CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE: classes of inorganic compounds, minimum formula, molecular and structural formula, classes of chemical reactions, organic compounds: hydrocarbons, alcohols, and amines (8 H)
ATOMIC NATURE OF MATTER: atomic structure, atomic mass, mole, isotopes, electromagnetic radiation, Bohr and Schroedinger electronic structure, periodic properties (8 H)
CHEMICAL BOND THEORIES: covalent bond, Lewis structures, VSEPR geometry, ionic bond, electrostatic weak bonds (8 H)
CHEMICAL-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PHASES OF MATTER: laws of gases, properties of liquids, Clausius Clapeyron's law, classification and properties of solids, phase transitions and state diagrams (6 H)
TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEMS: solutions, concentration units, the solubility of gases, liquids and solids, colligative properties (6 H)
THERMODYNAMICS AND THERMOCHEMICS, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, principles of thermodynamics, Hess's law, the spontaneity of reactions and the Gibbs energy (8 H)
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM: gas equilibrium, the law of mass action, properties of the equilibrium constant, Van't Hoff's law, Le Chatelier's principle (4 H)
BALANCES IN WATER SOLUTION: acid-base equilibria, pH, strong and weak acids and bases, polyprotic acids and bases, hydrolysis reactions, buffer solutions, neutralization reactions, solubility product (8 H)
LABORATORY EXPERIENCES AND NUMERICAL EXERCISES: practical exercises and numerical exercises on the topics of the course (24 H)

Chimica di John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John R. Townsend - EDISES
Stechiometria per la chimica generale di Paola Michelin Lausarot, G. Angelo Vaglio

Introduction to Physical Geography; the composition, the subdivision of the atmosphere; the radiative balance of the Sun / Earth / atmosphere system; the air temperature; atmospheric pressure and winds; the general circulation of the atmosphere; air humidity and precipitation; atmospheric pertubation; meteorological weather and climate; the classification of climates and their distribution; the climate in Italy; climatic variations over time; the hydrological cycle; the sea; the physical-chemical characteristics of seawater; the movements of the sea (waves, currents, tides); Introduction to climate change; general introduction on maps and their construction; the scale of the map; the shape of the Earth (ellipsoid and geoid) and the datum; the geographical network; the concept of latitude and longitude; geographic projections; hints of triangulation; the UTM system; cartographic symbology; reading and interpretation of topographic maps; Italian cartographic production; practical exercises on topographic maps at different scales of detail concerning: the calculation of the geographical and metric coordinates (UTM and Gauss-Boaga), the construction of the topographic profile, the delimitation of the river basin, the calculation of the percentage and angular slope, the altitude of a point, the planimetric and real distances and the magnetic declination for a correct orientation of the card.

MCKNIGHT T.H. & HESS D.H., GEOGRAFIA FISICA. COMPRENDERE IL PAESAGGIO. PICCIN, PADOVA

LUPIA PALMIERI E. & PAROTTO M., IL GLOBO TERRESTRE E LA SUA EVOLUZIONE, ZANICHELLI, BOLOGNA

SAURO U., MENEGHEL M., BONDESAN A. & CASTIGLIONI B. – DALLA CARTA TOPOGRAFICA AL PAESAGGIO. ATLANTE RAGIONATO. – ZETABETA EDITRICE SRL, VICENZA

MORI A. – LE CARTE GEOGRAFICHE E LA LORO LETTURA E INTERPRETAZIONE. – LIBRERIA GOLIARDICA, PISA

Real numbers and functions
Complex numbers
Vectors and matrices
Succession limits
Function limits. Continuous functions
Derivatives and their applications
Function study
Functions in more variables
Differential calculus in more variables

D.Benedetto, M.Degli Esposti, C.Maffei, Matematica per le scienze della vita, Casa Ed. Ambrosiana (2016)
P. Marcellini, C. Sbordone, Calcolo, Ed. Liguori, 1992

Elements of set theory. Natural numbers, integers, rationals, reals, and complex numbers. Numerical sequences. Real functions and limits, continuity. Derivatives of real functions. Matrices and linear algebra. Elements of Euclidean geometry and multi-varied functions, partial derivatives, gradient, curl.

- D.Benedetto, M.Degli Esposti, C.Maffei. Matematica per le scienze della vita. Casa Editrice Ambrosiana

Providing key knowledge of GIS applications to territorial studies, especially for geological purposes. Spatial analysis with the open source “QGIS” (including the tools of GRASS, GDAL/OGR, SAGA). Codification of real information through vector and raster models. Web GIS. Digitization and design of spatial data (e.g. urban areas and river basin) and relational data model (SQL language) basic concepts. Mention of the creation and management of DBMS (database management system). Analysis of orthophotos, topographic maps. Basic principles of digital thematic mapping, reference systems and basic techniques for acquiring spatial data (e.g. from GPS, remote sensing, laser scanning, Lidar ecc.). Processing of digital elevation models (DEM) and extraction of contours, slope, shade, aspect from a DTM (Digital Terrain Model). Examples of basics geospatial analysis of vector and raster data. Creation of layout (e.g. geological map).

