Introduction: 3h
Hadean: 3h
Archaean: 3h
Proterozoic: 3h
Cambrian: 3h
Ordovician: 3h
Silurian: 3h
Devonian: 3h
Carboniferous: 3h
Permian: 3h
Triassic: 3h
Giurassic: 3h
Cretaceous: 3h
Paleogene: 3h
Neogene: 3h
Quaternary: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Earth System History, 4a edizione, S.M. STANLEY, J.A. LUCZAJ (2014)

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

Program of the course of "Physics of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere"
prof. Carlo Scotto
Most of the topics are dealt in the book by G.W. Prölss ("Physics of the Earth's Space Environment", ed. Springer). Reference is made to the paragraphs of this book. The remaining topics are reported in the distributed Lesson Notes. The relevant detailed bibliography is shown in them.
Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of the topics covered.

1. Notions of magneto-ionospheric plasma physics
Plasma frequency, Debye distance and Debye-Hückel potential, plasma conditions, free mean path, phase refraction index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and in the absence of magnetic field, cold plasma (Lesson notes). (P. 232, § 7.3.1, § 7.3.2, § 7.3.3). Energy of the electromagnetic field (Lesson notes). Motion of electric charges in a magnetic field: gyration motion, the magnetic moment as an adiabatic invariant, motion where grad(B) is parallel to B, bounce motion (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, pp. 220-228), gradient drift motion (§ 5.3.2, pp. 228-229), neutral shift drift, drift E x B and plasma conductivity in the absence of collisions, drift under the action of external forces (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, § 5.3.3 pp. 219-233).

2. The interplanetary medium.
The solar corona and the solar wind (§ 6.1 and 6.1.1, pp. 278-282, including all the references). Large-scale solar wind structure and on the ecliptic plane (§ 6.1.6). The interplanetary magnetic field: observations and physical characteristics (§ 6.2.1, pp. 300-304). The heliosferic current sheet (§ 6.2.4). Segment structure of the polar component of B (§ 6.2.5). Alfven's theorem (Appendix A.14, pp.484-487).

3. Magnetosphere
The geomagnetic field near the Earth (§ 5.2). Curvature drift (p. 233). Total drift (p. 234-235). Composed motion of charge carriers (§ 5.3.4). Particle populations in the internal magnetosphere: radiation belts, ring current, plasmashere (§ 5.4).
The distant geomagnetic field: configuration and classification, currents on the diurnal side of the magnetopause, reflection of the particles and formation of the current, system of currents in the geomagnetic tail (§ 5.5). Particle population in the external magnetosphere: magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer (§ 5.6). Formation of bow shock and the magnetosheat (§ 6.4 introduction and § 6.4.1, pp. 325-328).

4. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, gas radiation attenuation, energy deposition in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth ionosphere: historical outline, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and disappearance of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in E region and in region F2 region (§ 3.2; introduction of chap 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3). Ionosphere morphology: the cusps on the ionogram trace and the ionospheric regions (Lesson notes). Regular variations of the ionosphere: layers E and F1 (Lesson notes). Irregular variations of the ionosphere: F2 layer (Lesson notes). Sporadic E layer(Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for regions E and F: F1 layer (Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for region D (Lesson notes). Refraction index for radio waves with collisions and in the absence of a magnetic field; interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index: absorption ( Lesson notes). Solar flares and short waves fadeout (Lesson notes). Additional notes on the F1 layer (Lesson notes). Additional notes on layer E (Lesson notes).

5. Magnetoionic theory
Introduction. Constitutive equations for a cold plasma with collisions and in the presence of a magnetic field (Lesson notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, neglecting collisions and considering the Earth's magnetic field: Appleton-Hartree equation (Lesson notes). Continuity of nf in X = 1. The zeros of the collisionless Appleton-Hartree equation: longitudinal, transverse and general propagation case (Lesson notes). Polarization: continuity in X = 1 in the general case and in the case of longitudinal propagation. Polarization in case of longitudinal propagation: dependence on the sign of YL. Polarization in general conditions, for X = 1 (Lesson Notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, considering collisions and the earth's magnetic field. Mention upon the polarization in the collisional case. Curves of mi(X) with collisions: importance of the Booker rule (Lesson notes). Conditions of reflection and ionograms, ordinary, extraordinary trace. Ray Z (Lesson Notes). Examples of ionograms (Lesson notes).
As indicated in the lesson notes, the material of this teaching unit can be found at: Ratcliffe, J. A. (1959), The magneto-Ionic Theory and its Applications to the Ionosphere, Cambridge University Press.

6. Absorption and dissipation of solar wind energy
Topology of the high polar atmosphere (§ 7.1). Electric fields, and plasma convection (§ 7.2). Conductivity and currents in the polar ionosphere (§ 7.3). Polar auroras: energy dissipation of the auroral particles, origin of the auroral particles, diffuse and discrete aurora(§ 7. 4). Solar Wind Dynamo (§ 7.6.1), open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.2), plasma convection in the open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.3), open magnetosphere with tail (§ 7.6.4), mention upon the reconnection (part of § 7.6. 5) Birkeland currents in regions 1 and 2 (§ 7.6.6).

7. Geospheric storms
Magnetic storms: regular variation, equatorial electroject, magnetic activity at low, high and medium latitudes, geomagnetic indexes (§ 8.1). Magnetic substorms: growth and expansion phase, Alvfèn waves and their role (§ 8.3). Ionospheric storms: negative and positive storms (§ 8.5).

1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Lecture Notes

first part

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

1 Solar System Part
- Overall description of the Solar System, mass and angular momentum distribution, astrophysical variables.
- Overall description of planets, their main characteristics ; description of planetary satellites systems and of minor bodies of the Solar System.
- Terrestrial planets: main characteristics and evolutive processes of planetary surfaces.
- Terrestrial planets: thermal history, impact cratering processes, volcanism, tectonics.Comparative planetology.
- Meteorites and minor bodies; radiometric dating and clues for the formation of the Solar System.
- Giant planets
- Planetary satellites
- Internal structure of planets, different evolution of terrestrial and giant planets.
- Planetary atmospheres
2 Extrasolar Planets Part
- Historical Introduction
- Exo planets Indirect discovery methods
- Exo planets Direct discovery methods
- Exo Planets Characteristics
- Physics of extrasolar Planets
- Characterization and results
- Which Life?
- Habitability and Habitable Zone
- The search for life
3 Common Part
- Introduction to the Planetary formation Theory

- There is no official text of the course.

A suggested text is the following: Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press. During the course several scientific review papers will be suggested by the lecturers.

Material

- Course slides
- Scientific papers

TO ADDRESS SOME BASIC NOTIONS RELATIVE TO THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND MAPPING. THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY AS A TOOL FOR RECONSTRUCTING 3D GEOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL MODEL OF THE SUBSURFACE THROUGH THE INTEGRATION OF BOTH SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE GEOLOGICAL DATA, BOREHOLES INFORMATION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BOTH ROCK AND INCOHERENT MATERIALS.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ROCKS AND INCOHERENT MATERIALS; SUBSURFACE GEOLOGY, CONSOLIDATED AND UNCONSOLIDATED PLIO-QUATERNARY COVERS OF THE MAIN REGIONS OF CENTRAL ITALY; GEOMETRICAL AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MAIN DISCONTINUITIES AFFECTING ROCKS TO DEFINE THE QUALITY OF ROCK MASSES. THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR SEISMIC MICROZONATION PURPOSES.
THE PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF THIS COURSE WILL BE DONE IN FIELD TRIPS LEADED IN DIFFERENT GEOLOGICAL SETTINGS FOR WORKING ON KEY AREAS OF THE CENTRAL APENNINES TO EXPERIENCE THE MAIN ACTIVITIES RELATED TO THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND MAPPING: TO ANALYSE THE BEDROCK AND THE INCOHERENT QUATERNARY COVERS; TO CHARACTERIZE GEOMETRY AND TECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF ALL THE DISCONTINUITIES AFFECTING ROCK MASSES; TO COLLECT SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE DATA, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ROCKS AND INCOHERENT PLIO-QUATERNARY COVERS FOR RECONSTRUCTING THE PHYSICAL AND GEOLOGICAL MODEL OF THE SUBSURFACE.
EACH FIELD TRIP WILL BE PREPARED IN CLASSROOM, LOOKING AT BOTH THE MORPHOLOGICAL AND THE GEOLOGICAL SETTING OF THE AREA. SUBSEQUENTLY, ONE DAY OF FIELD TRIP ALLOW STUDENTS TO COLLECT GEOLOGICAL DATA FROM THE KEY AREA. LATER ON, DATA COLLECTED WILL BE ANALYSED AND PROCESSED IN THE LAB.
LAB ACTIVITIES WILL BRING STUDENTS TO PROVIDE THE GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE SURVEYED AREA, TOGETHER WITH SOME THEMATIC MAPS, INCLUDING MAP KEY AND GEOLOGICAL CROSS-SECTIONS. FOR EACH FIELD TRIP, STUDENTS WILL PROVIDE, ALSO, A REPORT ON THE MAIN RESULTS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
THE PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF THIS COURSE WILL CONCLUDE IN A FIELD SCHOOL FINALIZED TO PRODUCE THEMATIC MAPS AND RECONSTRUCT THE GEOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL MODEL OF THE AREA IN REGION OF MEDIUM-HIGH DEGREE OF DIFFICULTY.

SCESI L., PAPINI M., GATTINONI P. – GEOLOGIA APPLICATA: IL RILEVAMENTO GEOLOGICO-TECNICO. VOL. 1, SECONDA EDIZIONE. CASA EDITRICE AMBROSIANA. CEAEDIZIONI, 2006.
CREMONINI G. - RILEVAMENTO GEOLOGICO. - ED. PITAGORA, BOLOGNA, 1985.

