The course is divided into two complementary modules: managerial module and statistical module. The managerial module is designed to provide students with an in-depth knowledge of the topics of Total Quality Management.
Topics:
• Historical evolution of QM and emerging trends in the supply chain context
• The voice of the customer
• The voice of the market
• Process Management and Improvement
• Quality Management Models (MBQA, EFQM)
• Quality Management System (ISO 9001:2015)
• Lean Six Sigma

The main aim of statistical module is learning the main statistical tools to look at quality management problems with quantitative glasses.
Topics:
• Basic statistical tools
• Inferential tools for quality control and improvement (hypothesis testing on one mean/proportion and on two means/proportions difference)
• Variables control charts
• Process capability
• Attributes control charts
• ANOVA

Foster Thomas, 6th Edition, Managing Quality. Integrating the Supply Chain
Slide

Topics of the managerial module
• Historical evolution of QM and emerging trends in the supply chain context
• The voice of the customer
• The voice of the market
• Process Management and Improvement
• Quality Management Models (MBQA, EFQM)
• Quality Management System (ISO 9001:2015)
• Lean Six Sigma
Topics of the statistical module:
• Basic statistical tools
• Inferential tools for quality control and improvement (hypothesis testing on one mean/proportion and on two means/proportions difference)
• Variables control charts
• Process capability
• Attributes control charts
• ANOVA

Foster Thomas, 6th Edition, “Managing Quality. Integrating the Supply Chain”. All chapters.

Students will be also provided with teachers’ slides and additional notes for the statistical quality control module.

The course consists of lectures, discussion of business cases and exercises and includes external testimonies too. Attendance to the course and active participation are strongly recommended. The program is divided into the following topics:

1) Principles of Innovation Management e Digital Entrepreneurship:The role of this module is to introduce the students to the digital entrepreneurial world where businesses exploit modern technologies in order to gain a strategic advantage over their competitors when entering the market. By distinguishing among the different types of business this module delineates the series of steps that an entrepreneur should understand and follow to successfully establish a digital-driven business and outlines the risks and challenges to be aware of along the entrepreneurial journey with a focus on digital-based products and services and with an international outlook. The module also features digital start-up success stories that leveraged the dynamics of digital technologies and achieved great growth rates as well as high revenues.

2) Market-driven management:The module proposes a comprehensive analysis of customer-centric product and Market-driven management in the context of strategic and operational marketing processes, exploring issues related to changes in the market environment: innovations enabled by digital technologies, the urgency of environmental issues, new pandemic challenges, ethical issues and changes in consumer values and behaviour, while maintaining an international focus and perspective.

3) Product development: this module explores challenges and implications that corporate management will face in attempting to adapt to new product development approaches in accordance with the lean thinking perspective. The module introduces the concept of product from the marketing perspective, how companies come about new product, product development options, and the various strategies available to a company to manage new and existing products

4) Business Model:this module introduces the role of Business Model in product development, how business models enable companies to translate product’s value into revenue, understanding customers segments, pricing and distribution.

5) Ideation: this module introduces the ideation techniques used to generate new ideas in an opportunity space, considering political, economical, social, technological, legal and environmental dynamics (PESTLE analysis). It is also aimed to illustrate the idea definition techniques required to make an idea Customer-Oriented, by defining clients, users, goal, problem, value proposition and user experience (Product Canvas).

6) Go-to-market:this module describes the go-to-market process, made by the definition of the touchpoints to be used, the building of the artifacts required (baits), the launch and the tracking of the results.

7)Prototyping:this module describes the process of construction of a prototype which is aimed to simulate the user experience of the final product.

- Best, R. Market-based management, Pearson (Ult. Ed.)
- Slides and supporting material provided by lecturers.

Course Learning Objectives and Skill Acquisition
This course consists in two modules. The first deals with basic concepts in Energy Economics as the distribution of sources and consumption patterns at the geographical level, the analysis of demand and supply of different energy sources and the use of energy by sectors. World energy outlook scenarios are deeply investigated. The second part of the course allows students gathering main analytical tools to consider jointly energy issues and climate change impacts. The economic analysis of policy impacts over the long term and burden sharing issues in the international bargaining process are also analyzed. At the end of the course students will be able to understand global energy and climate reports, conduct their own impact analysis and be familiar with main simulation models.

Assessment
The course assessment will be based on two small dissertations that the students will write and present after the end of each part of the course, one on Energy Economics and one on Climate Policy issues, and on a final written exam formed by 5 open questions.

Course general schedule
Part I: Energy Economics
1. World Energy Outlook
2. Energy security and energy poverty
2. Fossil fuels economics
3. Energy price mechanisms
4. Alternative energy sources and clean energy technologies
Part II: Climate Change Policy
5. The science of climate change
6. Climate change impacts
7. Vulnerability and adaptation
8. Mitigation policies
7. The European low-carbon strategy

Detailed Teaching Agenda
Lecture #1: Introduction, practical information, data collection of participants
Part I: Energy Economics
Lecture #2: Introduction to the energy markets, composition of the energy mix
Lecture #3: Demand and supply, peculiarities of the energy markets
Lecture #4: How to read an energy balance: dimensions, sectors, sources
Lecture #5: Global energy markets and scenario building
Lecture #6: Energy price mechanisms: substitution elasticities
Lecture #7: Energy price mechanisms: the rebound effect
Lecture #8: Energy security and energy poverty
Lecture #9: Renewable sources: introduction and taxonomy
Lecture #10: Renewable sources: technological innovation and policy support
Lecture #11: The biofuels case: pros and cons of an eco-innovation
Lecture #12: Energy efficiency and policy support
Lecture #13: The EU Energy strategy: targets and policy instruments
Lecture #14: Dissertation on Energy Economics (Part I of the course, intermediate assessment)
Lecture #15: Dissertation on Energy Economics (Part I of the course, intermediate assessment)
Part II: Climate Change Policy
Lecture #16: The science of climate change
Lecture #17: Climate change impacts and economic damage
Lecture #18: Vulnerability and adaptation concepts
Lecture #19: The international institutional architecture for climate change
Lecture #20: Political bargaining at the international and level
Lecture #21: Mitigation actions and policy instruments
Lecture #22: The Emission Trading System and the EU experience
Lecture #23: The linkages between mitigation and economic performance
Lecture #24: Flexible mechanisms and developing countries
Lecture #25: The EU long-term low-carbon strategy
Lecture #26: Scenario building and policy impact evaluation
Lecture #27: The case of the EU long-term low-carbon strategy
Lecture #28: The case of the Green Climate Fund
Lecture #29: Dissertation on Climate Change Policy (Part II of the course, intermediate assessment)
Lecture #30: Dissertation on Climate Change Policy (Part II of the course, intermediate assessment)