Course material (ppt, pdf e word, sofwater, gis data) and scientific articles provided by the professor, web learning
Book for further detailed studies (optional)
Noti V. “GIS Open Source per Geologia e Ambiente”, Ed. Flaccovio (2014)

1. Measurement units, physical quantities and vectors
2. Newton's laws of motion
3. Work and energy
4. Linear momentum
5. Rotational motion
6. Fluid mechanics
7. Periodical motions
8. Waves
9. Thermal properties of matter
10. Laws of thermodynamics

James S. Walker: Fondamenti di Fisica
H.D. Young, R. A. Freedman and A. L. Ford: Principi fdi Fisica

1. Measurement units, physical quantities and vectors

2. Newton's laws of motion

3. Work and energy

4. Linear momentum

5. Rotational motion

6. Fluid mechanics

7. Periodical motions

8. Waves

9. Thermal properties of matter

10. Laws of thermodynamics

11. Introduction to statistics

James S. Walker: Fondamenti di Fisica

H.D. Young, R. A. Freedman e A. L. Ford: Principi di Fisica

Area and distance; Integrals; Fundamental Theorem of Calculus; Techniques of integration; Approximation of integrals; Arc length; Area of a surface of revolution; Volume of a solid of revolution; Multiple integrals; changes of variables; Surface integrals; Divergence, Greens' and Stokes' Theorems; Ordinary and Partial differential equations

1. D.Benedetto, M.Degli Esposti, C.Maffei; Matematica per le scienze della vita; Casa Editrice Ambrosiana
2. Paolo Marcellini, Carlo Sbordone; Calcolo; Liguori Editore
3. James Stewart; Calculus - Early trascendentals; Ed. Thomson

Electrical force

Electrical field

Electrostatic energy

Capacitors

Resistivity

DC circuit, Kirchhoff's law

DC circuit, charging of a capacitor

Magnetic field

Laplace's second law

Laplace's first law

Ampère's law

Fileds in continuous fields*

Magnetic induction

Displacement currents

Inductors

AC circuits

EM waves: derivation and general ideas*

EM waves: properties

Propagation of EM waves*

Geometrical optics

Interference

Diffraction, polarisation

* These topics will not be addressed in the written exam.

The course is broadly based on the volume:
H.D. Young, R.A. Feedman, Principi di Fisica vol. 2

Introduction to Geomorphology; Weathering; soils; introduction to air-photo analysis; geomorphological cartography; slope processes, landforms and deposits; river processes, landforms and deposits; glacial processes, landforms and deposits; periglacial processes, landforms and deposits; karst processes, landforms and deposits; aeolian processes, landforms and deposits; tectonic geomorphology; volcanic geomorphology; planation landforms and landscape evolution models. The lab activity includes the interpretation of air photos relative to central Italy.

DRAMIS & OLLIER, Genesi ed evoluzione del rilievo terrestre. PITAGORA EDITRICE BOLOGNA

MCKNIGHT & HESS, Geografia Fisica. PICCIN, PADOVA

CICCACCI, LE FORME DEL RILIEVO, Atlante illustrato di Geomorfologia. MONDADORI UNIVERSITA’

SPAGNA, Aerogeologia. PITAGORA EDITRICE, BOLOGNA.

ANGELELLI, ARCOZZI, MANDOLESI, PRETI, Guida alla fotointerpretazione e restituzione tematica. PITAGORA EDITRICE, BOLOGNA.

GOMARASCA, Elementi di Geomatica. A.I.T., ROMA.

General Palaeontology:

Brief history of Palaeontology (2h).

Taphonomy (2h). Systematics: classification. the species concept. different taxonomy schools (2h). Palaeoecology: marine palaeoecology. Elements of continental palaeoecology. Palaeoichnology (4h). Biostratigraphy: biozones. Biostratigraphic correlations (4h).

Evolution: fossils and evolution. Lamark’s and Neo-lamarckist’s evoluton theory. Darwin’s evolution theory. Microevolution. Synthetic and Punctuated Equilibria theories. Macroevolution. Extinction. Adaptive radiation (8h).

Palaeobiogeography: the historical biogeography: dispersion and vicariance. The ecological biogeography. Plate tectonics and palaeobiogeography (2h).

Systematic Palaeontology:

Prokaryote and eukaryote cells. The Kingdoms (1h).

Kingdom Protista - Foraminifera: morphology, taxonomy, stratigraphic distribution and palaeoecology. Detailed study on Orbitolinidae, Fusulinidae, Alveolinidae, Nummulitidae, orbitoids, and Globigerinini (6h). Morphology, taxonomy, stratigraphic distribution and palaeoecology of Radiolaria, Tintinnida, Calcareous Nannofossils and Calcareous Algae (1h). Kingdom Animalia – Porifera: morphology, taxonomy, and palaeoecology (1h). Cnidaria: morphology, taxonomy, stratigraphic distribution and palaeoecology (1h).

Mollusca: general morphology and taxonomy. Morphology, taxonomy, stratigraphic distribution and palaeoecology of Bivalvia (including detailed study of Superfamily Hippuritoidea), Gastropoda and Cephalopoda (6h).