GEOLOGICAL MAPS, TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS, AERO PHOTOS, AND ARTICLES ON THE GEOLOGY OF THE DIFFERENT AREAS THAT WILL BE OBJECT OF THE FIELD TRIPS, WILL BE PROVIDED BY THE PERSONNEL RESPONSIBLE FOR THE COURSE.

Introduction, chordates, basal vertebrates: 3h
"Agnatha" and the origin of lower jaw: 3h
Chondrychtyes and e osteichthyes: 3h
Sarcopterygians and the origin of tetrapods: 3h
Amphibia: 3h
Anapsida: 3h
Diapsida: 3h
Dinosauria: 3h
Pterosauria vs. Aves: 3h
Sinapsida: 3h
Mesozoic mammals-Metatheria: 3h
Afrotheria and Xenartra: 3h
Boreoeutheria: 3h
Laurasiatheria: 3h
Euarchontoglires: 3h
Primates: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Benton M.J. (2014) - Vertebrate Palaeontology. Blackwell Publishing

Additional references to be discussed during the classes will be selected among the most recent and/or controversial.

- History of climatology, international organisations, climate change reality and denial

- Fundamentals of the climate system: the earth's radiative budget, feedbacks and forcings, introduction to the climatic importance of the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere

- Climate variability, climate change, the Anthropocene

- The cryosphere: glaciers, permafrost, polar areas, sea ice

-The climate system and its natural and anthropogenic perturbations: Variation in the relative position of the continents, astronomical, greenhouse gases, aerosols, volcanic eruptions, solar activity, land surface variations, meteorite impacts

- Climate variations and sea level

- Palaeoclimate: reconstructing climate change in the past using palaeoclimate archives

- Tipping Points

- Extreme events

- Climate Models

- Shared Socio-Economic Scenarios

- Climate in the 21st century, results from models

- Impacts of Climate Change on the cryosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere.

- Economic costs of climate change mitigation and adaptation

- Technological innovation for a decarbonised society

Pdf and copies of recent specialistic scientific publications given by the teacher, slides used during lessons will be also provided.

The course program includes the presentation and discussion of the following topics:
Definition and types of urban systems. Natural hazards and risks of urban areas. Role of geological conditions, influence of natural factors and geographical conditions on the development of urban areas. Risk, hazard, exposed value and vulnerability in urban areas, and their evolution in time. Methodology for collection, normalization and processing of drilling data. Issues and real cases applications.

Geologia di Roma “Vol L” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (1995).
La geologia di Roma dal centro storico alla periferia “Vol LXXX” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (2008).
U. Ventriglia – Geologia del territorio del Comune di Roma, a cura dell’Amministrazione Provinciale di Roma, (2002).
G. Gisotti – Ambiente urbano. – Dario Flaccovio Editore, Palermo (2007).

Historical definition of Quaternary: paleontological and climatic criteria. Historic excursus on the Plio-Quaternary chronostratigraphy. The Plio-Quaternary boundary. Ages and Stages of the marine Quaternary. GSSP and the most relevant Quaternary marine Italian successions. The Holocene and the ice cores. Historical palaeoclimatology during Holocene. The Anthropocene. The Anthropocene. The Plio-Pleistocene successions in the Rome surroundings. Quaternary isotopic stratigraphy. Sea-level oscillations during Quaternary: the eustatic curves.Quaternary magnetostratigraphy. Quaternary dating methods. Plio-Quaternary marine biostratigraphy: planktonic and benthonic foraminifers, calcareous nannofossils, marine molluscs and ostracods (concept of “northern” and “senegalese” guests).
History of the continental Plio-Quaternary stratigraphy. Causes of the Quaternary climatic changes. Astronomical theory of climate changes. Precessional ond obliquity cycles, 40 ka and 100 ka glacial and interglacial cycles. Gelasian and Pleistocene glaciations. The Middle Pleistocene Transition. Illustration of the most relevant glacial deposits on Alps and Apennines.
Plio-Quaternary biochronology based on large and small mammals, freshwater molluscs and non-marine ostracods. Pollen stratigraphy and climatic stratigraphy. Man and industry. Archaeogeological analyses. Examples of relevant continental quaternary records in central Italy: the Plio-Quaternary deposits of the Roman Campaign; the intermontane basins in central Italy (Tiberino and l’Aquila basins).

Pdf and copies of recent specialistic scientific publications given by the teacher

Introduction: 3h
Hadean: 3h
Archaean: 3h
Proterozoic: 3h
Cambrian: 3h
Ordovician: 3h
Silurian: 3h
Devonian: 3h
Carboniferous: 3h
Permian: 3h
Triassic: 3h
Giurassic: 3h
Cretaceous: 3h
Paleogene: 3h
Neogene: 3h
Quaternary: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Earth System History, 4a edizione, S.M. STANLEY, J.A. LUCZAJ (2014)

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

Program of the course of "Physics of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere"
prof. Carlo Scotto
Most of the topics are dealt in the book by G.W. Prölss ("Physics of the Earth's Space Environment", ed. Springer). Reference is made to the paragraphs of this book. The remaining topics are reported in the distributed Lesson Notes. The relevant detailed bibliography is shown in them.
Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of the topics covered.

1. Notions of magneto-ionospheric plasma physics
Plasma frequency, Debye distance and Debye-Hückel potential, plasma conditions, free mean path, phase refraction index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and in the absence of magnetic field, cold plasma (Lesson notes). (P. 232, § 7.3.1, § 7.3.2, § 7.3.3). Energy of the electromagnetic field (Lesson notes). Motion of electric charges in a magnetic field: gyration motion, the magnetic moment as an adiabatic invariant, motion where grad(B) is parallel to B, bounce motion (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, pp. 220-228), gradient drift motion (§ 5.3.2, pp. 228-229), neutral shift drift, drift E x B and plasma conductivity in the absence of collisions, drift under the action of external forces (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, § 5.3.3 pp. 219-233).

2. The interplanetary medium.
The solar corona and the solar wind (§ 6.1 and 6.1.1, pp. 278-282, including all the references). Large-scale solar wind structure and on the ecliptic plane (§ 6.1.6). The interplanetary magnetic field: observations and physical characteristics (§ 6.2.1, pp. 300-304). The heliosferic current sheet (§ 6.2.4). Segment structure of the polar component of B (§ 6.2.5). Alfven's theorem (Appendix A.14, pp.484-487).

3. Magnetosphere
The geomagnetic field near the Earth (§ 5.2). Curvature drift (p. 233). Total drift (p. 234-235). Composed motion of charge carriers (§ 5.3.4). Particle populations in the internal magnetosphere: radiation belts, ring current, plasmashere (§ 5.4).
The distant geomagnetic field: configuration and classification, currents on the diurnal side of the magnetopause, reflection of the particles and formation of the current, system of currents in the geomagnetic tail (§ 5.5). Particle population in the external magnetosphere: magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer (§ 5.6). Formation of bow shock and the magnetosheat (§ 6.4 introduction and § 6.4.1, pp. 325-328).

4. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, gas radiation attenuation, energy deposition in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth ionosphere: historical outline, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and disappearance of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in E region and in region F2 region (§ 3.2; introduction of chap 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3). Ionosphere morphology: the cusps on the ionogram trace and the ionospheric regions (Lesson notes). Regular variations of the ionosphere: layers E and F1 (Lesson notes). Irregular variations of the ionosphere: F2 layer (Lesson notes). Sporadic E layer(Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for regions E and F: F1 layer (Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for region D (Lesson notes). Refraction index for radio waves with collisions and in the absence of a magnetic field; interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index: absorption ( Lesson notes). Solar flares and short waves fadeout (Lesson notes). Additional notes on the F1 layer (Lesson notes). Additional notes on layer E (Lesson notes).

5. Magnetoionic theory
Introduction. Constitutive equations for a cold plasma with collisions and in the presence of a magnetic field (Lesson notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, neglecting collisions and considering the Earth's magnetic field: Appleton-Hartree equation (Lesson notes). Continuity of nf in X = 1. The zeros of the collisionless Appleton-Hartree equation: longitudinal, transverse and general propagation case (Lesson notes). Polarization: continuity in X = 1 in the general case and in the case of longitudinal propagation. Polarization in case of longitudinal propagation: dependence on the sign of YL. Polarization in general conditions, for X = 1 (Lesson Notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, considering collisions and the earth's magnetic field. Mention upon the polarization in the collisional case. Curves of mi(X) with collisions: importance of the Booker rule (Lesson notes). Conditions of reflection and ionograms, ordinary, extraordinary trace. Ray Z (Lesson Notes). Examples of ionograms (Lesson notes).
As indicated in the lesson notes, the material of this teaching unit can be found at: Ratcliffe, J. A. (1959), The magneto-Ionic Theory and its Applications to the Ionosphere, Cambridge University Press.

6. Absorption and dissipation of solar wind energy
Topology of the high polar atmosphere (§ 7.1). Electric fields, and plasma convection (§ 7.2). Conductivity and currents in the polar ionosphere (§ 7.3). Polar auroras: energy dissipation of the auroral particles, origin of the auroral particles, diffuse and discrete aurora(§ 7. 4). Solar Wind Dynamo (§ 7.6.1), open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.2), plasma convection in the open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.3), open magnetosphere with tail (§ 7.6.4), mention upon the reconnection (part of § 7.6. 5) Birkeland currents in regions 1 and 2 (§ 7.6.6).

7. Geospheric storms
Magnetic storms: regular variation, equatorial electroject, magnetic activity at low, high and medium latitudes, geomagnetic indexes (§ 8.1). Magnetic substorms: growth and expansion phase, Alvfèn waves and their role (§ 8.3). Ionospheric storms: negative and positive storms (§ 8.5).

