillès, Sulla logica e la teoria della scienza, Mimesis 2006
G. Longo, Nella gestualità umana nelle prove e l'incompletezza del formalismo. In Id., Matematica e senso, Mimesis 2021

Recommended texts

R. M. Calcaterra, G. Maddalena, G. Marchetti. Il pragmatismo. Dalle origini agli sviluppi contemporanei, Carocci 2015
J.-M. C. Chevalier, Peirce’s relativization of the analytic vs. synthetic dichotomy, in BLITYRI, IX, 2, 2020
R. Hanna, The Return of the Analytic-Synthetic Distinction, in “Paradigmi”, 2012, fascicolo 1, pp. 19-68.

The course will present and discuss some fundamental questions of contemporary moral philosophy. The course is divided into four parts, respectively focusing on themes in (1) moral psychology (investigating how people make moral decisions and judgments); (2) ethics (investigating what ought to be done from a moral point of view); applied ethics (investigating how general moral principles ought to be applied to specific areas of practical life); (4) metaethics (investigating the nature and meaning of moral belies and values).
Among the themes that will be discussed: free will and moral responsibility, moral luck, objectivism and relativism of morals, normativity, end of life issues. The goal of the course is that students learn to easily navigate the contemporary debate in moral philosophy, gaining an in-depth knowledge of some of its most important topics and methods.

FOR STUDENTS WHO ATTEND THE COURSE, THE PROGRAM INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING TEXTS:
1. Mario De Caro, Sergio Filippo Magni, Maria Silvia Vaccarezza (2021), Le Sfide dell'etica, Mondadori Università.
2. Booklet provided by the instructor with short excerpts from various essays and articles, including: H. Frankfurt (1969), Possibilità alternative e responsabilità morale; T. Nagel (1979), Sorte morale; D. Davidson (1970), Com'è possibile la debolezza della volontà?

FOR STUDENTS WHO DO NOT ATTEND THE COURSE, THE PROGRAM INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING TEXTS:
1. Mario De Caro, Sergio Filippo Magni, Maria Silvia Vaccarezza (2021), Le Sfide dell'etica, Mondadori Università.
2. Booklet provided by the instructor with short excerpts from various essays and articles, including: H. Frankfurt (1969), Possibilità alternative e responsabilità morale; T. Nagel (1979), Sorte morale; D. Davidson (1970), Com'è possibile la debolezza della volontà?
3. Luca Fonnesu (2018), Storia dell'etica contemporanea, Carocci (parts listed by the instructor).

The course focuses on language pathologies, with particular attention to the deficits related to the discursive communication. Among the cases discusses, there are the communicative deficits characterizing pathologies such as autism, schizophrenia, and traumatic brain injury. In such cases, as well as in many neuropsychological and psychopathological disorders, the communicative impairments mainly concern the level of discourse and depend on deficits that primarily involve the cognitive dimension, rather than the linguistic one. Thus, the study of discourse disorders is particularly useful to investigate a more general question that is extremely relevant from a theoretical point of view: the relationships between language and cognition.

1) Adornetti I. (2018) Patologie del linguaggio e della comunicazione. Carocci, Roma

2) Pawełczyk, A., Łojek, E., Żurner, N., Kotlicka‐Antczak, M., & Pawełczyk, T. (2021). Higher order language impairments can predict the transition of ultrahigh risk state to psychosis—An empirical study. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 15(2), 314-327.

3) Galbraith, N. (2021). Delusions and Pathologies of Belief: Making Sense of Conspiracy Beliefs via the Psychosis Continuum. In Cardella V., Gangemi A. (a cura di) Psychopathology and Philosophy of Mind: What Mental Disorders Can Tell Us About Our Minds (pp. 117-144). Routledge. (disponibile al link: https://ebrary.net/178492/psychology/delusions_pathologies_belief_making_sense_conspiracy_beliefs_psychosis_continuum)

The "radical evil" in Kant.
Reading and comment of "Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason" of Immanuel Kant

I. Kant, "Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason", (any edition)
K. Jaspers, "Il male radicale in Kant", morcelliana, Brescia 2011

The course will address the role of philosophy in its relationship with art, beginning with the idea of philosophy proposed by Deleuze and Guattari.