Arthropoda: general morphology and taxonomy. Morphology and palaeoecology of Trilobita and Ostracoda (2h).

Echinodermata: general morphology and taxonomy. Morphology and palaeoecology of Echinoidea and Crinoidea (2h).

Lophophorata: general morphology and taxonomy. Morphology and palaeoecology of Bryozoa. Morphology, taxonomy, stratigraphic distribution and palaeoecology of Brachiopoda. (2h).

Stratigraphic Palaeontology: the Cambrian and Phanerozoic fauna; (2h).

Laboratory of Palaeontology:

Practical training on micro- and macrofossil morphology (18h).

Microbiofacies analysis of the Neotethyan basinal sedimentary successions during Meso-Cenozoic (example: the Umbro-Marchean succession) (9h).

Microbiofacies analysis of the Neotethyan carbonate platform sedimentary successions during Meso-Ceonozoic (example: the Latium-Abruzzi succession) (9h)

General Paleontology:
AAVV, 2020 - Manuale di Paleontologia. Fondamenti e applicazioni. Idelson-Gnocchi;
Raffi S. & Serpagli E., 1993 - Introduzione Alla Paleontologia. U.T.E.T.;
Benton M.J. & Harper D.A.T., 2009 - Introduction to Paleobiology and the fossil record, Wiley-Blackwell.

Systematic Paleontology:
Teacher handouts relating to the lessons
Allasinaz A., 1999 - Invertebrati fossili. U.T.E.T.

Paleontological Laboratory:
Teacher handouts relating to the lessons.

General Palaeontology:
Brief history of Palaeontology (2h).
Taphonomy (2h).
Systematics: classification. the species concept. Different taxonomy schools (2h).
Palaeoecology: marine palaeoecology. Elements of continental palaeoecology. Palaeoichnology (4h).
Biostratigraphy: biozones. Biostratigraphic correlations (4h).
Evolution: fossils and evolution. Lamark’s and Neo-lamarckist’s evoluton theory. Darwin’s evolution theory. Microevolution. Synthetic and Punctuated Equilibria theories. Macroevolution. Extinction. Adaptive radiation (4h).
Palaeobiogeography: the historical biogeography: dispersion and vicariance. The ecological biogeography. Plate tectonics and palaeobiogeography (4h).
Case studies (2h)

Systematic Palaeontology:
Prokaryote and eukaryote cells. The Kingdoms (1h).
Kingdom Protista - Foraminifera: morphology, taxonomy, stratigraphic distribution and palaeoecology. Detailed study on Orbitolinidae, Fusulinidae, Alveolinidae, Nummulitidae, orbitoids, and Globigerinini (6h). Morphology, taxonomy, stratigraphic distribution and palaeoecology of Radiolaria, Tintinnida, Calcareous Nannofossils and Calcareous Algae (1h).
Kingdom Animalia – Porifera: morphology, taxonomy, and palaeoecology (1h).
Cnidaria: morphology, taxonomy, stratigraphic distribution and palaeoecology (1h).
Mollusca: general morphology and taxonomy. Morphology, taxonomy, stratigraphic distribution and palaeoecology of Bivalvia (including detailed study of Superfamily Hippuritoidea), Gastropoda and Cephalopoda (6h).
Arthropoda: general morphology and taxonomy. Morphology and palaeoecology of Trilobita and Ostracoda (2h).
Echinodermata: general morphology and taxonomy. Morphology and palaeoecology of Echinoidea and Crinoidea (2h).
Lophophorata: general morphology and taxonomy. Morphology and palaeoecology of Bryozoa. Morphology, taxonomy, stratigraphic distribution and palaeoecology of Brachiopoda. (2h).
Stratigraphic Palaeontology: the Cambrian and Phanerozoic fauna; (2h).

Laboratory of Palaeontology:
Practical training on micro- and macrofossil morphology (18h).
Microbiofacies analysis of the Neotethyan basinal sedimentary successions during Meso-Cenozoic (example: the Umbro-Marchean succession) (9h).
Microbiofacies analysis of the Neotethyan carbonate platform sedimentary successions during Meso-Ceonozoic (example: the Latium-Abruzzi succession) (9h).

General Paleontology:
Società Paleontologica Italiana (a cura della), 2020 – Manuale di Paleontologia. Fomdamenti – Applicazioni. Idelson-Gnocchi, Napoli.
Raffi S. & Serpagli E., 1993 - Introduzione Alla Paleontologia. U.T.E.T.;
Benton M.J. & Harper D.A.T., 2009 - Introduction to Paleobiology and the fossil record, Wiley-Blackwell.

Systematic Paleontology:
Società Paleontologica Italiana (a cura della), 2020 – Manuale di Paleontologia. Fomdamenti – Applicazioni. Idelson-Gnocchi, Napoli.
Teacher handouts relating to the lessons
Allasinaz A., 1999 - Invertebrati fossili. U.T.E.T.

Paleontological Laboratory:
Teacher handouts relating to the lessons.

