Volumetric chemical analysis: basic acid titrations; indicators; redox titrations. Potentiometric methods: the pH meter. Analysis with spectrophotometric methods: UV-visible spectrometry, spectrophotometer, absorption spectra, Lambert-Beer law. Practical experiences in the laboratory on the topics covered. Topics covered in the laboratory experience (3 CFU): The chemistry laboratory: equipment and materials. Standards of behavior and safety.ƒn Measurement, measurement errors.ƒn Quantitative volumetric methods: basic and redox titrations. Preparation of solutions of known type; standard substances. Indicators and titration curves. Analysis with potentiometric and spectrophotometric methods. The following topics will be addressed: ¡Acid-base PTitolation. ¡Redox PT. ¡Potentometric PTithings. ¡Spectrophotometric determination of Fe2+.

opics covered in the lectures (6CFU): · Atomic theory. The electrons in atoms, quantum, orbital numbers and their filling. Atom structure. Atoms, molecules, atomic number, atomic mass and mole. · Periodic system, general properties of the elements. · The chemical bond. Electronegativity, hybrid orbitals, resonance, hydrogen bonding. Molecules. Molecular Structure. · Chemical Nomenclature. Oxides, hydroxides, acids, salts. · The gaseous state. Equation of state. Ideal gases and real gases. · Condensed states, bonds in solids. · Determination of the formulas. Equilibrium chemical equilibrium equations and stoichiometric calculations. Oxide-reductions oxidation number and calculation. · Fundamentals of thermodynamics, principles and status functions · State changes and state diagrams. · Chemical equilibrium. Balance constant. Basic acid and precipitation balances. · Solutions. Concentration. Self-protection of water. Colligative properties. Electrolyte solutions. Solutions of strong and weak acids and bases, pH. Buffer solutions. Hydrolysis. · Electrochemistry. Batteries and electrolysis cells. · Chemical kinetics and hints on kinetic theories. Speed ​​of reaction and factors that influence it. Systematic inorganic chemistry. Chemical behavior of elements, characteristics of groups and periods. The main elements of the periodic table. Transition elements and coordination complexes.

The course is divided into 2 modules: 1 of Cytology (4 CFU) and 1 of Histology (2 CFU). Topics covered in Lessons: Chemical composition of the cell. Cell membranes: structure and functions. Secretion and vesicular traffic. Cellular organs: structure and functions. The cytoskeleton and the bases of cellular movement. The nucleus and the genetic information. Cell cycle and cell division: Mitosis and Meiosis. Epithelial tissue. Connective tissues. Muscle tissue. Nervous tissue. Topics covered in the exercises: Use of the optical microscope. Observation of fresh cells. Cellular colors. Examination of histological preparations with observation of the main tissues.

Functions of a real variable. Function limits. Main properties of continuous functions. Derivable functions. Maxima, minima and inflections of functions: qualitative analysis of the graph of a function. Lagrange's Theorem. Undefined integral and main techniques for the calculation of indefinite integrals. Definite integrals and area calculation. Fundamental theorem of integral calculus.

The scientific method. Physical quantities and their dimensions. Units of measurement systems. Measuring instruments and their characteristics. Characteristics of a measure. Sensitivity errors and their propagation. Related errors. Systematic errors. Random errors. Frequency histograms. Charts. Significant figures and order of magnitude. Type A errors and type B errors. Elements of statistics. The concept of probability and the properties of probabilities. Discrete and continuous distribution functions: the concept of expected value and variance; the moments of the distribution functions and the moment generating function. The main functions of discrete distribution: binomial and Poisson. The main functions of continuous distribution: uniform, of Gauss, of t of Student, of c2, normal bivariate. The central limit theorem. The distribution of random errors and their propagation. The function of distribution of the variance of the mean and the significant figures in the statistical error. Student t distribution applications. Confidence interval and statistical errors. Applications of the distribution of c2. The criterion of maximum likelihood. The least squares method. The correlation sample coefficient. Linear fit: predictions and confidence intervals for the parameters of the lines, interpolations and extrapolations. Linear fit in the case where both variables are affected by error.