G. Deleuze, F. Guattari, Mille piani, qualsiasi edizione.

Ontology and praxis. Hannah Arendt today

The aim of the course is to bring out the philosophical background of the priority assigned by Hannah Arendt to the concept of praxis in her most important theoretical work, The Human Condition. The Arendtian perspective will be related to two relevant areas of the discussion around ontology: 1) Heidegger's interpretation of Aristotle, with the distinction between "theoria", "poiesis" and "praxis"; 2) the philosophical debate of recent years around "communicative action" and the relationship between truth and politics.

H. Arendt, The Human Condition, University of Chicago Press, 2018.

and a text between:

H. Arendt, Between Past and Future, Penguin, 2006.
H. Arendt, Truth and Politics, The Viking Press, 1968.

We will read a number of texts on the relation between brain and consciousness.
The interpretation and comment of the texts will focus on the following points:
1) Concepts of mind in Cartesian philosophy and post-Cartesian debates on the soul of beasts (Bayle, Leibniz)
2) The revival of the problem of consciousness in contemporary cognitive science, with special regards to the problem of the mind of other animals

1) P. Godfrey-Smith, Metazoa. Animal Life and the Birth of the Mind, Farrar Straus Giroux, New York 2020
2) P. Pecere, Soul, Mind and Brain from Descartes to Cognitive Science. A Critical History, Springer, Cham 2020
3) D. Jamieson, What do Animals Think? In: Robert W. Lurz (ed.), The Philosophy of Animal Minds. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15-34 (2009)

The teaching program will focus on the relationship between law and morals. After an introductory part aimed at presenting the basic terms of this classic theme, some of its most relevant aspects will be explored through the analysis of the following areas of legal philosophy reflection:
I. Theory of values (equality, freedom)
II. Rights theory (structure, classification, justification and interpretation of individual rights)
III. Philosophy of criminal law (theory of crime)
IV. Legal paternalism (relationship between dignity and autonomy of the individual).

Introductory part:
- H.L.A. Hart, Il positivismo e la separazione fra diritto e morale, in Il positivismo giuridico contemporaneo. Una antologia, (eds.) A. Schiavello, V. Velluzzi, Giappichelli, Torino, 2005, pp. 48-89;
- G. Pino, Diritto e morale, in Che cosa è il diritto. Ontologie e concezioni del giuridico, (eds.) G. Bongiovanni, G. Pino, C. Roversi, Giappichelli, Torino, 2016, pp. 3-30.
Part I:
- L. Ferrajoli, L’eguaglianza e i suoi nemici, in Teoria e pratica dell’eguaglianza. Prospettive di analisi critica, a cura di F. Mastromartino, L’Asino d’oro Edizioni, Roma, 2018, pp. 197-223.
Part II:
- G. Pino, Il costituzionalismo dei diritti. Struttura e limiti del costituzionalismo contemporaneo, Il Mulino, Bologna, 2017, capp. III (La grammatica dei diritti), pp. 141-163.
Part III:
- L. Ferrajoli, Quando proibire?, in Id., Il paradigma garantista. Filosofia e critica del diritto penale, 2a ed., Editoriale scientifica, Napoli, 2016, parte seconda, cap. II, pp. 91-108; P. Tincani, In difesa del principio del danno, in N. Riva (ed.), L'antipaternalismo liberale e la sfida della vulnerabilità, Carocci, Roma, 2020, pp. 13-32.
Per la parte IV:
- M. Sandel, Quello che i soldi non possono comprare. I limiti morali del mercato, Feltrinelli, Milano, 2012, Introduzione (Mercati e morale) e cap. 3 (Come i mercati allontanano la morale), rispettivamente pp. 11-22 e pp. 95-130.
- F. Mastromartino, Esiste un diritto generale all'obiezione di coscienza, in "Diritto e questioni pubbliche", 1, 2018, pp. 159-181.

The course will focus on Bernard de Mandeville's Fable of the Bees. In particular, it will highlight the features that made it a favourite target of the arrows of philosophers such as Berkeley, Hutcheson, Hume, Rousseau and Smith, who were also often influenced by it: hedonism in general and the rehabilitation of "lust", the anti-Christian polemic, the deconstruction of traditional morals.