Teaching material will be available to students in a dedicated Dropbox folder.
Textbooks (available in the corresponding folders for Lecture number)
Bhattacharyya S.C. (2011), Energy Economics: Concepts, Issues, Markets and Governance, UK: Springer-Verlag. Chapters: 1, 2, 3 (pp. 41-61), 4 (pp.77-81), 5 (sect. 5.1.1-5.1.5), 6 (excl. 6.5), 7 (Appendix excluded for all chapters).
IEA (International Energy Agency) (2017), World Energy Outlook 2017. Chapters: 1-2-3-4-5-6-7.
IEA (International Energy Agency) (2016), Energy Efficiency Indicators. (pages 5-10).
IPCC (2014), Climate Change 2014 – Synthesis Report. (pages 1-31).
IPCC (2014), Climate Change 2014 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Part A. (pages 1-32).
IPCC (2014), Climate Change 2014 – Mitigation of Climate Change (pages 41-107).
Tol R.S.J. (2014), Climate Economics: Economic Analysis of Climate, Climate Change and Climate Policy, Edward Elgar Publ. Chapters: 1,2,3,4,5,6.

- Cartels
- Abuses of dominant position
- Public undertakings and SGEI
- State aids
- Mergers & Acquisitions
- Digital markets

The course will cover the following topics:
• Characteristics, drivers and criticality of information-based economy and the knowledge-based view of the firms.
• Digitalization and sustainability.
• Taxonomy of knowledge and the dimensions of knowledge management.
• The processes for the creation, dissemination, and capitalization during the harvesting of knowledge.
• Competences of knowledge workers and the rise of the smart creative class.
• Human Resources Management at the time of digital technologies – HR TECH
• Smart cities for dumb people?
• Knowledge and digital learning organizations
• Digital transformation

We will be using the following textbooks:
Marchegiani, L. (2021). Digital Transformation and Knowledge Management. Routledge.

Additional material will be posted in the shared virtual workplace

The aim of the course is to present the main aspects of CSR and to promote among the students the awareness about ethical issues and the ability to recognize and adopt sustainable and ethical behaviour in carrying out the managerial practices. The course is organized in 3 modules that deliver 9 ECTS (60 hours lessons). The 3 modules will propose three different perspectives for studying and understanding the CSR and sustainability concepts:
1) Managerial module (Prof. Renzi);
2) Economics module (Prof. De Muro);
3) Juridical module (Dr. Sole).

Program
The course examines principles, models, and tools concerning business ethics, through a triple approach that integrates three different perspectives: economic, managerial and legal.

The Managerial module addresses the following topics:
* CSR Framework
* Strategic Management of Stakeholder Relationships
* Business Ethics and Ethical Decision-Making
* Strategic Approaches to Improving Ethical Behavior
* Consumer Relations
* Technology Issues
* Sustainability Issues
* Social Responsibility in a Global Environment
* Sharing Economy e gamification
The juridical module is intended to investigate CSR from a juridical perspective, the evolution of the sources of law and the relationship between social responsibility and legal responsibility.

Overview of the module: - Why CSR is on the Agenda today
- Legal Sources of CSR: International, European and National level
- From CSR to Sustainable development: functions and limitations
- The instruments of CSR: social rules and legal relevance
- Soft law and self-regulation
- The persistent skepticism about CSR: the role of Ethics
- The enforcement
- Environmental concerns as a driver of CSR
- Future perspectives
- Business case: an example of CSR application

The third module focuses on the relation between ethics, economics, and business, both in economic analysis and management. To do so, it makes three simple points. First, economics necessarily involves ethics, and economists and managers cannot engage in economic analysis and decision-making without making value judgments. Second, individuals have ethical values that shape their behaviour and affect what happens in the economy as a result of their interactions. Third, ethical values are involved in evaluating how an economy is doing and in making and appraising business decisions.

The lessons are interactive and will include classwork, case studies and project work.

Legal module: Business and Society, 6e, A Strategic Approach to Social Responsibility & Ethics by Ferrell, Thorne, Ferrell. Chapters: 4,11. Teaching material provided in class.
Managerial module: Business and Society, 6e, A Strategic Approach to Social Responsibility & Ethics by Ferrell, Thorne, Ferrell. Chapters: 1,2,5,6,8,10,11
Fassin, Y. (2009). The stakeholder model refined. Journal of business ethics.
Economic module: Amitava Krishna Dutt and Charles K. Wilber, Economics and Ethics: An Introduction, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013 (excluding chapters 8, 9, 10). [Additional readings: W. Michael Hoffman, Robert Frederick and Mark S Schwartz, Business ethics: readings and cases about corporate morality, Chichester, West Sussex : Wiley, 2014; Amartya Sen, On Ethics and Economics, Oxford: Blackwell, 1987.]

The course examines principles, models, and tools concerning business ethics, through a triple approach that integrates three different perspectives: economic, managerial and legal.

The Managerial module faces the following topics:

* CSR Framework

* The Agenda 2030 and 17 goals

* Strategic Management of Stakeholder Relationships

* Business Ethics and Ethical Decision-Making

* Strategic Approaches to Improving Ethical Behavior

* Consumer Relations

* Technology Issues

* Sustainability Issues

* Social Responsibility in a Global Environment

* Sharing Economy e gamification

The juridical module is intended to investigate CSR from a juridical perspective, the evolution of the sources of law and the relationship between social responsibility and legal responsibility.

Overview of the module: - Why CSR is on the Agenda today

- Legal Sources of CSR: International, European and National level

- From CSR to Sustainable development: functions and limitations

- The instruments of CSR: social rules and legal relevance

- Soft law and self-regulation

- The persistent skepticism on CSR: the role of Ethics

- The enforcement

- Environmental concerns as a driver of CSR

- Future perspectives

- Business case: an example of CSR application

The third module focuses on the relation between ethics, economics, and business, both in economic analysis and management. To do so, it makes three simple points. First, economics necessarily involves ethics, and economists and managers cannot engage in economic analysis and decision-making without making value judgments. Second, individuals have ethical values that shape their behaviour and affect what happens in the economy as a result of their interactions. Third, ethical values are involved in evaluating how an economy is doing and in making and appraising business decisions.