Introduction and math background: scalars and vector operations, divergence, curl, gradient, tensors, matrix algebra
Elasticity: stress and strain tensors, Hooke's law, general elasticity relationships, Elastic moduli: Young, incompressibility, shear, Lamè constants, circular diagram of 2-D stress (Mohr circle).
Granular media: classificationa and mechanical properties, strenght, lishopsheric stress pattern, saturated media: Terzahi principle, effective pressure, total pressure. Dyanmic conditions, flow motion and Darcy's law
Rheology: Fragile behaviour, viscositym visco-elastic models (MAxwella nd Kelving-Voigt) .
Elastic waves: origin and propagation of P and S- waves, reflection and transmission coefficients, moment tensor and focal mechanisms (beach balls)

- Introduzione alla Meccanica delle Terre e delle Rocce (Cozzi, Della Monica)
- Fundamental of Geophysics, Lowrie, Cambridge ed.

LECTURES
Module 1. INTRODUCTION
Plate tectonics and plate margins. The Wilson cycle. Composition and structure of the crust and lithosphere: continental and oceanic (ophiolites). Main provinces composing the plates. Distribution of rocks on the Earth's surface in the world and in Italy. The rock cycle. General concepts and principles of stratigraphy. The time scale. Stratigraphic units. Lithostratigraphy (units and relationships between units) and its applications (e.g., geological maps, sedimentary environments, correlations). Main sedimentary basins in divergent, convergent and transcurrent contexts: classification and controlling factors. Main deformation mechanisms in the crust.
Module 2. LITHOGENESIS AND DEFORMATION OF DIVERGENT MARGINS
Distribution of divergent margins in the plate puzzle. Brittle extensional tectonics: normal faults, normal fault systems (geometry, kinematics). Extensional sedimentary basins and their tectono-stratigraphic evolution: from continental rift to oceanic rift, development of passive margins. Anatomy and classification of passive margins. Salt tectonics. Oceanic rift (morphology, magmatism, metamorphism). Models of divergent margin evolution: pure shear, simple shear.
Module 3. LITHOGENESIS AND DEFORMATION OF CONVERGENT MARGINS
Distribution of convergent margins in the plate puzzle. Evolution of convergent margins: from subduction to collision (magmatism and metamorphism). Brittle compressional tectonics: reverse faults, overthrusts, folds. Fold and overthrust systems (geometry, kinematics). Sedimentary basins in convergent contexts and their tectono-stratigraphic evolution: oceanic trench basins, forearc and retroarc basins, foredeep and thrust-top basins. Anatomy and classification of orogens.
Module 4. LITHOGENESIS AND DEFORMATION OF TRANSFORM MARGINS
Distribution of transform margins in the plate puzzle. Brittle transcurrent tectonics: transcurrent faults and strike-slip deformation systems (geometry, kinematics). Sedimentary basins in transcurrent contexts.

IN-DOOR LABORATORY
Introduction to the study of sedimentary rocks; siliciclastic rocks; carbonate rocks and marine carbonate environments; evaporitic rocks; rocks of organic origin; residual rocks. Introduction to Geological Map Reading. Reading and interpretation of the geological map of the Grand Canyon on a small scale, Sora sheet on a 100,000 scale, Spoleto sheet on a 50,000 scale, use of stereographic projections to represent geological planes and lines, use of the compass.

FIELD TRIP (Interdisciplinary field work)
Geological-regional Excursion through the central Italy, from the Tuscan-Lazio peri-Tyrrhenian extensional margin to the Umbria-Marche Apennine fold and thrust belt, with the development of three main themes and five thematic exercises for the collection and processing of field data.
Theme 1. Tectono-stratigraphic evolution of the peri-Tyrrhenian margin (Tarquinia, Civitavecchia)
Aims and methods: reconstruction of coastal uplift through morphological survey and micropaleontological sampling of marine terraces (in the field), microscopic analysis of microfauna meaning for age and facies assessment, analysis of aerial photographs, integration of analytical results (in the classroom), calculation of uplift and drafting of a descriptive report on the recent evolution of the margin.
Theme 2. Tectonic, magmatic and sedimentary evolution of the peri-Tyrrhenian margin and relations with the compressional evolution of the Apennine chain (Boccheggiano, Massa Marittima)
Aims and methods: reconstruction of survey excerpts and framing of the deformation style and extensional kinematics and of the associated lithogenetic processes (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic rocks) by means of geological survey for the collection of field data, measurement of plane and line attitude, rock recognition, processing of the data collected for the reconstruction of the main structures surveyed.
Theme 3. Tectonic-stratigraphic evolution of the Apennine chain in the Umbria-Marches domain (Valnerina)
Aims and methods: reconstruction of simple geological maps and regional cross sections to assess the deformation style and kinematics of Miocene compressional tectonics and Quaternary extensional tectonics. Collection of meso-scale structural data. Reconstruction of the Meso-Cenozoic stratigraphic succession. Pleistocene stratigraphic and morphologic evolution (through travertine analysis) of the Nera River at the confluence with the Corno River. Reading and interpretation of geological and topographical cartography at various scales.