1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Lecture Notes

first part

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

1 Solar System Part
- Overall description of the Solar System, mass and angular momentum distribution, astrophysical variables.
- Overall description of planets, their main characteristics ; description of planetary satellites systems and of minor bodies of the Solar System.
- Terrestrial planets: main characteristics and evolutive processes of planetary surfaces.
- Terrestrial planets: thermal history, impact cratering processes, volcanism, tectonics.Comparative planetology.
- Meteorites and minor bodies; radiometric dating and clues for the formation of the Solar System.
- Giant planets
- Planetary satellites
- Internal structure of planets, different evolution of terrestrial and giant planets.
- Planetary atmospheres
2 Extrasolar Planets Part
- Historical Introduction
- Exo planets Indirect discovery methods
- Exo planets Direct discovery methods
- Exo Planets Characteristics
- Physics of extrasolar Planets
- Characterization and results
- Which Life?
- Habitability and Habitable Zone
- The search for life
3 Common Part
- Introduction to the Planetary formation Theory

- There is no official text of the course.

A suggested text is the following: Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press. During the course several scientific review papers will be suggested by the lecturers.

Material

- Course slides
- Scientific papers

Topics covered in the course

The sustainable movement, population and prosperity, climate change, comparison between energy efficiency and renewable energy, renewable and non-renewable energy resources, basic atmospheric theory.
Introduction to the concept of sustainability: history of sustainability and sustainable development, the pillars of sustainability and the 2030 Agenda.
Environmental sustainability indicators: general information, PSR and DPISR models, common European indicators, Global Warming Potential and CO2 equivalent. Ecological Footprint, Carbon Footprint, Life Cycle Analysis, Water Footprint.
Global pollution phenomena.
Environmental impact assessment.
Air pollution, noise pollution, thermal pollution and sea pollution.
Heat transfer reminders for building physics.
Energy diagnosis of buildings and Green Buildings.
Dynamic energy simulation software.
Indoor comfort.
Thermoflowmetry, thermography, acquisition of environmental parameters, thermometric method.

Educational material provided by the lecturer.

Programma del corso (inglese)
Introduction: hazard and risk, historical perspective;
General concepts: Earth Science; energy and causes of natural hazards; managing, modelling and describing natural disasters; forecasting.
Analysis, physical understanding and social impact of the natural disasters in Earth science: earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, landslides, hurricanes, floods, drought, climate changes, sea level changes.
Synthesis: towards a general and shared vision to mitigate natural disasters.

Abbott, Patrick L.
Natural disasters / Patrick L. Abbott, San Diego State University. – Tenth edition.
ISBN 978-0-07-802298-2

Hazard and risk applied to volcanoes: concepts, history, perspectives. Deterministic and probabilistic approach on the short-, medium- and long-term. Volcano monitoring systems. Volcanic unrest. Eruptive and reference scenarios. Elicitations. Build up of the event-tree.
Basic principles to evaluate the volcanic risk (vulnerability and exposure; evacuations, resilience, dissemination).
Hazard related to effusive activity (lava flows, domes, lava fountains, strombolian activity). Hazard related to explosive eruptions (pyroclastic flows, fall deposits, ash plumes, climate changes). Mobilization of volcanic products (lahars). Hazard related to sector collapses and related tsunamis. Hazard from gas emission. Seismic hazard in volcanic areas. Integrate approach and multi-hazard analysis.
Volcanic risk in the Civil Protection.
Examples of definition of the volcanic hazard at the main active Italian volcanoes (Etna, Stromboli, Vesuvio, Campi Flegrei).

various articles and textbooks indicated by the teacher

Brief course outline:

i. Dynamic Earth and the Anthropocene - The Bigger Picture
ii. Elements of Hydrology
iii. Analysis and modeling of the processes of hydrogeological instability
iv. Integration of the different aspects in order to create a holistic picture - Individual/group project

Course content and milestones:

Dynamic Earth and the Anthropocene - Systems and scientific method. How humankind reshapes Earth's landscapes. The impact of humankind on the environment. Sustainability horizons. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Definition of hazard risk and vulnerability.

Elements of Hydrology - Hydrological cycle, water, hydrometeorological parameters, infiltration, evapotranspiration and surface runoff, hydrological properties of rocks, surface-water and ground-water watersheds, aquifers, springs, basic hydrogeological data.

Analysis and modeling of the processes of hydrogeological instability - Concept of hydrogeological risk, the cycle of the disaster, forecasting and prevention of hydrogeological risk, the natural factors of instability, the anthropogenic factors of instability, instability data and the Italian regulatory framework. Insights into the topics: (i) surface erosion (ii) landslides, (iii) floods and (iv) coastal erosion and avalanches.
Geothematic mapping, GIS and numerical tools. Open geodata for landscape analysis and hydrogeological instability (EU Compernicus, ESA, NASA, USGS, Geoportale Nazionale, Regione Lazio, etc.). Semi-automated identification and extraction of topographic features, watersheds, drainage network, and other landforms related to hydrogeological instability. Geomorphometry for the quantitative assessments of Earth surface processes: Hillslope processes and hydrogeological instability. Land-soil-water nexus. Soil loss modelling using GIS and remote sensing. The hydrogeological assessment plan (PAI) and hydrogeological instability of Rome. Hints of spatial data analysis with R and mapping risk susceptibility using basic concepts machine learning. 3D data analysis and production of maps.

Integration of the different aspects in order to create a holistic picture - Individual/group project - Introduction to technical-scientific writing, workflow planning for an educational / research project, supervised planning of the individual/group projects.

Students will be provided with lecture materials and slides before class. The relevant parts of the books that need to be studied will be communicated during the lectures. The reference books are:

Introduction, chordates, basal vertebrates: 3h
"Agnatha" and the origin of lower jaw: 3h
Chondrychtyes and e osteichthyes: 3h
Sarcopterygians and the origin of tetrapods: 3h
Amphibia: 3h
Anapsida: 3h
Diapsida: 3h
Dinosauria: 3h
Pterosauria vs. Aves: 3h
Sinapsida: 3h
Mesozoic mammals-Metatheria: 3h
Afrotheria and Xenartra: 3h
Boreoeutheria: 3h
Laurasiatheria: 3h
Euarchontoglires: 3h
Primates: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Benton M.J. (2014) - Vertebrate Palaeontology. Blackwell Publishing

Additional references to be discussed during the classes will be selected among the most recent and/or controversial.

- History of climatology, international organisations, climate change reality and denial

- Fundamentals of the climate system: the earth's radiative budget, feedbacks and forcings, introduction to the climatic importance of the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere

- Climate variability, climate change, the Anthropocene

- The cryosphere: glaciers, permafrost, polar areas, sea ice

-The climate system and its natural and anthropogenic perturbations: Variation in the relative position of the continents, astronomical, greenhouse gases, aerosols, volcanic eruptions, solar activity, land surface variations, meteorite impacts

- Climate variations and sea level

- Palaeoclimate: reconstructing climate change in the past using palaeoclimate archives

- Tipping Points

- Extreme events

- Climate Models

- Shared Socio-Economic Scenarios

- Climate in the 21st century, results from models

- Impacts of Climate Change on the cryosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere.

- Economic costs of climate change mitigation and adaptation

- Technological innovation for a decarbonised society

Pdf and copies of recent specialistic scientific publications given by the teacher, slides used during lessons will be also provided.

Matrix calculus and linear systems; matrix factorization (eigenvalues, eigenvectors); rigid rototranslations and associated matrix; least squares method and polynomial regression.
Complex numbers and trigonometric functions; phasors.
Introduction to signal analysis; definition of a linear time-invariant system; convolution theorem.
Vector calculus; representation in polar, spherical and curvilinear coordinates.
Wave propagation; standing waves.
Fourier series and transform; Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem.
Introduction to Python programming and exercise on the topics covered in the theory lessons.

Lecture notes by the teacher

Author: Lin
An Introduction to Python Programming for Scientists and Engineers

The course program includes the presentation and discussion of the following topics:
Definition and types of urban systems. Natural hazards and risks of urban areas. Role of geological conditions, influence of natural factors and geographical conditions on the development of urban areas. Risk, hazard, exposed value and vulnerability in urban areas, and their evolution in time. Methodology for collection, normalization and processing of drilling data. Issues and real cases applications.

Geologia di Roma “Vol L” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (1995).
La geologia di Roma dal centro storico alla periferia “Vol LXXX” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (2008).
U. Ventriglia – Geologia del territorio del Comune di Roma, a cura dell’Amministrazione Provinciale di Roma, (2002).
G. Gisotti – Ambiente urbano. – Dario Flaccovio Editore, Palermo (2007).

Introduction: 3h
Hadean: 3h
Archaean: 3h
Proterozoic: 3h
Cambrian: 3h
Ordovician: 3h
Silurian: 3h
Devonian: 3h
Carboniferous: 3h
Permian: 3h
Triassic: 3h
Giurassic: 3h
Cretaceous: 3h
Paleogene: 3h
Neogene: 3h
Quaternary: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Earth System History, 4a edizione, S.M. STANLEY, J.A. LUCZAJ (2014)

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

Program of the course of "Physics of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere"
prof. Carlo Scotto
Most of the topics are dealt in the book by G.W. Prölss ("Physics of the Earth's Space Environment", ed. Springer). Reference is made to the paragraphs of this book. The remaining topics are reported in the distributed Lesson Notes. The relevant detailed bibliography is shown in them.
Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of the topics covered.

1. Notions of magneto-ionospheric plasma physics
Plasma frequency, Debye distance and Debye-Hückel potential, plasma conditions, free mean path, phase refraction index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and in the absence of magnetic field, cold plasma (Lesson notes). (P. 232, § 7.3.1, § 7.3.2, § 7.3.3). Energy of the electromagnetic field (Lesson notes). Motion of electric charges in a magnetic field: gyration motion, the magnetic moment as an adiabatic invariant, motion where grad(B) is parallel to B, bounce motion (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, pp. 220-228), gradient drift motion (§ 5.3.2, pp. 228-229), neutral shift drift, drift E x B and plasma conductivity in the absence of collisions, drift under the action of external forces (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, § 5.3.3 pp. 219-233).