The lessons are interactive and will include the theoretical perspective, case studies and project work.

Legal module: Business and Society, 6e, A Strategic Approach to Social Responsibility & Ethics by Ferrell, Thorne, Ferrell. Chapters: 4,11. Teaching material provided in class.
Managerial module: Business and Society, 6e, A Strategic Approach to Social Responsibility & Ethics by Ferrell, Thorne, Ferrell. Chapters: 1,2,5,6,8,10,11
Fassin, Y. (2009). The stakeholder model refined. Journal of business ethics.
Economic module: Amitava Krishna Dutt and Charles K. Wilber, Economics and Ethics: An Introduction, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
Additional readings:
W. Michael Hoffman, Robert Frederick and Mark S Schwartz, Business ethics: readings and cases about corporate morality, Chichester, West Sussex : Wiley, 2014.
Amartya Sen, On Ethics and Economics, Oxford: Blackwell, 1987

Consumers learn, remember and act according to a sum of internal and external influence factors. Being able to understand how choice, purchase and consumption processes take place is crucial, in order to remove uncertainty from marketing decisions, which otherwise should only rely on manager experience/intuition.
Main course topics are structured as follows:
• Purchase and consumptions: introduction to consumer behaviour analysis.
• Consumer as individual:
• Need, motivation and involvement
• Exposure, attention and comprehension
• Product knowledge, self-knowledge and memory
• Learning
• Attitude
• Decision process
• Social dimension of consumption
• Macro-environment: culture, sub-culture and social class
• Micro-environment: reference groups, consumption communities and family.

Dalli, D., Romani, M., 2011. Il comportamento del consumatore. Franco Angeli, Milano.

The course is organized into two complementary modules: managerial and statistical. It contributes to increase the knowledge of Total Quality Management fields and to provide tools and methodology for assuming managerial decision making in private and public organizations. Moreover, it illustrates the statistical methodologies to achieve a quality analysis. Some elements of descriptive statistics will be included (histogram, Pareto diagram, box plot). In order to use the following variables and attributes control charts, indicate the process capacity indicators and analyze the external quality.

The course is designed by developing the different aspects related to the TQM both theoretically and operationally.

Managerial module contents:

• Evolution of the quality concept and TQM principles

Cappelli L., Renzi M.F., (2010), «Management della Qualità», Cedam, Padova

“Controllo statistico di qualità” di Douglas C. Montgomery. McGraw-Hill (2005)

Teachers will provide other materials we propose during the course and it will be available on the website and on the teaching platform (to be define).

- Recalls of basic statistics and statistical inference
- Hypothesis test on a parameter (mean, proportion, variance)
- Hypothesis test for the difference between means and proportions in the case of independent and paired samples
- independence tests
- Variance Analysis (ANOVA)
- Non-parametric tests (Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, Kuskal-Wallis, Spearman sign tests)
- Simple and multiple linear model
- Factorial analysis
- Cluster analysis
- Logistics regression
- Elements of sampling techniques and websurvey

Agresti A., Finlay B.(2015) Metodi statistici di base e avanzati, Pearson Editore
Zani S., Cerioli A. (2007) Analisi dei dati e data mining per le decisioni aziendali, Giuffrè Editore.
Notes and handout (in Italian) are available at the web page of the course.

Marketing research represents a crucial source of information for profit and non-profit organizations to develop market sensitiveness and optimize marketing decisions (strategical as well as tactical).
Main course topics are structured as follows:
• Marketing research and marketing information system
• Subjcets, processes and typology of researches
• The research process: phases, contents, critical issues
• Exploratory research
• Conclusive research
• Data analysis: preparation, exploration, interpretation (some multivariate statistical techniques will be presented)
• Examples of research applied to specific marketing problems.

Molteni, M., Troilo, G., 2022. Ricerche di Marketing. Egea, Milano.


Attending students:
Chapters: 1-4; 6; 8-9.
Non-attending students:
Chapters: 1-4; 6; 8-11.

The course is activated in a single teaching module. The program deals with the study of the notion of consumer and market protection through the regulation of the consumer code, of the various European sources and of special legislation. In particular, the program focuses on the study of the consumer's fundamental rights, consumer contracts, unfair terms, unfair commercial practices, the role of supervisory authorities and the AGCM, private and publicist enforcement, access to justice, to the adr. To this is added the attention dedicated to the theme of the impact of new technologies on consumer life, the theme of big data and algorithms and the incidence that the technological evolution in place has on the existing regulation in terms of conformation of the business activity and consumer protection. The perspective from which the discipline is looked at is not that of the consumer contract but of the regulation of the markets in which a consumer operates based on the activity he performs.

AA.VV., Manuale di diritto dei consumi, Soggetti, atto, attività, enforcement, edited L. Rossi Carleo, Giappichelli, Torino, 2015, excluding the following parts only:
Part III, Chapter Two (pp. 203-218)
Part IV, Chapter Two, Section Four (pp. 247-252)
Part IV, Chapter Three, Section Three (pp. 283-306)

Since many years the debate on "Corporate Social Responsibility" (CSR) takes center stage for companies, institutions, consumers, labor unions, and NGOs, which consider corporations as pro-active agents for the creation and enhancement of the social welfare.
The course examines principles, models, and tools concerning business ethics, through a triple approach that integrates three different perspectives: economic, managerial and legal.
The course aims to promote among the students the awareness about ethical issues and the ability to recognize and adopt ethical behaviour in carrying out the managerial practices.
The course consists of three complementary modules: legal, economic and managerial. Each module provides 3 credits and constitutes a component of a single exam.