a) Contents: Representation and coding of information. Hardware: architecture and components of the personal computer (PC). System software (operating system) and application software. Software structure: algorithms, programming languages, spreadsheets. Scientific calculation and data processing. The delocalized architecture: the computer networks (internet). Use of the "network" and practical security rules. Network searches (databases). b) Cultural competences Knowledge of · Basic notions of PC architecture. · Basic notions of programming and calculation. · Elaboration of experimental data and presentation of scientific results. · Correct use (security and privacy) of the "internet" network c) Methodological skills How to perform · Use of the PC in the windows environment for the calculation and processing of scientific data · Define and implement an algorithm for solving problems related to calculation and data processing. · Use the PC for the analysis and statistical processing of experimental data.

Origin of Vertebrates. The first Agnates and the appearance of Gnatostomes. Diversity and evolutionary success of aquatic bed vertebrates based on their anatomy and reproductive biology. Origin of the Tetrapods and conquest of the land emerged. The advent of the amniotic egg and the definitive conquest of the terrestrial environment by the Reptiles. Birds and flight adaptation. The diversity of Mammals is the expression of a natural plasticity and of ongoing evolutionary processes. Comparative Anatomy of Organic Vertebrate Systems: Food Strategies in Vertebrates: Respiratory, Digestive and Circulatory Systems; organization, development and function of equipment involved in the intake of food, in their treatment, in the capture of oxygen and the circulation of blood and lymph. Evolution of the Uro-Genital System in Vertebrates: organization of the renal system. Modalities and types of excretion. Sexual differentiation and sex determination. Reproductive

From a single cell to a multicellular organism: differentiation and morphogenesis. Study models. Sexual reproduction. Structural differences between the egg and the spermatozoon. Fertilization: recognition of gametes at a distance and by contact. Activation of the spermatozoon. Fusion of gametes. Activation of the egg. Prevention of polispermy. General information on the various stages of development: segmentation, gastrulation, organogenesis. The types of eggs and the related division patterns. Development of the anfiosso. Radial segmentation, gastrulation: cellular mechanisms. Early stages of organogenesis: neurulation. Development of amphibians. Segmentation: macromers and micromers. Gastrulation and early stages of organogenesis. Bird Development. Discoid segmentation. Gastrulation: primitive stria and Hensen's knot. Neurulation. The mesoderm and the fate of the regions in which it is subdivided. Somatopleura and splancnopleura. The celoma. The extraembryonic outbuildings: amnios, corion, allantoide and yolk sac. Development of Mammals. Rotational segmentation. The blastocyst: trophoblast and internal cell mass. Gastrulation. Placenta. Neurulation.

Biodiversity, systematics and phylogeny of plants. Concept of plant organisms; phylogenetic methods of investigation; classifications. The diversity of plants in an evolutionary key: the organization of vegetative structures. Photosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria. Phyletic lines in the protophytes and in the photosynthetic unicellular cells. Mushrooms. Lichens. Reproductive modalities and biological cycles in plants. Main algal taxa. Bryophytes. Vascular plants: pteridophytes; gymnosperms; angiosperms, with examples of families. Evolution of ontogenetic cycle, from algae plants to vascular plants with flower. Main cultivated plants and their origins. Global importance of vegetations and plant biodiversity.

Plant cytology. Plant cells; endosymbiotic theories. vacuoles; microbodies, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, secretory pathways. Cell wall, plasmodesms. Plastids. Cell differentiation. Plant anatomy. Meristems and totipotency of plant cells; vegetative apexes. Definitive fabrics; parenchyma; tegumental, mechanical, conducting, secretory tissues. The corm - anatomy and organography of: root, caule, leaves; specializations and transformations. The flower, its structure, nature and formation; pollination, fertilization, embryogenesis; seeds and fruits. Vegetative reproduction. Structure of the upper plants. Meristems and adult tissues. Cormo development: primary and secondary growth. Primary and secondary structures of roots and stems; leaf development and organization Reproduction. Genesis and evolution of the flower and the fruit.