2. The interplanetary medium.
The solar corona and the solar wind (§ 6.1 and 6.1.1, pp. 278-282, including all the references). Large-scale solar wind structure and on the ecliptic plane (§ 6.1.6). The interplanetary magnetic field: observations and physical characteristics (§ 6.2.1, pp. 300-304). The heliosferic current sheet (§ 6.2.4). Segment structure of the polar component of B (§ 6.2.5). Alfven's theorem (Appendix A.14, pp.484-487).

3. Magnetosphere
The geomagnetic field near the Earth (§ 5.2). Curvature drift (p. 233). Total drift (p. 234-235). Composed motion of charge carriers (§ 5.3.4). Particle populations in the internal magnetosphere: radiation belts, ring current, plasmashere (§ 5.4).
The distant geomagnetic field: configuration and classification, currents on the diurnal side of the magnetopause, reflection of the particles and formation of the current, system of currents in the geomagnetic tail (§ 5.5). Particle population in the external magnetosphere: magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer (§ 5.6). Formation of bow shock and the magnetosheat (§ 6.4 introduction and § 6.4.1, pp. 325-328).

4. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, gas radiation attenuation, energy deposition in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth ionosphere: historical outline, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and disappearance of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in E region and in region F2 region (§ 3.2; introduction of chap 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3). Ionosphere morphology: the cusps on the ionogram trace and the ionospheric regions (Lesson notes). Regular variations of the ionosphere: layers E and F1 (Lesson notes). Irregular variations of the ionosphere: F2 layer (Lesson notes). Sporadic E layer(Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for regions E and F: F1 layer (Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for region D (Lesson notes). Refraction index for radio waves with collisions and in the absence of a magnetic field; interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index: absorption ( Lesson notes). Solar flares and short waves fadeout (Lesson notes). Additional notes on the F1 layer (Lesson notes). Additional notes on layer E (Lesson notes).

5. Magnetoionic theory
Introduction. Constitutive equations for a cold plasma with collisions and in the presence of a magnetic field (Lesson notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, neglecting collisions and considering the Earth's magnetic field: Appleton-Hartree equation (Lesson notes). Continuity of nf in X = 1. The zeros of the collisionless Appleton-Hartree equation: longitudinal, transverse and general propagation case (Lesson notes). Polarization: continuity in X = 1 in the general case and in the case of longitudinal propagation. Polarization in case of longitudinal propagation: dependence on the sign of YL. Polarization in general conditions, for X = 1 (Lesson Notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, considering collisions and the earth's magnetic field. Mention upon the polarization in the collisional case. Curves of mi(X) with collisions: importance of the Booker rule (Lesson notes). Conditions of reflection and ionograms, ordinary, extraordinary trace. Ray Z (Lesson Notes). Examples of ionograms (Lesson notes).
As indicated in the lesson notes, the material of this teaching unit can be found at: Ratcliffe, J. A. (1959), The magneto-Ionic Theory and its Applications to the Ionosphere, Cambridge University Press.

6. Absorption and dissipation of solar wind energy
Topology of the high polar atmosphere (§ 7.1). Electric fields, and plasma convection (§ 7.2). Conductivity and currents in the polar ionosphere (§ 7.3). Polar auroras: energy dissipation of the auroral particles, origin of the auroral particles, diffuse and discrete aurora(§ 7. 4). Solar Wind Dynamo (§ 7.6.1), open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.2), plasma convection in the open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.3), open magnetosphere with tail (§ 7.6.4), mention upon the reconnection (part of § 7.6. 5) Birkeland currents in regions 1 and 2 (§ 7.6.6).

7. Geospheric storms
Magnetic storms: regular variation, equatorial electroject, magnetic activity at low, high and medium latitudes, geomagnetic indexes (§ 8.1). Magnetic substorms: growth and expansion phase, Alvfèn waves and their role (§ 8.3). Ionospheric storms: negative and positive storms (§ 8.5).

1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Lecture Notes

first part

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

1 Solar System Part
- Overall description of the Solar System, mass and angular momentum distribution, astrophysical variables.
- Overall description of planets, their main characteristics ; description of planetary satellites systems and of minor bodies of the Solar System.
- Terrestrial planets: main characteristics and evolutive processes of planetary surfaces.
- Terrestrial planets: thermal history, impact cratering processes, volcanism, tectonics.Comparative planetology.
- Meteorites and minor bodies; radiometric dating and clues for the formation of the Solar System.
- Giant planets
- Planetary satellites
- Internal structure of planets, different evolution of terrestrial and giant planets.
- Planetary atmospheres
2 Extrasolar Planets Part
- Historical Introduction
- Exo planets Indirect discovery methods
- Exo planets Direct discovery methods
- Exo Planets Characteristics
- Physics of extrasolar Planets
- Characterization and results
- Which Life?
- Habitability and Habitable Zone
- The search for life
3 Common Part
- Introduction to the Planetary formation Theory

- There is no official text of the course.

A suggested text is the following: Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press. During the course several scientific review papers will be suggested by the lecturers.

Material

- Course slides
- Scientific papers

Introduction, chordates, basal vertebrates: 3h
"Agnatha" and the origin of lower jaw: 3h
Chondrychtyes and e osteichthyes: 3h
Sarcopterygians and the origin of tetrapods: 3h
Amphibia: 3h
Anapsida: 3h
Diapsida: 3h
Dinosauria: 3h
Pterosauria vs. Aves: 3h
Sinapsida: 3h
Mesozoic mammals-Metatheria: 3h
Afrotheria and Xenartra: 3h
Boreoeutheria: 3h
Laurasiatheria: 3h
Euarchontoglires: 3h
Primates: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Benton M.J. (2014) - Vertebrate Palaeontology. Blackwell Publishing

Additional references to be discussed during the classes will be selected among the most recent and/or controversial.

- History of climatology, international organisations, climate change reality and denial

- Fundamentals of the climate system: the earth's radiative budget, feedbacks and forcings, introduction to the climatic importance of the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere

- Climate variability, climate change, the Anthropocene

- The cryosphere: glaciers, permafrost, polar areas, sea ice

-The climate system and its natural and anthropogenic perturbations: Variation in the relative position of the continents, astronomical, greenhouse gases, aerosols, volcanic eruptions, solar activity, land surface variations, meteorite impacts

- Climate variations and sea level

- Palaeoclimate: reconstructing climate change in the past using palaeoclimate archives

- Tipping Points

- Extreme events

- Climate Models

- Shared Socio-Economic Scenarios

- Climate in the 21st century, results from models

- Impacts of Climate Change on the cryosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere.

- Economic costs of climate change mitigation and adaptation

- Technological innovation for a decarbonised society

Pdf and copies of recent specialistic scientific publications given by the teacher, slides used during lessons will be also provided.

Energy production and consumption.
Electrical energy: generation, transmission, and distribution.
The concept of sustainability.
Renewable energy resources.
Hydropower.
Ocean energy.
Wind energy.
Solar energy.
Electric power generating unit: prime mover, electrical generator, power electronic converter.
Energy storage.
Off-grid generating units. Grid connected generating units.

The course refers to topics present in the book
Serdar Celik – Sustainable Energy, Engineering Fundamentals and Applications – Cambridge University Press
Additional documents and numerical examples are provided during to course.

Introduction: 3h
Hadean: 3h
Archaean: 3h
Proterozoic: 3h
Cambrian: 3h
Ordovician: 3h
Silurian: 3h
Devonian: 3h
Carboniferous: 3h
Permian: 3h
Triassic: 3h
Giurassic: 3h
Cretaceous: 3h
Paleogene: 3h
Neogene: 3h
Quaternary: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Earth System History, 4a edizione, S.M. STANLEY, J.A. LUCZAJ (2014)

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

Program of the course of "Physics of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere"
prof. Carlo Scotto
Most of the topics are dealt in the book by G.W. Prölss ("Physics of the Earth's Space Environment", ed. Springer). Reference is made to the paragraphs of this book. The remaining topics are reported in the distributed Lesson Notes. The relevant detailed bibliography is shown in them.
Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of the topics covered.

1. Notions of magneto-ionospheric plasma physics
Plasma frequency, Debye distance and Debye-Hückel potential, plasma conditions, free mean path, phase refraction index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and in the absence of magnetic field, cold plasma (Lesson notes). (P. 232, § 7.3.1, § 7.3.2, § 7.3.3). Energy of the electromagnetic field (Lesson notes). Motion of electric charges in a magnetic field: gyration motion, the magnetic moment as an adiabatic invariant, motion where grad(B) is parallel to B, bounce motion (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, pp. 220-228), gradient drift motion (§ 5.3.2, pp. 228-229), neutral shift drift, drift E x B and plasma conductivity in the absence of collisions, drift under the action of external forces (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, § 5.3.3 pp. 219-233).

2. The interplanetary medium.
The solar corona and the solar wind (§ 6.1 and 6.1.1, pp. 278-282, including all the references). Large-scale solar wind structure and on the ecliptic plane (§ 6.1.6). The interplanetary magnetic field: observations and physical characteristics (§ 6.2.1, pp. 300-304). The heliosferic current sheet (§ 6.2.4). Segment structure of the polar component of B (§ 6.2.5). Alfven's theorem (Appendix A.14, pp.484-487).

3. Magnetosphere
The geomagnetic field near the Earth (§ 5.2). Curvature drift (p. 233). Total drift (p. 234-235). Composed motion of charge carriers (§ 5.3.4). Particle populations in the internal magnetosphere: radiation belts, ring current, plasmashere (§ 5.4).
The distant geomagnetic field: configuration and classification, currents on the diurnal side of the magnetopause, reflection of the particles and formation of the current, system of currents in the geomagnetic tail (§ 5.5). Particle population in the external magnetosphere: magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer (§ 5.6). Formation of bow shock and the magnetosheat (§ 6.4 introduction and § 6.4.1, pp. 325-328).

4. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, gas radiation attenuation, energy deposition in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth ionosphere: historical outline, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and disappearance of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in E region and in region F2 region (§ 3.2; introduction of chap 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3). Ionosphere morphology: the cusps on the ionogram trace and the ionospheric regions (Lesson notes). Regular variations of the ionosphere: layers E and F1 (Lesson notes). Irregular variations of the ionosphere: F2 layer (Lesson notes). Sporadic E layer(Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for regions E and F: F1 layer (Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for region D (Lesson notes). Refraction index for radio waves with collisions and in the absence of a magnetic field; interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index: absorption ( Lesson notes). Solar flares and short waves fadeout (Lesson notes). Additional notes on the F1 layer (Lesson notes). Additional notes on layer E (Lesson notes).

5. Magnetoionic theory
Introduction. Constitutive equations for a cold plasma with collisions and in the presence of a magnetic field (Lesson notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, neglecting collisions and considering the Earth's magnetic field: Appleton-Hartree equation (Lesson notes). Continuity of nf in X = 1. The zeros of the collisionless Appleton-Hartree equation: longitudinal, transverse and general propagation case (Lesson notes). Polarization: continuity in X = 1 in the general case and in the case of longitudinal propagation. Polarization in case of longitudinal propagation: dependence on the sign of YL. Polarization in general conditions, for X = 1 (Lesson Notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, considering collisions and the earth's magnetic field. Mention upon the polarization in the collisional case. Curves of mi(X) with collisions: importance of the Booker rule (Lesson notes). Conditions of reflection and ionograms, ordinary, extraordinary trace. Ray Z (Lesson Notes). Examples of ionograms (Lesson notes).
As indicated in the lesson notes, the material of this teaching unit can be found at: Ratcliffe, J. A. (1959), The magneto-Ionic Theory and its Applications to the Ionosphere, Cambridge University Press.

6. Absorption and dissipation of solar wind energy
Topology of the high polar atmosphere (§ 7.1). Electric fields, and plasma convection (§ 7.2). Conductivity and currents in the polar ionosphere (§ 7.3). Polar auroras: energy dissipation of the auroral particles, origin of the auroral particles, diffuse and discrete aurora(§ 7. 4). Solar Wind Dynamo (§ 7.6.1), open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.2), plasma convection in the open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.3), open magnetosphere with tail (§ 7.6.4), mention upon the reconnection (part of § 7.6. 5) Birkeland currents in regions 1 and 2 (§ 7.6.6).

7. Geospheric storms
Magnetic storms: regular variation, equatorial electroject, magnetic activity at low, high and medium latitudes, geomagnetic indexes (§ 8.1). Magnetic substorms: growth and expansion phase, Alvfèn waves and their role (§ 8.3). Ionospheric storms: negative and positive storms (§ 8.5).

1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Lecture Notes

first part

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

1 Solar System Part
- Overall description of the Solar System, mass and angular momentum distribution, astrophysical variables.
- Overall description of planets, their main characteristics ; description of planetary satellites systems and of minor bodies of the Solar System.
- Terrestrial planets: main characteristics and evolutive processes of planetary surfaces.
- Terrestrial planets: thermal history, impact cratering processes, volcanism, tectonics.Comparative planetology.
- Meteorites and minor bodies; radiometric dating and clues for the formation of the Solar System.
- Giant planets
- Planetary satellites
- Internal structure of planets, different evolution of terrestrial and giant planets.
- Planetary atmospheres
2 Extrasolar Planets Part
- Historical Introduction
- Exo planets Indirect discovery methods
- Exo planets Direct discovery methods
- Exo Planets Characteristics
- Physics of extrasolar Planets
- Characterization and results
- Which Life?
- Habitability and Habitable Zone
- The search for life
3 Common Part
- Introduction to the Planetary formation Theory

- There is no official text of the course.

A suggested text is the following: Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press. During the course several scientific review papers will be suggested by the lecturers.

Material

- Course slides
- Scientific papers

Introduction, chordates, basal vertebrates: 3h
"Agnatha" and the origin of lower jaw: 3h
Chondrychtyes and e osteichthyes: 3h
Sarcopterygians and the origin of tetrapods: 3h
Amphibia: 3h
Anapsida: 3h
Diapsida: 3h
Dinosauria: 3h
Pterosauria vs. Aves: 3h
Sinapsida: 3h
Mesozoic mammals-Metatheria: 3h
Afrotheria and Xenartra: 3h
Boreoeutheria: 3h
Laurasiatheria: 3h
Euarchontoglires: 3h
Primates: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Benton M.J. (2014) - Vertebrate Palaeontology. Blackwell Publishing

Additional references to be discussed during the classes will be selected among the most recent and/or controversial.

- History of climatology, international organisations, climate change reality and denial

- Fundamentals of the climate system: the earth's radiative budget, feedbacks and forcings, introduction to the climatic importance of the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere

- Climate variability, climate change, the Anthropocene

- The cryosphere: glaciers, permafrost, polar areas, sea ice

-The climate system and its natural and anthropogenic perturbations: Variation in the relative position of the continents, astronomical, greenhouse gases, aerosols, volcanic eruptions, solar activity, land surface variations, meteorite impacts

- Climate variations and sea level

- Palaeoclimate: reconstructing climate change in the past using palaeoclimate archives

- Tipping Points

- Extreme events

- Climate Models

- Shared Socio-Economic Scenarios

- Climate in the 21st century, results from models

- Impacts of Climate Change on the cryosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere.

- Economic costs of climate change mitigation and adaptation

- Technological innovation for a decarbonised society

Pdf and copies of recent specialistic scientific publications given by the teacher, slides used during lessons will be also provided.

Introduction; the role of Geomophology in the assessment of natural risk; the principles of geomorphological hazard, vulnerability, risk; multi-risk assessment; endogenic and exogenic morphogenesis of dangerous surface processes and methods to study them; fluvial dynamics and river erosion, relative hazard and mitigation; floods; coastal dynamics, marine erosion and mitigation; tectonic geomorphology with particular regard on active tectonics; slope dynamics: diffusion, mass wasting, soil erosion, relative hazard and mitigation. In-class activities are planned for each topic.

Alcantara-Ayala, Goudie "Geomorphological Hazards and Disaster Prevention", Cambridge University Press

Mario Panizza "Manuale di Geomorfologia Applicata", FrancoAngeli (Nuova Edizione)

Antonio Vallario "Frane e territorio", Liguori Editore

During in-class activity and lessons, scientific papers and exercises will be hand out by the professor.

Introduction: 3h
Hadean: 3h
Archaean: 3h
Proterozoic: 3h
Cambrian: 3h
Ordovician: 3h
Silurian: 3h
Devonian: 3h
Carboniferous: 3h
Permian: 3h
Triassic: 3h
Giurassic: 3h
Cretaceous: 3h
Paleogene: 3h
Neogene: 3h
Quaternary: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Earth System History, 4a edizione, S.M. STANLEY, J.A. LUCZAJ (2014)

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

Program of the course of "Physics of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere"
prof. Carlo Scotto
Most of the topics are dealt in the book by G.W. Prölss ("Physics of the Earth's Space Environment", ed. Springer). Reference is made to the paragraphs of this book. The remaining topics are reported in the distributed Lesson Notes. The relevant detailed bibliography is shown in them.
Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of the topics covered.

1. Notions of magneto-ionospheric plasma physics
Plasma frequency, Debye distance and Debye-Hückel potential, plasma conditions, free mean path, phase refraction index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and in the absence of magnetic field, cold plasma (Lesson notes). (P. 232, § 7.3.1, § 7.3.2, § 7.3.3). Energy of the electromagnetic field (Lesson notes). Motion of electric charges in a magnetic field: gyration motion, the magnetic moment as an adiabatic invariant, motion where grad(B) is parallel to B, bounce motion (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, pp. 220-228), gradient drift motion (§ 5.3.2, pp. 228-229), neutral shift drift, drift E x B and plasma conductivity in the absence of collisions, drift under the action of external forces (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, § 5.3.3 pp. 219-233).

2. The interplanetary medium.
The solar corona and the solar wind (§ 6.1 and 6.1.1, pp. 278-282, including all the references). Large-scale solar wind structure and on the ecliptic plane (§ 6.1.6). The interplanetary magnetic field: observations and physical characteristics (§ 6.2.1, pp. 300-304). The heliosferic current sheet (§ 6.2.4). Segment structure of the polar component of B (§ 6.2.5). Alfven's theorem (Appendix A.14, pp.484-487).

3. Magnetosphere
The geomagnetic field near the Earth (§ 5.2). Curvature drift (p. 233). Total drift (p. 234-235). Composed motion of charge carriers (§ 5.3.4). Particle populations in the internal magnetosphere: radiation belts, ring current, plasmashere (§ 5.4).
The distant geomagnetic field: configuration and classification, currents on the diurnal side of the magnetopause, reflection of the particles and formation of the current, system of currents in the geomagnetic tail (§ 5.5). Particle population in the external magnetosphere: magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer (§ 5.6). Formation of bow shock and the magnetosheat (§ 6.4 introduction and § 6.4.1, pp. 325-328).

4. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, gas radiation attenuation, energy deposition in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth ionosphere: historical outline, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and disappearance of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in E region and in region F2 region (§ 3.2; introduction of chap 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3). Ionosphere morphology: the cusps on the ionogram trace and the ionospheric regions (Lesson notes). Regular variations of the ionosphere: layers E and F1 (Lesson notes). Irregular variations of the ionosphere: F2 layer (Lesson notes). Sporadic E layer(Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for regions E and F: F1 layer (Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for region D (Lesson notes). Refraction index for radio waves with collisions and in the absence of a magnetic field; interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index: absorption ( Lesson notes). Solar flares and short waves fadeout (Lesson notes). Additional notes on the F1 layer (Lesson notes). Additional notes on layer E (Lesson notes).