The aim of the first part – juridical – is to analyse the impact of CSR on the evolution of the sources of law and the relationship between the social and the juridical responsibility. In particular, it will deal with the following topics:
- Globalisation and the crisis of traditional law sources
- Multilevel regulation of CSR. Definition, principles and functions
- Main instruments of CSR: codes of conduct, standards
- Social rules and juridical relevance
- Complexity and alternative methods of government: soft law, self-regulation, co-regulation
- The principle of subsidiarity
- The role of ethics in the regulation of CSR
- CSR rules and enforcement. The role of legal system

The second module of the course deals with the organizational and managerial aspects related to the principles of Corporate Social Responsibility, with the aim to provide traditional and innovative tools to manage the ethical issues.
In particular, this module faces the following topics:
- The CSR evolution
- Stakeholder theory
- Stakeholder Dialogue
- AGENDA 2030 & 17 SDGs
- The CSR instruments
- Certification
- SA 8000 and Certification Process
- ISO 26000
- Social Accountability

The third module focuses on the relation between ethics, economics, and business, both in economic analysis and management. To do so, it makes three simple points. First, economics necessarily involves ethics, and economists and managers cannot engage in economic analysis and decision-making without making value judgments. Second, individuals have ethical values that shape their behavior and affect what happens in the economy as a result of their interactions. Third, ethical values are involved in evaluating how an economy is doing and in making and appraising business decisions.

Managerial Module: Standards: SA8000 and ISO 26000, students who do not speak Italian may contact Dott.ssa Di Pietro for English textbook

The course consists of three complementary modules: legal, economic and managerial. Each module provides 3 credits and constitutes a component of a single exam.

The aim of the first part – juridical – is to analyse the impact of CSR on the evolution of the sources of law and the relationship between the social and the juridical responsibility. In particular, it will deal with the following topics:
- Globalisation and the crisis of traditional law sources
- Multilevel regulation of CSR. Definition, principles and functions
- Main instruments of CSR: codes of conduct, standards
- Social rules and juridical relevance
- Complexity and alternative methods of government: soft law, self-regulation, co-regulation
- The principle of subsidiarity
- The role of ethics in the regulation of CSR
- CSR rules and enforcement. The role of legal system

The second module of the course deals with the organizational and managerial aspects related to the principles of Corporate Social Responsibility, with the aim to provide traditional and innovative tools to manage the ethical issues.
In particular this module faces the following topics:
- The CSR evolution
- Stakeholder theory
- Stakeholder Dialogue
- The CSR instruments
- Certification
- SA 8000 and Certification Process
- ISO 26000
- Social Accountability

The third module focuses on the relation between ethics, economics, and business, both in economic analysis and management. To do so, it makes three simple points. First, economics necessarily involves ethics, and economists and managers cannot engage in economic analysis and decision-making without making value judgments. Second, individuals have ethical values that shape their behavior and affect what happens in the economy as a result of their interactions. Third, ethical values are involved in evaluating how an economy is doing and in making and appraising business decisions.

Students who do not speak Italian may contact prof. Bellisario, De Muro and Di Pietro for textbooks and materials in English.

The course consists of three complementary modules: legal, economic and managerial. Each module provides 3 credits and constitutes a component of a single exam.
The aim of the first part – juridical – is to analyse the impact of CSR on the evolution of the sources of law, the techniques of its regulation and the relationship between the social and the juridical responsibility. In particular, it will deal with the following topics:
- Globalisation and the crisis of traditional law sources
- Multilevel regulation of CSR. Definition, principles and functions
- Main instruments of CSR: codes of conduct, standards
- Social rules and juridical relevance
- Complexity and alternative methods of government: soft law, self-regulation, co-regulation
- The principle of subsidiarity
- The role of ethics in the regulation of CSR
- CSR rules and enforcement. The role of legal system

Legale modul:
- E. Bellisario, La responsabilità sociale delle imprese fra autonomia e autorità privata, in Danno e responsabilità, 2013, pp. 809-822
- E. Bellisario, Rischi di sostenibilità e obblighi di disclosure: il d.lgs. n. 254/2016 di attuazione della dir. 2014/95/UE, in Le nuove leggi civili commentate, 2017, pp. 19-46
- E. Bellisario, Le “autorità private” nell’era della sostenibilità. Gli impatti dell’EGS Disclosure Regulation e del Taxonomy Regulation, in Actualidad Jurídica Iberoamericana, Numero Speciale, Estudios de derecho privado en homenaje al Profesor Cesare Massimo Bianca, 2022, pp. 104-123

To access the teaching material, it is necessary to enroll in Course AA22/23, on the Moodle platform

1. Globalization of the markets and Global value Chains
2. The internationalization of companies: theories
3. Internationalization strategies
4. Start up and development of the internationalization process
5. Analysis of the attractiveness of international markets
6. Internationalization procedure
7. Elements of penetration of international markets through the levers of the Marketing Mix
8. The internationalization of the value chain activities (production, research and development, sales, distribution)
9. The social responsibility of international companies

 UNCTAD – World Investment Report 2021 (overview)( Limitatamente ai flussi FDI e alla resilienza delle MNE)
 UNCTAD – World Investment Report 2019 (Overview) (UNCTAD/WIR/2019 (Overview))(limitatamente alle SEZ)
 UNCTAD - World Investment Report 2020 (Overview) (UNCTAD/WIR/2020 (Overview)) (Effetto della pandemia)
 UNCTAD – World Investment Report 2013 (pag. 122-174)
 UNCTAD - World Investment Report 2022 (overview)
 Mihir A. Desai, The Decentering of the Global Firm, World Economy, 32, 2009, pp. 1271-1290
 MARAFIOTI E., PERRETTI F. (a cura di), Strategie di Internazionalizzazione, Milano, EGEA, 2020 (chapters n.5 and n.8 excluded).
 F. Faggioni(2019) Offshoring vs reshoring. Dalla strategia di internazionalizzazione al design dei network manifatturieri, F.Angeli, Milano.
 The slides on the website of the course represents an integral part of the program

For non-attending students and for those who do not develop the PW, in addition to the reference texts, the following documents and articles are required:

1. Center For Creative Leadership, (2014), Leader effectiveness and Culture: The Globe Study. https://gdl29.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/globestudy.pdf
2. OECD. (2015). Principles of Corporate Governance https://www.oecd.org/daf/ca/Corporate-Governance-Principles-ENG.pdf

Introduction to Linear Programming
Solving Linear Programming Problems: The Simplex Method
Duality Theory and Sensitivity Analysis
Other Algorithms for Linear Programming
The Transportation and Assignment Problems
Network Optimization Models
Project Management with PERT/CPM
Integer Programming
Nonlinear Programming
Inventory Theory