Bernard de Mandeville, Fable of the Bees, Oxford, ed. by F.B. Kaye

Travelling, seeing, Manganelli

a) Giorgio Manganelli, Esperimento con l’India, Milano, Adelphi, 1992 + Id., La favola pitagorica, Milano, Adelphi, 2005 + Id., L’isola pianeta, Milano, Adelphi, 2006 + Viaggio in Africa, Adelphi 2018

b) Giorgio Manganelli, La morte come luce. Scritti sulle arti, forthcoming

c) Andrea Cortellessa, Il libro è altrove. Ventisei piccole monografie su Giorgio Manganelli, Luca Sossella 2020 and/or Andrea Cortellessa, Filologia fantastica, forthcoming

d) Luigi Marfè, Oltre la «fine dei viaggi». I resoconti dell’altrove nella letteratura contemporanea, Olschki 2009

e) to give a context in 20th and 21st century italian literary history:
Giulio Ferroni, Storia della letteratura italiana, quarto volume: Il Novecento e il nuovo millennio, Milano, Mondadori Università, 2012

Over the past several years, philosophy of science has become increasingly "local," shifting its focus from the general characteristics of scientific practice to the theories, methods, and problems of scientific disciplines. The philosophies of psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science arise from this increased delimitation.
The mind that psychologists and neuroscientists deal with today is the daughter of the cognitive revolution and is therefore defined as a set of processes of information processing carried out in the brains of complex organisms. What makes the cognitivist investigation of the mind peculiar is its being suspended between two worlds: on the one hand, the ordinary image of ourselves as persons, that is, as subjects of conscious experiences, intentional states and deliberate action; on the other hand, the subpersonal sphere of brain events, the object of neuroscience. This course aims to introduce the reader to the cognitivist study of the mind, but always against the background of the philosophical effort to shed light on the relationships that link these different ways in which we describe ourselves.

A. Kind, Philosophy of Mind: The Basics. Routledge, London 2020.
A. Clark, Mindware. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Cognitive Science. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2014 (Second Edition).

The course is about the main philosophical problems originated by quantum mechanics, in particular the paradox of the famous Schrödinger's cat and the quantum "telepathy" between two twin quantum particles. The preparation for the formulation of these paradoxes will be made possible by the study of a popular book which is at the same time scientifically rigorous but devoid of formulas and technicalities

1. G.C. Ghirardi. Sneaking a Look at God's Cards: Unraveling the Mysteries of Quantum Mechanics, Princeton University Press, 2007 + instructor's notes

The teaching program will focus on the relationship between conflicting values and fundamental principles. After an introductory section, aimed at presenting the fundamental terms of bioethics and biolaw, some of the most relevant and today's most discussed issues will be explored in depth, through constant reference to practical and case law cases:
I. Dignity and autonomy between bioethics and the market (surrogacy, prostitution)
II. Dignity and self-determination (end-of-life choices and informed consent)
III. Conscientious objection

Introductory section:
- P. Borsellino, Bioetica tra “morali” e diritto, Raffaello Cortina, Milano, 2018, cap. 1 (La bioetica. Problemi, sviluppi, prospettive), con esclusione del par. 9: pp. 21-57; M. Reichlin, Fondamenti di bioetica, Il Mulino, Bologna, 2021: cap. 2 (Tipi di etiche normative: pp. 29-47); cap. 8 (Il diritto alle cure e l'allocazione delle risorse sanitarie), escludendo il par. 8.3; e cap. 9 (Il potenziamento delle capacità umane), limitato al solo par. 9.1.
.

Thematic sections:
I
- L. Ferrajoli, Dignità e libertà, in Dignità e autonomia tra bioetica e mercato, a cura di F. Mastromartino, G. Pino, in “Rivista di filosofia del diritto”, 1, 2019, pp. 23-32; O. Giolo, Il giusfemminismo e le sfide del neoliberismo. A proposito di soggetti, libertà e diritti, in Teorie critiche del diritto, a cura di M.G. Bernardini, O. Giolo, Pacini, Firenze, 2017, pp. 207-230; F. Poggi, Dignità e autonomia: disaccordi semantici e conflitti di valore in Dignità e autonomia tra bioetica e mercato, a cura di F. Mastromartino, G. Pino, in “Rivista di filosofia del diritto”, 1, 2019, pp. 33-50; Sandel, Quello che i soldi non possono comprare. I limiti morali del mercato, Feltrinelli, Milano, 2012, Introduzione (Mercati e morale) e cap. 3 (Come i mercati allontanano la morale), rispettivamente pp. 11-22 e pp. 95-130

II
- L. d’Avack, Il dominio delle biotecnologie, cap. II (Scelte di fine vita e consenso informato), Giappichelli, Torino, 2018: pp. 69-159 (ma tenendo presente Riferimenti normativi e carte internazionali)

III
- F. Mastromartino, Esiste un diritto generale all’obiezione di coscienza?, in “Diritto e questioni pubbliche”, 1, 2018, pp. 159-181.