5. Magnetoionic theory
Introduction. Constitutive equations for a cold plasma with collisions and in the presence of a magnetic field (Lesson notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, neglecting collisions and considering the Earth's magnetic field: Appleton-Hartree equation (Lesson notes). Continuity of nf in X = 1. The zeros of the collisionless Appleton-Hartree equation: longitudinal, transverse and general propagation case (Lesson notes). Polarization: continuity in X = 1 in the general case and in the case of longitudinal propagation. Polarization in case of longitudinal propagation: dependence on the sign of YL. Polarization in general conditions, for X = 1 (Lesson Notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, considering collisions and the earth's magnetic field. Mention upon the polarization in the collisional case. Curves of mi(X) with collisions: importance of the Booker rule (Lesson notes). Conditions of reflection and ionograms, ordinary, extraordinary trace. Ray Z (Lesson Notes). Examples of ionograms (Lesson notes).
As indicated in the lesson notes, the material of this teaching unit can be found at: Ratcliffe, J. A. (1959), The magneto-Ionic Theory and its Applications to the Ionosphere, Cambridge University Press.

6. Absorption and dissipation of solar wind energy
Topology of the high polar atmosphere (§ 7.1). Electric fields, and plasma convection (§ 7.2). Conductivity and currents in the polar ionosphere (§ 7.3). Polar auroras: energy dissipation of the auroral particles, origin of the auroral particles, diffuse and discrete aurora(§ 7. 4). Solar Wind Dynamo (§ 7.6.1), open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.2), plasma convection in the open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.3), open magnetosphere with tail (§ 7.6.4), mention upon the reconnection (part of § 7.6. 5) Birkeland currents in regions 1 and 2 (§ 7.6.6).

7. Geospheric storms
Magnetic storms: regular variation, equatorial electroject, magnetic activity at low, high and medium latitudes, geomagnetic indexes (§ 8.1). Magnetic substorms: growth and expansion phase, Alvfèn waves and their role (§ 8.3). Ionospheric storms: negative and positive storms (§ 8.5).

1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Lecture Notes

first part

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

1 Solar System Part
- Overall description of the Solar System, mass and angular momentum distribution, astrophysical variables.
- Overall description of planets, their main characteristics ; description of planetary satellites systems and of minor bodies of the Solar System.
- Terrestrial planets: main characteristics and evolutive processes of planetary surfaces.
- Terrestrial planets: thermal history, impact cratering processes, volcanism, tectonics.Comparative planetology.
- Meteorites and minor bodies; radiometric dating and clues for the formation of the Solar System.
- Giant planets
- Planetary satellites
- Internal structure of planets, different evolution of terrestrial and giant planets.
- Planetary atmospheres
2 Extrasolar Planets Part
- Historical Introduction
- Exo planets Indirect discovery methods
- Exo planets Direct discovery methods
- Exo Planets Characteristics
- Physics of extrasolar Planets
- Characterization and results
- Which Life?
- Habitability and Habitable Zone
- The search for life
3 Common Part
- Introduction to the Planetary formation Theory

- There is no official text of the course.

A suggested text is the following: Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press. During the course several scientific review papers will be suggested by the lecturers.

Material

- Course slides
- Scientific papers

TO ADDRESS SOME BASIC NOTIONS RELATIVE TO THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND MAPPING. THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY AS A TOOL FOR RECONSTRUCTING 3D GEOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL MODEL OF THE SUBSURFACE THROUGH THE INTEGRATION OF BOTH SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE GEOLOGICAL DATA, BOREHOLES INFORMATION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BOTH ROCK AND INCOHERENT MATERIALS.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ROCKS AND INCOHERENT MATERIALS; SUBSURFACE GEOLOGY, CONSOLIDATED AND UNCONSOLIDATED PLIO-QUATERNARY COVERS OF THE MAIN REGIONS OF CENTRAL ITALY; GEOMETRICAL AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MAIN DISCONTINUITIES AFFECTING ROCKS TO DEFINE THE QUALITY OF ROCK MASSES. THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR SEISMIC MICROZONATION PURPOSES.
THE PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF THIS COURSE WILL BE DONE IN FIELD TRIPS LEADED IN DIFFERENT GEOLOGICAL SETTINGS FOR WORKING ON KEY AREAS OF THE CENTRAL APENNINES TO EXPERIENCE THE MAIN ACTIVITIES RELATED TO THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND MAPPING: TO ANALYSE THE BEDROCK AND THE INCOHERENT QUATERNARY COVERS; TO CHARACTERIZE GEOMETRY AND TECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF ALL THE DISCONTINUITIES AFFECTING ROCK MASSES; TO COLLECT SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE DATA, PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ROCKS AND INCOHERENT PLIO-QUATERNARY COVERS FOR RECONSTRUCTING THE PHYSICAL AND GEOLOGICAL MODEL OF THE SUBSURFACE.
EACH FIELD TRIP WILL BE PREPARED IN CLASSROOM, LOOKING AT BOTH THE MORPHOLOGICAL AND THE GEOLOGICAL SETTING OF THE AREA. SUBSEQUENTLY, ONE DAY OF FIELD TRIP ALLOW STUDENTS TO COLLECT GEOLOGICAL DATA FROM THE KEY AREA. LATER ON, DATA COLLECTED WILL BE ANALYSED AND PROCESSED IN THE LAB.
LAB ACTIVITIES WILL BRING STUDENTS TO PROVIDE THE GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE SURVEYED AREA, TOGETHER WITH SOME THEMATIC MAPS, INCLUDING MAP KEY AND GEOLOGICAL CROSS-SECTIONS. FOR EACH FIELD TRIP, STUDENTS WILL PROVIDE, ALSO, A REPORT ON THE MAIN RESULTS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.
THE PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF THIS COURSE WILL CONCLUDE IN A FIELD SCHOOL FINALIZED TO PRODUCE THEMATIC MAPS AND RECONSTRUCT THE GEOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL MODEL OF THE AREA IN REGION OF MEDIUM-HIGH DEGREE OF DIFFICULTY.

SCESI L., PAPINI M., GATTINONI P. – GEOLOGIA APPLICATA: IL RILEVAMENTO GEOLOGICO-TECNICO. VOL. 1, SECONDA EDIZIONE. CASA EDITRICE AMBROSIANA. CEAEDIZIONI, 2006.
CREMONINI G. - RILEVAMENTO GEOLOGICO. - ED. PITAGORA, BOLOGNA, 1985.

GEOLOGICAL MAPS, TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS, AERO PHOTOS, AND ARTICLES ON THE GEOLOGY OF THE DIFFERENT AREAS THAT WILL BE OBJECT OF THE FIELD TRIPS, WILL BE PROVIDED BY THE PERSONNEL RESPONSIBLE FOR THE COURSE.

Introduction, chordates, basal vertebrates: 3h
"Agnatha" and the origin of lower jaw: 3h
Chondrychtyes and e osteichthyes: 3h
Sarcopterygians and the origin of tetrapods: 3h
Amphibia: 3h
Anapsida: 3h
Diapsida: 3h
Dinosauria: 3h
Pterosauria vs. Aves: 3h
Sinapsida: 3h
Mesozoic mammals-Metatheria: 3h
Afrotheria and Xenartra: 3h
Boreoeutheria: 3h
Laurasiatheria: 3h
Euarchontoglires: 3h
Primates: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Benton M.J. (2014) - Vertebrate Palaeontology. Blackwell Publishing

Additional references to be discussed during the classes will be selected among the most recent and/or controversial.

- History of climatology, international organisations, climate change reality and denial

- Fundamentals of the climate system: the earth's radiative budget, feedbacks and forcings, introduction to the climatic importance of the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere

- Climate variability, climate change, the Anthropocene

- The cryosphere: glaciers, permafrost, polar areas, sea ice

-The climate system and its natural and anthropogenic perturbations: Variation in the relative position of the continents, astronomical, greenhouse gases, aerosols, volcanic eruptions, solar activity, land surface variations, meteorite impacts

- Climate variations and sea level

- Palaeoclimate: reconstructing climate change in the past using palaeoclimate archives

- Tipping Points

- Extreme events

- Climate Models

- Shared Socio-Economic Scenarios

- Climate in the 21st century, results from models

- Impacts of Climate Change on the cryosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere.

- Economic costs of climate change mitigation and adaptation

- Technological innovation for a decarbonised society

Pdf and copies of recent specialistic scientific publications given by the teacher, slides used during lessons will be also provided.

Introduction: 3h
Hadean: 3h
Archaean: 3h
Proterozoic: 3h
Cambrian: 3h
Ordovician: 3h
Silurian: 3h
Devonian: 3h
Carboniferous: 3h
Permian: 3h
Triassic: 3h
Giurassic: 3h
Cretaceous: 3h
Paleogene: 3h
Neogene: 3h
Quaternary: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Earth System History, 4a edizione, S.M. STANLEY, J.A. LUCZAJ (2014)

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

Program of the course of "Physics of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere"
prof. Carlo Scotto
Most of the topics are dealt in the book by G.W. Prölss ("Physics of the Earth's Space Environment", ed. Springer). Reference is made to the paragraphs of this book. The remaining topics are reported in the distributed Lesson Notes. The relevant detailed bibliography is shown in them.
Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of the topics covered.