Preparation of fresh and permanent plant histological preparations. Overview of Histochemical and Cytochemical Techniques. Morphological analysis. Identification of plant organisms. Identification and classification of vascular plants. Preparation of samples for herbals. In vivo and in vitro plants collection. Introduction to plant ecology and field excursions for in situ detection of plant biodiversity, with hints on the science of vegetation.

Structural theory. Isomerism and stereoisomeries. Resonance and electronic effects. Functional groups: structure, nomenclature and chemical-physical properties of alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, arenes, halides, alcohols, amines, imines, phenols, acids, esters, amides, imides and nitriles. Homo- and hetero-aromatic compounds. The main reaction mechanisms: radical halogenation of alkanes; electrophilic addition to alkenes, dienes and alkynes; polymerization; nucleophilic substitution (SN1, SN2) and elimination (E1 and E2) with carbon sp3; aromatic electrophilic substitution; nucleophilic addition to carbonyl and acyl nucleophilic substitution. Synthesis and reactivity of the various functional groups in the light of the reaction mechanisms. Enolates and their inter-, intra-molecular and crossed condensations. Bi- and polyfunctional molecules: acetacetic and malonic synthesis; hydroxyacids, enonic systems, triglycerides (soaps, surfactants and micelles), a-amino acids (structures and isoelectric point), carbohydrates (classification, hemiacetal structures, glucosides, polysaccharides).

Synthetic methods of organic compounds. Purification and separation techniques. Distillation, sublimation, crystallization, separation, extraction, centrifugation. Chromatographic techniques: stationary phase and mobile phase, adsorption chromatography, breakdown, ion exchange, on column, on paper and on thin layer, HPLC, gas-chromatography. Spectroscopy in organic chemistry: fundamental principles of spectroscopy in VIS and IR; NMR spectroscopy; mass spectrometry. Practical experiences in the laboratory on the topics covered.

The scientific method. Physical quantities and their dimensions. Units of measurement systems. Measuring instruments and their characteristics. Characteristics of a measure. Sensitivity errors and their propagation. Related errors. Systematic errors. Random errors. Frequency histograms. Charts. Significant figures and order of magnitude. Type A errors and type B errors. Elements of statistics. The concept of probability and the properties of probabilities. Discrete and continuous distribution functions: the concept of expected value and variance; the moments of the distribution functions and the moment generating function. The main functions of discrete distribution: binomial and Poisson. The main functions of continuous distribution: uniform, of Gauss, of t of Student, of c2, normal bivariate. The central limit theorem. The distribution of random errors and their propagation. The function of distribution of the variance of the mean and the significant figures in the statistical error. Student t distribution applications. Confidence interval and statistical errors. Applications of the distribution of c2. The criterion of maximum likelihood. The least squares method. The correlation sample coefficient. Linear fit: predictions and confidence intervals for the parameters of the lines, interpolations and extrapolations. Linear fit in the case where both variables are affected by error.

a) Contents: Representation and coding of information. Hardware: architecture and components of the personal computer (PC). System software (operating system) and application software. Software structure: algorithms, programming languages, spreadsheets. Scientific calculation and data processing. The delocalized architecture: the computer networks (internet). Use of the "network" and practical security rules. Network searches (databases). b) Cultural competences Knowledge of · Basic notions of PC architecture. · Basic notions of programming and calculation. · Elaboration of experimental data and presentation of scientific results. · Correct use (security and privacy) of the "internet" network c) Methodological skills How to perform · Use of the PC in the windows environment for the calculation and processing of scientific data · Define and implement an algorithm for solving problems related to calculation and data processing. · Use the PC for the analysis and statistical processing of experimental data.