Hillier F.S., Lieberman G.j., “Introduction to operations research” 8th edition MC graw hill 2004. CHAPTER 1, CHAPTER 3, CHAPTER 4, CHAPTER 6, CHAPTER 7, CHAPTER 8, CHAPTER 9, CHAPTER 10, CHAPTER 12,CHAPTER 13,CHAPTER 19 (Only :19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4)
Teacher notes on-line

The course aims at providing students with a good understanding of the theory and practice of strategic managing an organization, with particular reference to the concepts, tools and contexts of the managerial processes focused on formulating and implementing a strategy. Both the program and the teaching methods will be based on a problem-solving and real-life approach, with the objective of facilitating the development of diagnostic and critical skills, and the ability to selectively apply theories, methods, and techniques to various industry and company contexts.
In details:
1 – Defining and understanding strategic management 2 – External and internal analysis of the environment 3 – Business strategy: formulation, development and control 4 – Corporate strategy: Diversification and management of multiple SBUs 5 – Organization, ownership and collaboration strategies 6 – Financial performance and sustainability of strategy

ROBERT M. GRANT (2019) Contemporary strategy analysis, John WIley.
The papers published on Moodle are a part of the teaching material.

The course mainly consists in classroom lectures, case discussions, simulations, and practical exercises; in the second part of the course, selected presentations about real-life experiences will be offered by outside speakers.
The course aims at providing students with a good understanding of the theory and practice of entrepreneurship.
During the course, students develop a business plan.

A Business Planning textbook
The papers published on Moodle are a part of the teaching material.

The teaching is based on the analysis, discussion and interpretation of some case studies of organizational change implemented by large Italian and foreign companies that have been discussed and described in the "Organization Workshop" Research Program. Other case studies have been developed during the research activities carried out by the teacher. Case studies offer a broad spectrum of organizational change experiences: each case studies explain one or more of the following topics:
- work design and the transformations deriving from the impact of new digital technologies;
- how people are managed (human resource management);
- change in general organizational structures (for proprietary transformation, constitution of groups, internationalization processes, etc.);
- change in Unit structures (departments, organizational units);
- the design of business processes and their re-engineering;
- the design of company boundaries (outsourcing / activity integration choices);
- the organization of information systems.
During the lessons of the course, each case is presented and examined collectively in order to highlight the specificity and characteristics of the organizational change adopted and to describe the solution concretely followed by the examined company. In a second moment, with the help of the bibliographical indications, the theoretical references are sought in the organizational literature that can help to understand and interpret the case, highlighting alternative solutions and alternatives of theoretical perspectives. Since the interpretation of each case involves the use of at least two theories put in comparison, in the course of the teaching the student will be stimulated to learn the interpretative proposals formulated by some of the most important organizational theories (some examples: the theory of organizational action by JD Thompson, the contingency theory of PR Lawrence and JW Lorsch, the theory of transaction costs of OE Williamson, the neo-institutionalism of PJ Di Maggio and WW Powell)

The subject of the course is the study of competition law, both in terms of unfair competition and antitrust law.
The unfair competition examine the civil code (art. 2598 ss), the historical evolution and the international conventions (CUP).
The antitrust regulations proceeds mainly on the basis of the UE provisions.
A further topic of study is the trade mark.

Vanzetti-Di Cataldo, Manuale di Diritto Industriale, VIII edizione, 2021, Giuffrè
- da p. 3 a p. 144: Concorrenza sleale
- da p. 147 a p. 371: Segni distintivi
- da p. 577 a p. 679: Diritto antitrust

The course consists of three complementary modules: legal, economic and managerial. Each module provides 3 credits and constitutes a component of a single exam.
The aim of the first part – juridical – is to analyse the impact of CSR on the evolution of the sources of law, the techniques of its regulation and the relationship between the social and the juridical responsibility. In particular, it will deal with the following topics:
- Globalisation and the crisis of traditional law sources
- Multilevel regulation of CSR. Definition, principles and functions
- Main instruments of CSR: codes of conduct, standards
- Social rules and juridical relevance
- Complexity and alternative methods of government: soft law, self-regulation, co-regulation
- The principle of subsidiarity
- The role of ethics in the regulation of CSR
- CSR rules and enforcement. The role of legal system

Legale modul:
- E. Bellisario, La responsabilità sociale delle imprese fra autonomia e autorità privata, in Danno e responsabilità, 2013, pp. 809-822
- E. Bellisario, Rischi di sostenibilità e obblighi di disclosure: il d.lgs. n. 254/2016 di attuazione della dir. 2014/95/UE, in Le nuove leggi civili commentate, 2017, pp. 19-46
- E. Bellisario, Le “autorità private” nell’era della sostenibilità. Gli impatti dell’EGS Disclosure Regulation e del Taxonomy Regulation, in Actualidad Jurídica Iberoamericana, Numero Speciale, Estudios de derecho privado en homenaje al Profesor Cesare Massimo Bianca, 2022, pp. 104-123

To access the teaching material, it is necessary to enroll in Course AA22/23, on the Moodle platform

The course consists of three complementary modules: legal, economic and managerial. Each module provides 3 credits and constitutes a component of a single exam.
The aim of the first part – juridical – is to analyse the impact of CSR on the evolution of the sources of law, the techniques of its regulation and the relationship between the social and the juridical responsibility. In particular, it will deal with the following topics:
- Globalisation and the crisis of traditional law sources
- Multilevel regulation of CSR. Definition, principles and functions
- Main instruments of CSR: codes of conduct, standards
- Social rules and juridical relevance
- Complexity and alternative methods of government: soft law, self-regulation, co-regulation
- The principle of subsidiarity
- The role of ethics in the regulation of CSR
- CSR rules and enforcement. The role of legal system

Legale modul:
- E. Bellisario, La responsabilità sociale delle imprese fra autonomia e autorità privata, in Danno e responsabilità, 2013, pp. 809-822
- E. Bellisario, Rischi di sostenibilità e obblighi di disclosure: il d.lgs. n. 254/2016 di attuazione della dir. 2014/95/UE, in Le nuove leggi civili commentate, 2017, pp. 19-46
- E. Bellisario, Le “autorità private” nell’era della sostenibilità. Gli impatti dell’EGS Disclosure Regulation e del Taxonomy Regulation, in Actualidad Jurídica Iberoamericana, Numero Speciale, Estudios de derecho privado en homenaje al Profesor Cesare Massimo Bianca, 2022, pp. 104-123

To access the teaching material, it is necessary to enroll in Course AA22/23, on the Moodle platform

The course consists of lectures, discussion of business cases and exercises and includes external testimonies too. Attendance to the course and active participation are strongly recommended. The program is divided into the following topics:

1) Principles of Innovation Management e Digital Entrepreneurship:The role of this module is to introduce the students to the digital entrepreneurial world where businesses exploit modern technologies in order to gain a strategic advantage over their competitors when entering the market. By distinguishing among the different types of business this module delineates the series of steps that an entrepreneur should understand and follow to successfully establish a digital-driven business and outlines the risks and challenges to be aware of along the entrepreneurial journey with a focus on digital-based products and services and with an international outlook. The module also features digital start-up success stories that leveraged the dynamics of digital technologies and achieved great growth rates as well as high revenues.