1. Notions of magneto-ionospheric plasma physics
Plasma frequency, Debye distance and Debye-Hückel potential, plasma conditions, free mean path, phase refraction index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and in the absence of magnetic field, cold plasma (Lesson notes). (P. 232, § 7.3.1, § 7.3.2, § 7.3.3). Energy of the electromagnetic field (Lesson notes). Motion of electric charges in a magnetic field: gyration motion, the magnetic moment as an adiabatic invariant, motion where grad(B) is parallel to B, bounce motion (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, pp. 220-228), gradient drift motion (§ 5.3.2, pp. 228-229), neutral shift drift, drift E x B and plasma conductivity in the absence of collisions, drift under the action of external forces (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, § 5.3.3 pp. 219-233).

2. The interplanetary medium.
The solar corona and the solar wind (§ 6.1 and 6.1.1, pp. 278-282, including all the references). Large-scale solar wind structure and on the ecliptic plane (§ 6.1.6). The interplanetary magnetic field: observations and physical characteristics (§ 6.2.1, pp. 300-304). The heliosferic current sheet (§ 6.2.4). Segment structure of the polar component of B (§ 6.2.5). Alfven's theorem (Appendix A.14, pp.484-487).

3. Magnetosphere
The geomagnetic field near the Earth (§ 5.2). Curvature drift (p. 233). Total drift (p. 234-235). Composed motion of charge carriers (§ 5.3.4). Particle populations in the internal magnetosphere: radiation belts, ring current, plasmashere (§ 5.4).
The distant geomagnetic field: configuration and classification, currents on the diurnal side of the magnetopause, reflection of the particles and formation of the current, system of currents in the geomagnetic tail (§ 5.5). Particle population in the external magnetosphere: magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer (§ 5.6). Formation of bow shock and the magnetosheat (§ 6.4 introduction and § 6.4.1, pp. 325-328).

4. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, gas radiation attenuation, energy deposition in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth ionosphere: historical outline, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and disappearance of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in E region and in region F2 region (§ 3.2; introduction of chap 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3). Ionosphere morphology: the cusps on the ionogram trace and the ionospheric regions (Lesson notes). Regular variations of the ionosphere: layers E and F1 (Lesson notes). Irregular variations of the ionosphere: F2 layer (Lesson notes). Sporadic E layer(Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for regions E and F: F1 layer (Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for region D (Lesson notes). Refraction index for radio waves with collisions and in the absence of a magnetic field; interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index: absorption ( Lesson notes). Solar flares and short waves fadeout (Lesson notes). Additional notes on the F1 layer (Lesson notes). Additional notes on layer E (Lesson notes).

5. Magnetoionic theory
Introduction. Constitutive equations for a cold plasma with collisions and in the presence of a magnetic field (Lesson notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, neglecting collisions and considering the Earth's magnetic field: Appleton-Hartree equation (Lesson notes). Continuity of nf in X = 1. The zeros of the collisionless Appleton-Hartree equation: longitudinal, transverse and general propagation case (Lesson notes). Polarization: continuity in X = 1 in the general case and in the case of longitudinal propagation. Polarization in case of longitudinal propagation: dependence on the sign of YL. Polarization in general conditions, for X = 1 (Lesson Notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, considering collisions and the earth's magnetic field. Mention upon the polarization in the collisional case. Curves of mi(X) with collisions: importance of the Booker rule (Lesson notes). Conditions of reflection and ionograms, ordinary, extraordinary trace. Ray Z (Lesson Notes). Examples of ionograms (Lesson notes).
As indicated in the lesson notes, the material of this teaching unit can be found at: Ratcliffe, J. A. (1959), The magneto-Ionic Theory and its Applications to the Ionosphere, Cambridge University Press.

6. Absorption and dissipation of solar wind energy
Topology of the high polar atmosphere (§ 7.1). Electric fields, and plasma convection (§ 7.2). Conductivity and currents in the polar ionosphere (§ 7.3). Polar auroras: energy dissipation of the auroral particles, origin of the auroral particles, diffuse and discrete aurora(§ 7. 4). Solar Wind Dynamo (§ 7.6.1), open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.2), plasma convection in the open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.3), open magnetosphere with tail (§ 7.6.4), mention upon the reconnection (part of § 7.6. 5) Birkeland currents in regions 1 and 2 (§ 7.6.6).

7. Geospheric storms
Magnetic storms: regular variation, equatorial electroject, magnetic activity at low, high and medium latitudes, geomagnetic indexes (§ 8.1). Magnetic substorms: growth and expansion phase, Alvfèn waves and their role (§ 8.3). Ionospheric storms: negative and positive storms (§ 8.5).

1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Lecture Notes

first part

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

1 Solar System Part
- Overall description of the Solar System, mass and angular momentum distribution, astrophysical variables.
- Overall description of planets, their main characteristics ; description of planetary satellites systems and of minor bodies of the Solar System.
- Terrestrial planets: main characteristics and evolutive processes of planetary surfaces.
- Terrestrial planets: thermal history, impact cratering processes, volcanism, tectonics.Comparative planetology.
- Meteorites and minor bodies; radiometric dating and clues for the formation of the Solar System.
- Giant planets
- Planetary satellites
- Internal structure of planets, different evolution of terrestrial and giant planets.
- Planetary atmospheres
2 Extrasolar Planets Part
- Historical Introduction
- Exo planets Indirect discovery methods
- Exo planets Direct discovery methods
- Exo Planets Characteristics
- Physics of extrasolar Planets
- Characterization and results
- Which Life?
- Habitability and Habitable Zone
- The search for life
3 Common Part
- Introduction to the Planetary formation Theory

- There is no official text of the course.

A suggested text is the following: Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press. During the course several scientific review papers will be suggested by the lecturers.

Material

- Course slides
- Scientific papers

The first part of the course is dedicated to the current knowledge about the birth of Planet Earth and its Precambrian evolution.
In the second part of the course the main Paleozoic orogenic events and the formation of Pangea will be illustrated. The third part of the course is dedicated to the main geodynamic events responsible for the current structure of the Alps and the Mediterranean area. The main topics are the following.
Origin of the Solar System: meteorites, the Moon. The Hadean: Early Earth and the magma ocean. Origin and evolution of the atmosphere; origin and evolution of the hydrosphere. Archean: Traces of the first continental crust, the oldest rocks. Proterozoic: the growth of the continents, the banded iron formation (BIF), the Wilson Cycle, the secondary atmosphere, the evolution of life. The beginning of Plate Tectonics, the evolution of Plate Tectonics over time. Paleogeography: methods for paleogeographic reconstructions. Paleozoic paleogeographic evolution. Plates, microplates and oceans in the Paleozoic. Caledonian orogeny. Evolution of the Scottish Caledonides. Evolution of the Scandinavian Caledonides: UHP rock, the supradetachment Devonian basins. The Variscan orogeny: the main structural units, the role of oroclines. Variscan orogeny in Sardinia. The formation of the Pangea Supercontinent. Pangea A and Pangea B. Permo-Triassic basins. The opening of the Atlantic Ocean and the Africa-Europe kinematics. The Alpine cycle: from the passive margin to the construction of the Alpine chains. Main structural units of the Alps and their evolution. Structure and evolution of the Mediterranean area: oroclines, back-arc basins, seismicity and current kinematics. Northern Apennines, from the internal domains to the Padana-Adriatic foredeep. Central Apennines: from the chain to the formation of the Tyrrhenian margin and extensional basins. Southern Apennines: paleogeographic units and present-day structure.

- The Earth Through Time. Harold L. Levin, David T. King Jr. Wiley. ISBN: 978-1-119-22834-9. Scientific articles will be provided by the teacher on specific topics of the course.

Part I: The igneous process. geochemical characteristics of magmas as petrogenetic indicators. trace elements and isotopic distribution in magmas. magma melting and diversity. magmatic series. geochemical features and eruptive style in the main petrogenetic provinces. mid-ocean ridge volcanism, subduction-related igneous activity and granitoid rocks. orogenesis and magmatism: the Mediteranean Province.
Part II: the metamorphic process: lithological types and the main metamorphic facies; gradient of metamorphism and geodynamic settings. the orogenic and subduction-zone metamorphism.the contact metamorphism; migmatites and partial melting processes. mineral growth and rock fabrics: pre-, syn- , post-kinematic crystallization. metamorphic thermobarometry and reconstruction of the pressure-temperature-time (P-T-t) paths in polyphase metamorphism. orogeny and metamorphism: regional examples.

J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey

Bucher & Fry - Petrology Of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer

Hazard and risk applied to volcanoes: concepts, history, perspectives. Deterministic and probabilistic approach on the short-, medium- and long-term. Volcano monitoring systems. Volcanic unrest. Eruptive and reference scenarios. Elicitations. Build up of the event-tree.
Basic principles to evaluate the volcanic risk (vulnerability and exposure; evacuations, resilience, dissemination).
Hazard related to effusive activity (lava flows, domes, lava fountains, strombolian activity). Hazard related to explosive eruptions (pyroclastic flows, fall deposits, ash plumes, climate changes). Mobilization of volcanic products (lahars). Hazard related to sector collapses and related tsunamis. Hazard from gas emission. Seismic hazard in volcanic areas. Integrate approach and multi-hazard analysis.
Volcanic risk in the Civil Protection.
Examples of definition of the volcanic hazard at the main active Italian volcanoes (Etna, Stromboli, Vesuvio, Campi Flegrei).

various articles and textbooks indicated by the teacher

Introduction, chordates, basal vertebrates: 3h
"Agnatha" and the origin of lower jaw: 3h
Chondrychtyes and e osteichthyes: 3h
Sarcopterygians and the origin of tetrapods: 3h
Amphibia: 3h
Anapsida: 3h
Diapsida: 3h
Dinosauria: 3h
Pterosauria vs. Aves: 3h
Sinapsida: 3h
Mesozoic mammals-Metatheria: 3h
Afrotheria and Xenartra: 3h
Boreoeutheria: 3h
Laurasiatheria: 3h
Euarchontoglires: 3h
Primates: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Benton M.J. (2014) - Vertebrate Palaeontology. Blackwell Publishing

Additional references to be discussed during the classes will be selected among the most recent and/or controversial.