Handouts and scientific articles distributed by the lecturer

Mottana M., Crespi R. Minerali e rocce. ISBN 9788837029562

PRESS Frank , SIEVER Raymond , GROTZINGER John , JORDAN Thomas H 2006. CAPIRE LA TERRA. ISBN 978-8808-07991-6 Trad. di P. Fredi, revisione di E. Lupia Palmieri e M. Parotto. Zanichelli ed. pp. 672

Tucker ME 2010. Geologia del sedimentario 2010. Rocce, strutture sedimentarie, ambienti deposizionali. ISBN 9788857900414. 384 pp.

Venturini c. 2012. Realizzare e leggere carte e sezioni geologiche Un approccio alla geologia di terreno e alla sua rappresentazione cartografica. dario flaccovio ed.ISBN 9788857901534. pp.224.

Criteria for recognition of eruptive, magmatic and metamorphic rocks and relative textures in the field. Recognition of primary and secondary (tectonic) foliation in metamorphic rocks. Recognition and cartographic representation of faults, bedding and lithological contacts.

Lecture notes provided by the teacher

First part: igneous petrology
classification and nomenclature of igneous rocks. igneous structures and field relationship.
diversification of magmas. magmatism and plate tectonic.

Second part: metamorphic petrology
The types of metamorphism. classification of metamorphic rocks. structures and textures of metamorphic rocks

MATERIALS FURNISHED BY THE PROFESSOR.

Study of marine terraces (Tarquinia and Montalto di Castro area, northern Latium) and their tectonic meaning by field survey, air-photo interpretation and palaeontologic analysis.

hand-outs provided by the professor

The first part of the Muldisciplinary field activity (Paleontology) consists of one day on the field and two ays of laboratorial activity. The field activity is carried out in the Tarquinia and Montalto Di Castro areas (northern Latium) the laboratorial activity is developed in the Roma Tre Guest House at Allumiere, provided with steromicroscopes. During the first day, students learn how to draw a stratigraphic log of two sedimentary successions, characterised by different thiknesses and lithologies, measuring the bedding and making microscopical observations on the rock texture, mineralogical and paleontological composition (with the 10x lens). Students collect two samples that will be studied in the following days.
During the two following days in the Guest House, students make the micropaleontological analysis of the collected samples, counting benthic and planktonic foraminifers and picking the stracod valves for their specific identification and the calculation of the percentage frequencies.
At the end of the analyses, students, guided by teachers, discuss the results providing the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the examined sedimentary successions in the frame of the landscape evolution. Finally, students are required to write a report which includes two topographic profiles, one geomolphological map of terraces, the calculations to obtain the palaeo-bathymetry of the examined deposits and the Plio-Pleistocene uplift rates of the studied Tyrrenian coastal sector.

Atlas of Ostracods (Teacher handhouts)

Course programme – 1st semester
Introduction. Definition of crystal and mineral. Mineralogy in earth science. Minerals as economic resource. History of mineralogy.
Crystal morphology. Symmetry and symmetry operations. The 32 points groups. Crystallographic axes. The 32 classes and seven systems of crystals. Axial ratios, weiss parameters, miller indices of crystal faces. Crystal forms and crystal habit. Twinning. Stereographic projection of crystal faces and forms.
Crystal structures. Translational symmetry: rows, plane and three-dimensional lattices. The 14 bravais lattices. Symmetry operations with translation: screw axes and glide planes. The 230 space groups.
Crystal chemistry. Atoms and ions: structure, electron affinity, ionization energy, electronegativity, atomic and ionic radii. Chemical bonds and bonding. Packing, coordination, charge balance. Pauling's rules.
Energetics and mineral stability. Basic thermodynamic concepts. Crystallization and crystal growth. Solid solutions. Phase transitions and phase diagrams. Polymorphism. Twinning and crystal defects.
Chemical composition of minerals. Calculation of mineral formulas from chemical analyses. Graphical representation and interpretation of data.
Physical properties of minerals. Mechanical (hardness, cleavage, tenacity etc.), electrical, magnetic properties. Specific gravity. Color and optical effects (asterism, chatoyancy, play of colors, etc.).
Systematic mineralogy. Mineral classification. Systematic of non-silicate minerals. Systematic of silicate minerals.
Practical. Crystal morphology. Stereographic projections. Identification of minerals in hand specimen.

Course programme – 2nd semester.
Optical properties. Nature of light as an electromagnetic wave: wave nomenclature, wave front, wave normal, phase and interference. Polarizing microscope. Reflection, refraction, dispersion and polarization. Refractive indices and snell's law. Birefringence. Uniaxial and biaxial indicatrix. Optical properties of minerals using polarized light: color, form and habit, cleavage, pleochroism, refractive index, relief, becke line. Optical properties of minerals using crossed polars: interference colors, extinction, and elongation sign. Optical properties of minerals using convergent polarized light: uniaxial and biaxial interference figures (optic sign, 2v and birefringence). Optical properties of the most common rock forming minerals.
Laboratory. Introduction to the petrographic microscope. Relief and becke line test. Color and pleochroism. Interference colors and birefringence estimation. Interference figures of uniaxial and biaxial minerals. Optical properties and identification of the principal rock forming minerals.