2) Market-driven management:The module proposes a comprehensive analysis of customer-centric product and Market-driven management in the context of strategic and operational marketing processes, exploring issues related to changes in the market environment: innovations enabled by digital technologies, the urgency of environmental issues, new pandemic challenges, ethical issues and changes in consumer values and behaviour, while maintaining an international focus and perspective.

3) Product development: this module explores challenges and implications that corporate management will face in attempting to adapt to new product development approaches in accordance with the lean thinking perspective. The module introduces the concept of product from the marketing perspective, how companies come about new product, product development options, and the various strategies available to a company to manage new and existing products

4) Business Model:this module introduces the role of Business Model in product development, how business models enable companies to translate product’s value into revenue, understanding customers segments, pricing and distribution.

5) Ideation: this module introduces the ideation techniques used to generate new ideas in an opportunity space, considering political, economical, social, technological, legal and environmental dynamics (PESTLE analysis). It is also aimed to illustrate the idea definition techniques required to make an idea Customer-Oriented, by defining clients, users, goal, problem, value proposition and user experience (Product Canvas).

6) Go-to-market:this module describes the go-to-market process, made by the definition of the touchpoints to be used, the building of the artifacts required (baits), the launch and the tracking of the results.

7)Prototyping:this module describes the process of construction of a prototype which is aimed to simulate the user experience of the final product.

- Best, R. Market-based management, Pearson (Ult. Ed.)
- Slides and supporting material provided by lecturers.

Course Learning Objectives and Skill Acquisition
This course consists in two modules. The first deals with basic concepts in Energy Economics as the distribution of sources and consumption patterns at the geographical level, the analysis of demand and supply of different energy sources and the use of energy by sectors. World energy outlook scenarios are deeply investigated. The second part of the course allows students gathering main analytical tools to consider jointly energy issues and climate change impacts. The economic analysis of policy impacts over the long term and burden sharing issues in the international bargaining process are also analyzed. At the end of the course students will be able to understand global energy and climate reports, conduct their own impact analysis and be familiar with main simulation models.

Assessment
The course assessment will be based on two small dissertations that the students will write and present after the end of each part of the course, one on Energy Economics and one on Climate Policy issues, and on a final written exam formed by 5 open questions.

Course general schedule
Part I: Energy Economics
1. World Energy Outlook
2. Energy security and energy poverty
2. Fossil fuels economics
3. Energy price mechanisms
4. Alternative energy sources and clean energy technologies
Part II: Climate Change Policy
5. The science of climate change
6. Climate change impacts
7. Vulnerability and adaptation
8. Mitigation policies
7. The European low-carbon strategy

Detailed Teaching Agenda
Lecture #1: Introduction, practical information, data collection of participants
Part I: Energy Economics
Lecture #2: Introduction to the energy markets, composition of the energy mix
Lecture #3: Demand and supply, peculiarities of the energy markets
Lecture #4: How to read an energy balance: dimensions, sectors, sources
Lecture #5: Global energy markets and scenario building
Lecture #6: Energy price mechanisms: substitution elasticities
Lecture #7: Energy price mechanisms: the rebound effect
Lecture #8: Energy security and energy poverty
Lecture #9: Renewable sources: introduction and taxonomy
Lecture #10: Renewable sources: technological innovation and policy support
Lecture #11: The biofuels case: pros and cons of an eco-innovation
Lecture #12: Energy efficiency and policy support
Lecture #13: The EU Energy strategy: targets and policy instruments
Lecture #14: Dissertation on Energy Economics (Part I of the course, intermediate assessment)
Lecture #15: Dissertation on Energy Economics (Part I of the course, intermediate assessment)
Part II: Climate Change Policy
Lecture #16: The science of climate change
Lecture #17: Climate change impacts and economic damage
Lecture #18: Vulnerability and adaptation concepts
Lecture #19: The international institutional architecture for climate change
Lecture #20: Political bargaining at the international and level
Lecture #21: Mitigation actions and policy instruments
Lecture #22: The Emission Trading System and the EU experience
Lecture #23: The linkages between mitigation and economic performance
Lecture #24: Flexible mechanisms and developing countries
Lecture #25: The EU long-term low-carbon strategy
Lecture #26: Scenario building and policy impact evaluation
Lecture #27: The case of the EU long-term low-carbon strategy
Lecture #28: The case of the Green Climate Fund
Lecture #29: Dissertation on Climate Change Policy (Part II of the course, intermediate assessment)
Lecture #30: Dissertation on Climate Change Policy (Part II of the course, intermediate assessment)

Teaching material will be available to students in a dedicated Dropbox folder.
Textbooks (available in the corresponding folders for Lecture number)
Bhattacharyya S.C. (2011), Energy Economics: Concepts, Issues, Markets and Governance, UK: Springer-Verlag. Chapters: 1, 2, 3 (pp. 41-61), 4 (pp.77-81), 5 (sect. 5.1.1-5.1.5), 6 (excl. 6.5), 7 (Appendix excluded for all chapters).
IEA (International Energy Agency) (2017), World Energy Outlook 2017. Chapters: 1-2-3-4-5-6-7.
IEA (International Energy Agency) (2016), Energy Efficiency Indicators. (pages 5-10).
IPCC (2014), Climate Change 2014 – Synthesis Report. (pages 1-31).
IPCC (2014), Climate Change 2014 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Part A. (pages 1-32).
IPCC (2014), Climate Change 2014 – Mitigation of Climate Change (pages 41-107).
Tol R.S.J. (2014), Climate Economics: Economic Analysis of Climate, Climate Change and Climate Policy, Edward Elgar Publ. Chapters: 1,2,3,4,5,6.