Files of the course exam texts, except for L. d'Avack's volume will be uploaded to the e-learning platform.

STUDENTS WHO DO NOT ATTEND THE COURSE LECTURES ARE REQUIRED TO SUPPLEMENT THE PROGRAM BY STUDYING THE FOLLOWING TEXTS:
- A. Facchi, O. Giolo, Libera scelta e libera condizione, Il Mulino, Bologna, 2020.
- F. Mastromartino, Due concetti di dignità per due concetti di autonomia?, in “Diritto e questioni pubbliche”, 1, 2021, pp. 239-263.

Sequent Calculus Proofs
***************************************
Natural Deduction

Sequent Calculus for Classical Logic (LK) and Intuitionistic Logic (LJ)

Cut elimination for LK and LJ sequent proofs

Sequent calculus for Linear Logic(LL)

Cut Elimination Theorem for LL

Focusing Theorem for LL proofs

Proof Nets
*************************************
(proof-structures, correctness, normalization, adequacy, sequentialization, focusing, complexity)

Pure Multiplicative Proof Nets

Multiplicative and Additive Proof Nets

Multiplicative and Exponenial Proof Nets

Denotational Semantics

NOTES AND SLIDES AVAILABLE ON THE COURSE WEB PAGE
https://sites.google.com/view/lm510/

The course will present and discuss basic notions of neuroethics, an interdisciplinary research fields at the interplay between moral philosophy, moral psychology, and cognitive neuroscience. In particular, the course will focus on the topic of moral cognition, investigating the basis of moral reasoning, motivation, choice, and judgment.

Students will acquire:
- Capacity to read an analyze texts
- Capacity to navigate the contemporary debate on the bases and mechanisms of moral cognition
- Capacity to orally present and defend theses

FOR STUDENTS WHO ATTEND THE COURSE, THE PROGRAM INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING TEXTS:
1 – A. Lavazza, V. Sironi (eds.), 2022, Neuroetica, Carocci (selected parts);
2 – M. Tomasello (2016) Storia naturale della morale umana, Raffaello Cortina Editore;
3 – Booklet including short excerpts from various texts, including: F. Nietzsche (2017) Genealogia della morale, Adelphi; A. Damasio (1995) L’errore di Cartesio, Adelphi.

FOR STUDENTS WHO DO NOT ATTEND THE COURSE, THE PROGRAM INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING TEXTS:
1 – A. Lavazza, V. Sironi (eds.), 2022, Neuroetica, Carocci (whole text);
2 – M. Tomasello (2016) Storia naturale della morale umana, Raffaello Cortina Editore;
3 – Booklet including short excerpts from various texts, including: F. Nietzsche (2017) Genealogia della morale, Adelphi; A. Damasio (1995) L’errore di Cartesio, Adelphi.

The classes will focus on the notions of ‘individuation’ and 'principle of individuation’ in medieval and late medieval thought, taking this issue in its main historical and theoretical coordinates. In particular, it dwells on the relationship between the problem of the individuation and those of the metaphysical status of universals, of the nature of primary substance, as well as of the form-matter composition. Special attention will be paid to the solutions of Bonaventure, Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, Pedro da Fonseca, and Francisco Suárez, in order to ideally conclude with some references to Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. The specific doctrines of these authors will be considered both dealing with their metaphysical, logical and theological premises and by accurate textual analysis.