KLEIN C. (2004). MINERALOGIA. ZANICHELLI.
DEER W.A., HOWIE R.A. & ZUSSMAN J. (1994). INTRODUZIONE AI MINERALI CHE COSTITUISCONO LE ROCCE. ZANICHELLI.
MOTTANA A. (1989). FONDAMENTI DI MINERALOGIA GEOLOGICA. ZANICHELLI.

AND ALSO:
DYAR M.D. E GUNTER M. (2008). MINERALOGY AND OPTICAL MINERALOGY. MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA.
PUTNIS A. (1992). INTRODUCTION TO MINERAL SCIENCES. CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
BLOSS F.D. (1999). OPTICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA.

Various material provided by the teacher according to the themes developed during the course.

PARTE I :
COSMOCHIMICA (2H). PROCESSI DI NUCLEOSINTESI E STABILITÀ DEGLI ELEMENTI (2H). ABBONDANZA DEGLI ELEMENTI NELLA TERRA E LORO DISTRIBUZIONE NELLE SFERE GEOCHIMICHE (4H). LA CLASSIFICAZIONE GEOCHIMICA DEGLI ELEMENTI: MAGGIORI, MINORI, IN TRACCE (4H). COMPORTAMENTO DEGLI ELEMENTI NEL CORSO DEI PROCESSI MAGMATICI: COEFFICIENTE DI RIPARTIZIONE, ELEMENTI COMPATIBILI E INCOMPATIBILI (4H). MODELLAZIONE GEOCHIMICA DEI PROCESSI DI FUSIONE PARZIALE E CRISTALLIZZAZIONE FRAZIONATA (4H). INTRODUZIONE ALLA GEOCRONOLOGIA RADIOMETRICA (4H): ACCUMULATION CLOCK, DECAY CLOCK, DISEQUILIBRIUM. METODI CRONOLOGICI DEL K/AR, C-14 E RB/SR. INTRODUZIONE ALLA GEOCHIMICA DEGLI ISOTOPI STABILI (2H).
PARTE II:
COMPORTAMENTO DEGLI ELEMENTI DURANTE I PROCESSI SUPERGENICI. PROCESSI DI WEATHERING E RUOLO DELL’ACQUA (4H). FATTORI CHE CONTROLLANO IL COMPORTAMENTO GEOCHIMICO DEGLI ELEMENTI DURANTE IL TRASPORTO E LA SEDIMENTAZIONE: POTENZIALE IONICO, PH, EH (4H). PROCESSI DI ASSORBIMENTO (2H). GEOCHIMICA DELL’IDROSFERA: ACQUE CONTINENTALI (SUPERFICIALI E SOTTERRANEE) (6H). INTERAZIONE ACQUA/ROCCIA. ACQUE MINERALI E LORO UTILIZZAZIONE DA PARTE DELL’UOMO (4H). CENNI DI RADIOATTIVITÀ AMBIENTALE, CON PARTICOLARE RIFERIMENTO AL PROBLEMA RADON. MISURA DELLA RADIOATTIVITÀ NATURALE ATTRAVERSO LA SPETTROMETRIA GAMMA (4H).

W.M. WHITE (2005) - GEOCHEMISTRY, available online at the following address: http://www.imwa.info/geochemistry

PARTE I :
COSMOCHIMICA (2H). PROCESSI DI NUCLEOSINTESI E STABILITÀ DEGLI ELEMENTI (2H). ABBONDANZA DEGLI ELEMENTI NELLA TERRA E LORO DISTRIBUZIONE NELLE SFERE GEOCHIMICHE (4H). LA CLASSIFICAZIONE GEOCHIMICA DEGLI ELEMENTI: MAGGIORI, MINORI, IN TRACCE (4H). COMPORTAMENTO DEGLI ELEMENTI NEL CORSO DEI PROCESSI MAGMATICI: COEFFICIENTE DI RIPARTIZIONE, ELEMENTI COMPATIBILI E INCOMPATIBILI (4H). MODELLAZIONE GEOCHIMICA DEI PROCESSI DI FUSIONE PARZIALE E CRISTALLIZZAZIONE FRAZIONATA (4H). INTRODUZIONE ALLA GEOCRONOLOGIA RADIOMETRICA (4H): ACCUMULATION CLOCK, DECAY CLOCK, DISEQUILIBRIUM. METODI CRONOLOGICI DEL K/AR, C-14 E RB/SR. INTRODUZIONE ALLA GEOCHIMICA DEGLI ISOTOPI STABILI (2H).
PARTE II :
COMPORTAMENTO DEGLI ELEMENTI DURANTE I PROCESSI SUPERGENICI. PROCESSI DI WEATHERING E RUOLO DELL’ACQUA (4H). FATTORI CHE CONTROLLANO IL COMPORTAMENTO GEOCHIMICO DEGLI ELEMENTI DURANTE IL TRASPORTO E LA SEDIMENTAZIONE: POTENZIALE IONICO, PH, EH (4H). PROCESSI DI ASSORBIMENTO (2H). GEOCHIMICA DELL’IDROSFERA: ACQUE CONTINENTALI (SUPERFICIALI E SOTTERRANEE) (6H). INTERAZIONE ACQUA/ROCCIA. ACQUE MINERALI E LORO UTILIZZAZIONE DA PARTE DELL’UOMO (4H). CENNI DI RADIOATTIVITÀ AMBIENTALE, CON PARTICOLARE RIFERIMENTO AL PROBLEMA RADON. MISURA DELLA RADIOATTIVITÀ NATURALE ATTRAVERSO LA SPETTROMETRIA GAMMA (4H).