- Cartels
- Abuses of dominant position
- Public undertakings and SGEI
- State aids
- Mergers & Acquisitions
- Digital markets

The course will cover the following topics:
• Characteristics, drivers and criticality of information-based economy and the knowledge-based view of the firms.
• Digitalization and sustainability.
• Taxonomy of knowledge and the dimensions of knowledge management.
• The processes for the creation, dissemination, and capitalization during the harvesting of knowledge.
• Competences of knowledge workers and the rise of the smart creative class.
• Human Resources Management at the time of digital technologies – HR TECH
• Smart cities for dumb people?
• Knowledge and digital learning organizations
• Digital transformation

We will be using the following textbooks:
Marchegiani, L. (2021). Digital Transformation and Knowledge Management. Routledge.

Additional material will be posted in the shared virtual workplace

Consumers learn, remember and act according to a sum of internal and external influence factors. Being able to understand how choice, purchase and consumption processes take place is crucial, in order to remove uncertainty from marketing decisions, which otherwise should only rely on manager experience/intuition.
Main course topics are structured as follows:
• Purchase and consumptions: introduction to consumer behaviour analysis.
• Consumer as individual:
• Need, motivation and involvement
• Exposure, attention and comprehension
• Product knowledge, self-knowledge and memory
• Learning
• Attitude
• Decision process
• Social dimension of consumption
• Macro-environment: culture, sub-culture and social class
• Micro-environment: reference groups, consumption communities and family.

Dalli, D., Romani, M., 2011. Il comportamento del consumatore. Franco Angeli, Milano.

- Recalls of basic statistics and statistical inference
- Hypothesis test on a parameter (mean, proportion, variance)
- Hypothesis test for the difference between means and proportions in the case of independent and paired samples
- independence tests
- Variance Analysis (ANOVA)
- Non-parametric tests (Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, Kuskal-Wallis, Spearman sign tests)
- Simple and multiple linear model
- Factorial analysis
- Cluster analysis
- Logistics regression
- Elements of sampling techniques and websurvey

Agresti A., Finlay B.(2015) Metodi statistici di base e avanzati, Pearson Editore
Zani S., Cerioli A. (2007) Analisi dei dati e data mining per le decisioni aziendali, Giuffrè Editore.
Notes and handout (in Italian) are available at the web page of the course.

Marketing research represents a crucial source of information for profit and non-profit organizations to develop market sensitiveness and optimize marketing decisions (strategical as well as tactical).
Main course topics are structured as follows:
• Marketing research and marketing information system
• Subjcets, processes and typology of researches
• The research process: phases, contents, critical issues
• Exploratory research
• Conclusive research
• Data analysis: preparation, exploration, interpretation (some multivariate statistical techniques will be presented)
• Examples of research applied to specific marketing problems.

Molteni, M., Troilo, G., 2022. Ricerche di Marketing. Egea, Milano.


Attending students:
Chapters: 1-4; 6; 8-9.
Non-attending students:
Chapters: 1-4; 6; 8-11.

The course is activated in a single teaching module. The program deals with the study of the notion of consumer and market protection through the regulation of the consumer code, of the various European sources and of special legislation. In particular, the program focuses on the study of the consumer's fundamental rights, consumer contracts, unfair terms, unfair commercial practices, the role of supervisory authorities and the AGCM, private and publicist enforcement, access to justice, to the adr. To this is added the attention dedicated to the theme of the impact of new technologies on consumer life, the theme of big data and algorithms and the incidence that the technological evolution in place has on the existing regulation in terms of conformation of the business activity and consumer protection. The perspective from which the discipline is looked at is not that of the consumer contract but of the regulation of the markets in which a consumer operates based on the activity he performs.

AA.VV., Manuale di diritto dei consumi, Soggetti, atto, attività, enforcement, edited L. Rossi Carleo, Giappichelli, Torino, 2015, excluding the following parts only:
Part III, Chapter Two (pp. 203-218)
Part IV, Chapter Two, Section Four (pp. 247-252)
Part IV, Chapter Three, Section Three (pp. 283-306)

The course consists of three complementary modules: legal, economic and managerial. Each module provides 3 credits and constitutes a component of a single exam.
The aim of the first part – juridical – is to analyse the impact of CSR on the evolution of the sources of law, the techniques of its regulation and the relationship between the social and the juridical responsibility. In particular, it will deal with the following topics:
- Globalisation and the crisis of traditional law sources
- Multilevel regulation of CSR. Definition, principles and functions
- Main instruments of CSR: codes of conduct, standards
- Social rules and juridical relevance
- Complexity and alternative methods of government: soft law, self-regulation, co-regulation
- The principle of subsidiarity
- The role of ethics in the regulation of CSR
- CSR rules and enforcement. The role of legal system

Legale modul:
- E. Bellisario, La responsabilità sociale delle imprese fra autonomia e autorità privata, in Danno e responsabilità, 2013, pp. 809-822
- E. Bellisario, Rischi di sostenibilità e obblighi di disclosure: il d.lgs. n. 254/2016 di attuazione della dir. 2014/95/UE, in Le nuove leggi civili commentate, 2017, pp. 19-46
- E. Bellisario, Le “autorità private” nell’era della sostenibilità. Gli impatti dell’EGS Disclosure Regulation e del Taxonomy Regulation, in Actualidad Jurídica Iberoamericana, Numero Speciale, Estudios de derecho privado en homenaje al Profesor Cesare Massimo Bianca, 2022, pp. 104-123

To access the teaching material, it is necessary to enroll in Course AA22/23, on the Moodle platform

The course consists of three complementary modules: legal, economic and managerial. Each module provides 3 credits and constitutes a component of a single exam.
The aim of the first part – juridical – is to analyse the impact of CSR on the evolution of the sources of law, the techniques of its regulation and the relationship between the social and the juridical responsibility. In particular, it will deal with the following topics:
- Globalisation and the crisis of traditional law sources
- Multilevel regulation of CSR. Definition, principles and functions
- Main instruments of CSR: codes of conduct, standards
- Social rules and juridical relevance
- Complexity and alternative methods of government: soft law, self-regulation, co-regulation
- The principle of subsidiarity
- The role of ethics in the regulation of CSR
- CSR rules and enforcement. The role of legal system