• A selection of excerpts from Porphyry, Bonventura, Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, Pedro da Fonseca and Francisco Suárez
• J. J. E. Gracia (ed.), Individuation in Scholasticism: The Later Middle Ages and the Counter-Reformation, 1150-1650. New York: SUNY Press, 1994.
• Th. Noone, Universals and Individuation, In Th. Williams (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Duns Scotus, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
• Giovanni Duns Scoto, Il principio di individuazione, a cura di A. D’Angelo, Il Mulino: Bologna 2011.
• J. J. E. Gracia (ed.), Introduction, in Suarez on Individuation: Metaphysical Disputation V: Individual Unity and its Principle, Marquette University Press, 1982.
• S. Di Bella, Tota sua entitate. Suarez and Leibniz on Individuation, in M. Sgarbi (ed.), Francisco Suarez and His Legacy. The Impact of Suarezian Metaphysics and Epistemology on Modern Philosophy, Milano: Vita e Pensiero, 2010.
• S. Di Bella, Il fantasma dell'ecceità. Leibniz, Scoto e il principio d'individuazione, Quaestio, 8 (2008).

Students who are unable to attend, must carefully study at least one of the following critical works:

• J. J. E. Gracia, Introduction to the Problem of Individuation in the Early Middle Ages, Muenchen-Wien: Philosophia Verlag, 1984.
• O Boulnois, Lire le Principe d’individuation de Duns Scot, Paris: Vrin, 2014.
• P.-N. Mayaud, (coor.), Le Probleme de l'individuation, Paris: Vrin, 1992.
• Pietro Abelardo, I commenti all'Isagoge di Porfirio, a cura di S. Follini, Milano: Mimesis 2022, pp. 9-175, 217-273, 729-743.

Presentation of the essential notions of the typology, such as the relationship between typology and universals, the notion of 'type' at the various levels of analysis, and the relationship of typology with sociolinguistics, language teaching, areal and genetic comparison. Deepening of the mechanisms and explanations of linguistic change, also from the typological perspective. Special reflection on the concepts of grammaticalization and reanalysis. Case study on the diachronic typology of the perfect.

Grandi, N., 2003, Fondamenti di tipologia linguistica, Roma, Carocci.
Napoli, M., 2019, Linguistica diacronica, Roma Carocci.

Additional material will be provided during the course.

This course asks about the prospects and problems of the project of a 'cognitive neuropsychiatry' or 'clinical cognitive neuroscience'. The first part of the module examines some specific cases of interaction between psychiatry and cognitive science. In the second part, attachment theory, as a psychodynamic tradition of ethological, cognitive and evolutionary framework, is taken as a reference framework within which classic psychoanalytic themes such as emotion regulation, defenses, trauma and dissociation are re-examined.

D. Murphy, Psychiatry in the Scientific Image, MIT Press, Cambridge (MA) 2012
Jonathan Y. Tsou, Philosophy of Psychiatry, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2022.

The seminar addresses issues related to the territory and the city. The story of cardinal concepts such as cities, communities, habitats, nature, territory, landscapes, and projects will be presented, discussed and updated, from different perspectives: philosophy, art, political theory, sociology, history, geography, architecture, law, economics, political ecology, communication.

A selection of readings will be suggested. Eventually students will have to write and present a short paper.

The course provides a survey on different authors and issues arising from Feminist Theory and feminist, queer and transfeminist movements. It involves lectures, workshops and writing activities.

Federica Castelli introduces Jane Addams
Sara Marchesi introduces Françoise d’Eaubonne
Serena Fiorletta Introduces Elsie Clews Parsons
Alessandra Chiricosta introduces Edith Garrud
Francesca Lopez introduces Jude Ellison Sady Doyle
Isabella Pinto introduces Anna L. Tsing
Angela Balzano introduces Donna Haraway
Lavinia Marziale introduces Le Reset

Workshops:
- Sex, Gender, Feminism(s)
- the (Trans)feminist City
- Feminist Manifestos
- Lucha Y Siesta

A more detailed program of the lectures will be available shortly

*An introductory text to be choosen between
- F. Castelli, R. Carocci, Femminismi. Idee, movimenti, conflitti, Novadelphi, 2021
- A. Curcio (a cura di), Introduzione ai Femminismi. Genere, razza, classe, riproduzione: dal marxismo al queer, DeriveApprodi 2021
* The handouts and bibliography related to the author/lecture chosen for the focus

During the workshop, students will be required to read, present in class, and comment together on some key texts of early and mature Marxian political thought. In particular, they will focus on the Marxian critique of politics and the state, the genesis of the idea of class struggle, the role of the party, and the historical event of the Paris Commune.