- GEOCHEMISTRY - W.M. WHITE (2013) WILEY

The course program includes the presentation and discussion of the following topics:
INFLUENCE OF GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN ENGINEERING PROJECTS AND ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; ELEMENTS OF SOIL MECHANICS: PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION, ATTEMBERG LIMITS, CHARACTERIZATION OF SOILS, EFFECTIVE STRESS, CONSOLIDATION; ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF ROCKS AND SOILS; HYDROGEOLOGY: DARCY’S LAW, HYDROGEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ROCKS AND SOILS, TYPES OF SPRING, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GROUNDWATER, HYDROGEOLOGICAL BUDGET, COLLCETION OF GROUNDWATER, WELLS AND SPRINGS; GEOGNOSTIC SURVEY: PLANNING, EXECUTING AND MANAGEMENT OF A GEOGNOSTIC SURVEY, MECHANICAL TESTS IN SITU, ROCK AND SOIL SAMPLING, ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING, TYPES OF FOUNDATION, LEGAL AND TECHNICAL STANDARDS; GEOLOGICAL, HYDROGEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL SURVEY; GEOTHEMATIC MAPS; GEOLOGICAL REPORT

- GONZÀLES DE VALLEJO L.I., GEOINGEGNERIA, PEARSON EDUCATION ITALIA (MI);
- CASADIO M. & ELMI C., IL MANUALE DEL GEOLOGO, EDITRICE PITAGORA (BO);
- CESTARI F., PROVE GEOTECNICHE IN SITU, EDIZIONI GEO-GRAPH (SEGRATE-MI);
- SCESI L.,PAPINI M. & GATTINONI P., PRINCIPI DI GEOLOGIA APPLICATA, CASA EDITRICE AMBROSIANA (MI);
- CERBINI G., IL MANUALE DELLE ACQUE SOTTERRANEE, EDITRICE GEO-GRAPH (SEGRATE-MI);
- VALLARIO A., FRANE E TERRITORIO, LIGUORI EDITORE (NA);
- MASSIMO CIVITA, IDROGEOLOGIA APPLICATA E AMBIENTALE, CASA EDITRICE AMBROSIANA (MI).

The course is divided into three main blocks:

1) Principles of geophysics for the structure and dynamics of the Earth.
Earth's structure from seismological, gravimetric and magnetic data
2) Plate tectonics:
Principles of plate tectonics, kinematics and velocity models. From kinematics to dynamics.
3) Regional tectonics.
Subduction and collision processes. The Western Pacific. The Eastern Pacific the Andean system. The tetid system: from the Himalayan collision to the Mediterranean.

Practical exercises are focused on reading geological maps and creating geological sections. Stereographic analysis and representation of geological and structural data

Texts and teaching material:
Fowler The Solid Earth An Introduction to Global Geophysics (Cambridge University Press)

The teacher also makes available images shown during the lessons and Geological maps

Additional reading:
Allan Cox, Robert B. Hart, "Plate tectonics. Mechanisms and methods" (Zanichelli Press)

IGNEOUS PETROLOGY
THE EARTH’S INTERIOR.CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE OF IGNEOUS ROCKS. IGNEOUS STRUCTURES AND FIELD RELATIONSHIP. AN INTRODUCTION TO THERMODYNAMICS. TWO COMPONENT SYSTEMS. BINARY EUTECTIC SYSTEMS. BINARY PERITECTIC SYSTEMS. BINARY SYSTEMS WITH COMPLETE SOLID SOLUTION. THREE-COMPONENT (TERNARY) SYSTEMS. REACTIONS SERIES. CHEMICAL PETROLOGY: MAJOR AND MINOR ELEMENTS. TRACE ELEMENTS AND ISOTOPES.GENERATION OF BASALTIC MAGMAS. DIVERSIFICATION OF MAGMAS. MAGMATISM ADN PLATE TECTONIC. MID-OCEAN RIDGE VOLCANISM. OCEANIC INTRAPLATE VOLCANISM. SUBDUCTION-RELATED IGNEOUS ACTIVITY. PLUTONIC BELTS OF CONTINENTAL ARCS. GRANITOID ROCKS.

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY
METAMORPHIC AGENTS AND CHANGES. THE TYPES OF METAMORPHISM. CLASSIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS. STRUCTURES AND TEXTURES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS. ISOGRADS, METAMORPHIC FACIES, AND PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE EVOLUTION. ASSEMBLAGE, REACTIONS AND EQUILIBRIUM. CONTROL OF METAMORPHIC REACTIONS. METAMORPHISM OF MAFIC AND ULTRAMAFIC IGNEOUS ROCKS. METAMORPHISM OF ALUMINOUS CLASTIC ROCKS. METAMORPHISM OF CALCAREOUS ROCKS.