Legale modul:
- E. Bellisario, La responsabilità sociale delle imprese fra autonomia e autorità privata, in Danno e responsabilità, 2013, pp. 809-822
- E. Bellisario, Rischi di sostenibilità e obblighi di disclosure: il d.lgs. n. 254/2016 di attuazione della dir. 2014/95/UE, in Le nuove leggi civili commentate, 2017, pp. 19-46
- E. Bellisario, Le “autorità private” nell’era della sostenibilità. Gli impatti dell’EGS Disclosure Regulation e del Taxonomy Regulation, in Actualidad Jurídica Iberoamericana, Numero Speciale, Estudios de derecho privado en homenaje al Profesor Cesare Massimo Bianca, 2022, pp. 104-123

To access the teaching material, it is necessary to enroll in Course AA22/23, on the Moodle platform

1. Globalization of the markets and Global value Chains
2. The internationalization of companies: theories
3. Internationalization strategies
4. Start up and development of the internationalization process
5. Analysis of the attractiveness of international markets
6. Internationalization procedure
7. Elements of penetration of international markets through the levers of the Marketing Mix
8. The internationalization of the value chain activities (production, research and development, sales, distribution)
9. The social responsibility of international companies

 UNCTAD – World Investment Report 2021 (overview)( Limitatamente ai flussi FDI e alla resilienza delle MNE)
 UNCTAD – World Investment Report 2019 (Overview) (UNCTAD/WIR/2019 (Overview))(limitatamente alle SEZ)
 UNCTAD - World Investment Report 2020 (Overview) (UNCTAD/WIR/2020 (Overview)) (Effetto della pandemia)
 UNCTAD – World Investment Report 2013 (pag. 122-174)
 UNCTAD - World Investment Report 2022 (overview)
 Mihir A. Desai, The Decentering of the Global Firm, World Economy, 32, 2009, pp. 1271-1290
 MARAFIOTI E., PERRETTI F. (a cura di), Strategie di Internazionalizzazione, Milano, EGEA, 2020 (chapters n.5 and n.8 excluded).
 F. Faggioni(2019) Offshoring vs reshoring. Dalla strategia di internazionalizzazione al design dei network manifatturieri, F.Angeli, Milano.
 The slides on the website of the course represents an integral part of the program

For non-attending students and for those who do not develop the PW, in addition to the reference texts, the following documents and articles are required:

1. Center For Creative Leadership, (2014), Leader effectiveness and Culture: The Globe Study. https://gdl29.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/globestudy.pdf
2. OECD. (2015). Principles of Corporate Governance https://www.oecd.org/daf/ca/Corporate-Governance-Principles-ENG.pdf

Introduction to Linear Programming
Solving Linear Programming Problems: The Simplex Method
Duality Theory and Sensitivity Analysis
Other Algorithms for Linear Programming
The Transportation and Assignment Problems
Network Optimization Models
Project Management with PERT/CPM
Integer Programming
Nonlinear Programming
Inventory Theory

Hillier F.S., Lieberman G.j., “Introduction to operations research” 8th edition MC graw hill 2004. CHAPTER 1, CHAPTER 3, CHAPTER 4, CHAPTER 6, CHAPTER 7, CHAPTER 8, CHAPTER 9, CHAPTER 10, CHAPTER 12,CHAPTER 13,CHAPTER 19 (Only :19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 19.4)
Teacher notes on-line

The course aims at providing students with a good understanding of the theory and practice of strategic managing an organization, with particular reference to the concepts, tools and contexts of the managerial processes focused on formulating and implementing a strategy. Both the program and the teaching methods will be based on a problem-solving and real-life approach, with the objective of facilitating the development of diagnostic and critical skills, and the ability to selectively apply theories, methods, and techniques to various industry and company contexts.
In details:
1 – Defining and understanding strategic management 2 – External and internal analysis of the environment 3 – Business strategy: formulation, development and control 4 – Corporate strategy: Diversification and management of multiple SBUs 5 – Organization, ownership and collaboration strategies 6 – Financial performance and sustainability of strategy

ROBERT M. GRANT (2019) Contemporary strategy analysis, John WIley.
The papers published on Moodle are a part of the teaching material.

The course mainly consists in classroom lectures, case discussions, simulations, and practical exercises; in the second part of the course, selected presentations about real-life experiences will be offered by outside speakers.
The course aims at providing students with a good understanding of the theory and practice of entrepreneurship.
During the course, students develop a business plan.

A Business Planning textbook
The papers published on Moodle are a part of the teaching material.

The teaching is based on the analysis, discussion and interpretation of some case studies of organizational change implemented by large Italian and foreign companies that have been discussed and described in the "Organization Workshop" Research Program. Other case studies have been developed during the research activities carried out by the teacher. Case studies offer a broad spectrum of organizational change experiences: each case studies explain one or more of the following topics:
- work design and the transformations deriving from the impact of new digital technologies;
- how people are managed (human resource management);
- change in general organizational structures (for proprietary transformation, constitution of groups, internationalization processes, etc.);
- change in Unit structures (departments, organizational units);
- the design of business processes and their re-engineering;
- the design of company boundaries (outsourcing / activity integration choices);
- the organization of information systems.
During the lessons of the course, each case is presented and examined collectively in order to highlight the specificity and characteristics of the organizational change adopted and to describe the solution concretely followed by the examined company. In a second moment, with the help of the bibliographical indications, the theoretical references are sought in the organizational literature that can help to understand and interpret the case, highlighting alternative solutions and alternatives of theoretical perspectives. Since the interpretation of each case involves the use of at least two theories put in comparison, in the course of the teaching the student will be stimulated to learn the interpretative proposals formulated by some of the most important organizational theories (some examples: the theory of organizational action by JD Thompson, the contingency theory of PR Lawrence and JW Lorsch, the theory of transaction costs of OE Williamson, the neo-institutionalism of PJ Di Maggio and WW Powell)

The subject of the course is the study of competition law, both in terms of unfair competition and antitrust law.
The unfair competition examine the civil code (art. 2598 ss), the historical evolution and the international conventions (CUP).
The antitrust regulations proceeds mainly on the basis of the UE provisions.
A further topic of study is the trade mark.

Vanzetti-Di Cataldo, Manuale di Diritto Industriale, VIII edizione, 2021, Giuffrè
- da p. 3 a p. 144: Concorrenza sleale
- da p. 147 a p. 371: Segni distintivi
- da p. 577 a p. 679: Diritto antitrust