Karl Marx, La questione ebraica (ny edition, with preference for the one published by manifestolibri edited by M. Tomba)
Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Ideologia tedesca, capitolo 1 (any edition, with preference for the one published by Editori riuniti a cura di Cesare Luporini)
Karl Marx, Manifesto del partito comunista (any edition, with preference for the one published by Ponte alle Grazie edited by C17)
Karl Marx, Critica al programma di Gotha (any edition, with preference for the one published by Editori riuniti edited by Umberto Cerroni)
Karl Marx, La guerra civile in Francia (any edition, with preference for the one published by Edizioni Alegre)

Coord. Paolo Virno, Marco Mazzeo e Federica Giardini


The political problems of modernity illustrated by Hobbes or Spinoza can be addressed by reconstructing the logic and genealogy of the concept of "ethos." The goal of the workshop is to build a toolbox capable of analyzing what we might call the "garments of the present": the characteristic modes of behavior, the specific passions, the particular modes of social (and antisocial) interaction typical of this end of the millennium. What is the ethics of neoliberal capitalism in the 21st century?
To answer this question will require a preliminary theoretical move, to understand more clearly what is meant by "ethics." Better to be clear: the workshop will dismiss the moralistic meaning of the term (ethics as morality, a norm that establishes good and sanctions evil). For this very reason, it will be necessary to sketch a starting identikit of a notion that risks, once the moralistic option is expunged, to be elusive. A selection of excerpts from Aristotle's Ethics to a reading of an essay by linguist E. Benveniste about "the free man" in the Vocabulary of Indo-European Institutions will help to understand the intertwining of ethos and habit, a key passage for both a theory of political action and a linguistic anthropology. What, in fact, is the animal that needs habits? In need of historical-cultural forms of organizing behavior is the animal lacking specialized instincts (Gehlen), the life form that needs to produce the means of survival (Marx). What the Greeks called "ethos" could be the link between the two classical definitions of human beings: sapiens are political animals and animals that talk.
However, the term "habit" risks generating a misunderstanding, alluding to a flat, appeasing repetition that can only establish custom. The term "ethos" seems to indicate, instead, a side b of the problem, a decisive dimension that overturns the customary one so dear to the empiricist of the eighteenth century or the fashionable pragmatist of the century just past. Ethos is such only if it is able to subvert, to put into crisis, itself. As habitual, ethos is the possibility of showing the threatening and disturbing face of habit ("disturbing" a finally political Freud would call it). For this reason, the workshop will investigate two areas in which the ambivalence of ethos reaches a climax: ritual practices and the intertwining of faculties of language and world perception. The first area will be investigated thanks to a text by one of the most important philosophers of the Italian twentieth century: E. De Martino's The Magical World. Magical rituality consists in the organization of habits of crisis, in the formation of anonymous and collective ethical structures (fire ordeals, shamanic trances) capable of showing the bewildering face of rain and wind, fire and thought. The second will find proof in L. Wittgenstein's reflections (Philosophical Investigations Part II; Observations on the Philosophy of Psychology) about the so-called "bistable figures" in which it is possible to see, alternately and mutually exclusive, the face of a hare or a rabbit, two human profiles or the outline of an amphora. What if bistability, the continually possible play of reversal between figure and background, is a defining feature of ethos?
Working on these questions, the workshop will try to return to the present and its ontology. With a swaggering goal that can rely on earlier work done in the late 1980s (AAVV, Feelings of the Aldiqua, 1990): to identify some of the ethical forms typical of linguistic-financial capitalism in order to adoints its inherent possibilities for overthrow. What is the subversive rabbit lurking in the duck called "life in the neoliberal age"? What amphora emerges from the double profile that present-day enthusiasts call "lifelong learning" and "precarious work"?

A bibliographic selection will be provided by the teachers during the course of the workshop.
For now it is appropriate to indicate at least:

AAVV, Sentimenti dell'aldiqua. Opportunismo, paura, cinismo, nell'età del disincanto, Theoria 1990 (DeriveApprodi 2023)
Aristotele, Etica Nicomachea, passi scelti.
De Martino E., Il mondo magico, Bollati Boringhieri.
L. Wittgenstein, Ricerche filosofiche, parte II, Einaudi.
Virno P., Il perturbante contro Freud, in M. Mazzeo, A. Bertollini (a cura di), Sintomi. Per un'antropologia linguistica del mondo contemporaneo, DeriveApprodi 2023.