1)AN INTRODUCTION TO IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY. JOHN D. WINTER.PRENTICE HALL NEW JERSEY.
2)MAGMATISMO E METAMORFISMO. D’AMICO C., INNOCENTI, F., SASSI F.P. UTET.
3) PETROGRAFIA MICROSCOPICA. ZEZZA U. LA GOLIARDICA PAVESE
4)MATERIAL FURNISHED BY THE PROFESSOR

Third part: practical teaching in the mineralogy and petrology laboratory. The teaching consists in the study and recognition in thin section of the most common igneous and metamorphic rocks.

First (igneous petrology) and second part (metamorphic petrology):
- An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. John D. Winter.Prentice Hall New Jersey.
- Magmatismo E Metamorfismo. D’amico C., Innocenti, F., Sassi F.P. Utet.

Third part (practical teaching):
- Petrografia Microscopica. Zezza U. La Goliardica Pavese

THIS COURSE ADDRESSES SOME BASIC NOTIONS (FACIES, ROCK FORMING PROCESSES, TECTONIC PROCESSES, WEATHERING, ETC.) TOGETHER WITH SOME TECHNIQUES FOR COLLECTING DATA FROM THE FIELD AND REPRESENTING THEM ON A MAP. THIS COURSE ADDRESSES SOME MAIN POINTS: 1) AIMS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (COGNITIVE AND APPLIED); 2) USE OF DIFFERENT MAP SCALES; 3) METHODS FOR DOING THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY (LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC, BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC, CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC, AND MIXED CRITERIA). AIDS FOR THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY: BE ABLE FOR READING TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS AND INTERPRETING AERO PHOTOS, MEASUREMENTS OF GEOLOGICAL SURFACES, PRINCIPLES OF STRATIMETRY (BEDDING, REAL AND APPARENT THICKNESS, INTERSECTION LINE BETWEEN DIFFERENT SURFACES), MACROSCOPIC OBSERVATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE MAIN ROCK TYPES. GEOMETRIES OF UNDEFORMED AND DEFORMED ROCKS. BASIC UNITS FOR THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY: FROM FORMATION TO UBSU.
INTRODUCTION TO THE LAB AND FIELD ACTIVITIES: THE MAIN FIELD OPERATIONS AND DATA PROCESSING.
THE FIELD ACTIVITIES WILL BE DONE IN FIELD TRIPS LEADED IN DIFFERENT GEOLOGICAL AREAS FOR WORKING ON KEY AREAS OF THE CENTRAL APENNINES. EACH FIELD TRIP WILL BE PREPARED IN CLASSROOM, LOOKING AT BOTH THE MORPHOLOGICAL AND THE GEOLOGICAL SETTING OF THE AREA. SUBSEQUENTLY, ONE DAY OF FIELD TRIP ALLOW STUDENTS TO COLLECT GEOLOGICAL DATA FROM THE KEY AREA. DURING THEIR FIELD WORK STUDENTS WILL BE LEADED TO TAKE BEDDING AND FAULT PLANE MEASUREMENTS, TO RECOGNIZE THE MAIN ROCK TYPES USING A FIELD LENS, TO DRAW STRATIGRAPHIC LOGS, TO TAKE THICKNESS MEASUREMENTS, AND TO DO OTHER ACTIVITIES USEFUL TO UNDERSTAND THE GEOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF THAT KEY AREA. ONE OF THE MAJOR POINTS OF THE FIELD ACTIVITIES WILL BE TO PUT THE GEOLOGICAL DATA ON BOTH THE TOPO MAP AND ON THE FIELD BOOK.
THE COLLECTED DATA WILL BE MANAGED IN CLASSROOM AND WILL BE INTEGRATED WITH AERO PHOTOS OBSERVATIONS. FOR EACH FIELD EXPERIENCE, STUDENTS WILL PROVIDE A GEOLOGICAL MAP WITH SOME SCHEMES, INCLUDING THE STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT MAPPED UNITS, AND SOME CROSS-SECTIONS, TO ILLUSTRATE THE 3D SETTING OF THE ANALYSED AREA.
WHEN IT IS THE CASE, SOME TECHNICAL ASPECTS WILL BE DISCUSSED FOR THE DIFFERENT ANALYSED AREAS (HYDROGEOLOGICAL SETTING, TUNNELLING OR ROAD CONSTRUCTIONS, ETC.)

CREMONINI G. - RILEVAMENTO GEOLOGICO. - ED. PITAGORA, BOLOGNA, 1985.
DAMIANI A. - GEOLOGIA SUL TERRENO E RILEVAMENTO GEOLOGICO. - ED. GRASSO, BOLOGNA, 1984.
BUTLER B.C. & BELL J.D.- LETTURA E INTERPRETAZIONE DELLE CARTE GEOLOGICHE. - ED. ZANICHELLI, BOLOGNA, 1991.
MORE: GEOLOGICAL MAPS, TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS, AERO PHOTOS, AND ARTICLES ON THE GEOLOGY OF THE DIFFERENT AREAS THAT WILL BE OBJECT OF THE FIELD TRIPS, WILL BE PROVIDED BY THE PERSONNEL RESPONSIBLE FOR THE COURSE.