- History of climatology, international organisations, climate change reality and denial

- Fundamentals of the climate system: the earth's radiative budget, feedbacks and forcings, introduction to the climatic importance of the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere

- Climate variability, climate change, the Anthropocene

- The cryosphere: glaciers, permafrost, polar areas, sea ice

-The climate system and its natural and anthropogenic perturbations: Variation in the relative position of the continents, astronomical, greenhouse gases, aerosols, volcanic eruptions, solar activity, land surface variations, meteorite impacts

- Climate variations and sea level

- Palaeoclimate: reconstructing climate change in the past using palaeoclimate archives

- Tipping Points

- Extreme events

- Climate Models

- Shared Socio-Economic Scenarios

- Climate in the 21st century, results from models

- Impacts of Climate Change on the cryosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere.

- Economic costs of climate change mitigation and adaptation

- Technological innovation for a decarbonised society

Pdf and copies of recent specialistic scientific publications given by the teacher, slides used during lessons will be also provided.

Introduction: 3h
Hadean: 3h
Archaean: 3h
Proterozoic: 3h
Cambrian: 3h
Ordovician: 3h
Silurian: 3h
Devonian: 3h
Carboniferous: 3h
Permian: 3h
Triassic: 3h
Giurassic: 3h
Cretaceous: 3h
Paleogene: 3h
Neogene: 3h
Quaternary: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Earth System History, 4a edizione, S.M. STANLEY, J.A. LUCZAJ (2014)

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

Program of the course of "Physics of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere"
prof. Carlo Scotto
Most of the topics are dealt in the book by G.W. Prölss ("Physics of the Earth's Space Environment", ed. Springer). Reference is made to the paragraphs of this book. The remaining topics are reported in the distributed Lesson Notes. The relevant detailed bibliography is shown in them.
Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of the topics covered.

1. Notions of magneto-ionospheric plasma physics
Plasma frequency, Debye distance and Debye-Hückel potential, plasma conditions, free mean path, phase refraction index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and in the absence of magnetic field, cold plasma (Lesson notes). (P. 232, § 7.3.1, § 7.3.2, § 7.3.3). Energy of the electromagnetic field (Lesson notes). Motion of electric charges in a magnetic field: gyration motion, the magnetic moment as an adiabatic invariant, motion where grad(B) is parallel to B, bounce motion (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, pp. 220-228), gradient drift motion (§ 5.3.2, pp. 228-229), neutral shift drift, drift E x B and plasma conductivity in the absence of collisions, drift under the action of external forces (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, § 5.3.3 pp. 219-233).

2. The interplanetary medium.
The solar corona and the solar wind (§ 6.1 and 6.1.1, pp. 278-282, including all the references). Large-scale solar wind structure and on the ecliptic plane (§ 6.1.6). The interplanetary magnetic field: observations and physical characteristics (§ 6.2.1, pp. 300-304). The heliosferic current sheet (§ 6.2.4). Segment structure of the polar component of B (§ 6.2.5). Alfven's theorem (Appendix A.14, pp.484-487).

3. Magnetosphere
The geomagnetic field near the Earth (§ 5.2). Curvature drift (p. 233). Total drift (p. 234-235). Composed motion of charge carriers (§ 5.3.4). Particle populations in the internal magnetosphere: radiation belts, ring current, plasmashere (§ 5.4).
The distant geomagnetic field: configuration and classification, currents on the diurnal side of the magnetopause, reflection of the particles and formation of the current, system of currents in the geomagnetic tail (§ 5.5). Particle population in the external magnetosphere: magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer (§ 5.6). Formation of bow shock and the magnetosheat (§ 6.4 introduction and § 6.4.1, pp. 325-328).

4. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, gas radiation attenuation, energy deposition in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth ionosphere: historical outline, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and disappearance of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in E region and in region F2 region (§ 3.2; introduction of chap 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3). Ionosphere morphology: the cusps on the ionogram trace and the ionospheric regions (Lesson notes). Regular variations of the ionosphere: layers E and F1 (Lesson notes). Irregular variations of the ionosphere: F2 layer (Lesson notes). Sporadic E layer(Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for regions E and F: F1 layer (Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for region D (Lesson notes). Refraction index for radio waves with collisions and in the absence of a magnetic field; interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index: absorption ( Lesson notes). Solar flares and short waves fadeout (Lesson notes). Additional notes on the F1 layer (Lesson notes). Additional notes on layer E (Lesson notes).

5. Magnetoionic theory
Introduction. Constitutive equations for a cold plasma with collisions and in the presence of a magnetic field (Lesson notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, neglecting collisions and considering the Earth's magnetic field: Appleton-Hartree equation (Lesson notes). Continuity of nf in X = 1. The zeros of the collisionless Appleton-Hartree equation: longitudinal, transverse and general propagation case (Lesson notes). Polarization: continuity in X = 1 in the general case and in the case of longitudinal propagation. Polarization in case of longitudinal propagation: dependence on the sign of YL. Polarization in general conditions, for X = 1 (Lesson Notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, considering collisions and the earth's magnetic field. Mention upon the polarization in the collisional case. Curves of mi(X) with collisions: importance of the Booker rule (Lesson notes). Conditions of reflection and ionograms, ordinary, extraordinary trace. Ray Z (Lesson Notes). Examples of ionograms (Lesson notes).
As indicated in the lesson notes, the material of this teaching unit can be found at: Ratcliffe, J. A. (1959), The magneto-Ionic Theory and its Applications to the Ionosphere, Cambridge University Press.

6. Absorption and dissipation of solar wind energy
Topology of the high polar atmosphere (§ 7.1). Electric fields, and plasma convection (§ 7.2). Conductivity and currents in the polar ionosphere (§ 7.3). Polar auroras: energy dissipation of the auroral particles, origin of the auroral particles, diffuse and discrete aurora(§ 7. 4). Solar Wind Dynamo (§ 7.6.1), open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.2), plasma convection in the open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.3), open magnetosphere with tail (§ 7.6.4), mention upon the reconnection (part of § 7.6. 5) Birkeland currents in regions 1 and 2 (§ 7.6.6).

7. Geospheric storms
Magnetic storms: regular variation, equatorial electroject, magnetic activity at low, high and medium latitudes, geomagnetic indexes (§ 8.1). Magnetic substorms: growth and expansion phase, Alvfèn waves and their role (§ 8.3). Ionospheric storms: negative and positive storms (§ 8.5).

1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Lecture Notes

first part

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

1 Solar System Part
- Overall description of the Solar System, mass and angular momentum distribution, astrophysical variables.
- Overall description of planets, their main characteristics ; description of planetary satellites systems and of minor bodies of the Solar System.
- Terrestrial planets: main characteristics and evolutive processes of planetary surfaces.
- Terrestrial planets: thermal history, impact cratering processes, volcanism, tectonics.Comparative planetology.
- Meteorites and minor bodies; radiometric dating and clues for the formation of the Solar System.
- Giant planets
- Planetary satellites
- Internal structure of planets, different evolution of terrestrial and giant planets.
- Planetary atmospheres
2 Extrasolar Planets Part
- Historical Introduction
- Exo planets Indirect discovery methods
- Exo planets Direct discovery methods
- Exo Planets Characteristics
- Physics of extrasolar Planets
- Characterization and results
- Which Life?
- Habitability and Habitable Zone
- The search for life
3 Common Part
- Introduction to the Planetary formation Theory

- There is no official text of the course.

A suggested text is the following: Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press. During the course several scientific review papers will be suggested by the lecturers.

Material

- Course slides
- Scientific papers

Part I: The igneous process. geochemical characteristics of magmas as petrogenetic indicators. trace elements and isotopic distribution in magmas. magma melting and diversity. magmatic series. geochemical features and eruptive style in the main petrogenetic provinces. mid-ocean ridge volcanism, subduction-related igneous activity and granitoid rocks. orogenesis and magmatism: the Mediteranean Province.
Part II: the metamorphic process: lithological types and the main metamorphic facies; gradient of metamorphism and geodynamic settings. the orogenic and subduction-zone metamorphism.the contact metamorphism; migmatites and partial melting processes. mineral growth and rock fabrics: pre-, syn- , post-kinematic crystallization. metamorphic thermobarometry and reconstruction of the pressure-temperature-time (P-T-t) paths in polyphase metamorphism. orogeny and metamorphism: regional examples.

J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey

Bucher & Fry - Petrology Of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer

Introduction, chordates, basal vertebrates: 3h
"Agnatha" and the origin of lower jaw: 3h
Chondrychtyes and e osteichthyes: 3h
Sarcopterygians and the origin of tetrapods: 3h
Amphibia: 3h
Anapsida: 3h
Diapsida: 3h
Dinosauria: 3h
Pterosauria vs. Aves: 3h
Sinapsida: 3h
Mesozoic mammals-Metatheria: 3h
Afrotheria and Xenartra: 3h
Boreoeutheria: 3h
Laurasiatheria: 3h
Euarchontoglires: 3h
Primates: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Benton M.J. (2014) - Vertebrate Palaeontology. Blackwell Publishing

Additional references to be discussed during the classes will be selected among the most recent and/or controversial.

- History of climatology, international organisations, climate change reality and denial

- Fundamentals of the climate system: the earth's radiative budget, feedbacks and forcings, introduction to the climatic importance of the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere

- Climate variability, climate change, the Anthropocene

- The cryosphere: glaciers, permafrost, polar areas, sea ice

-The climate system and its natural and anthropogenic perturbations: Variation in the relative position of the continents, astronomical, greenhouse gases, aerosols, volcanic eruptions, solar activity, land surface variations, meteorite impacts

- Climate variations and sea level

- Palaeoclimate: reconstructing climate change in the past using palaeoclimate archives

- Tipping Points

- Extreme events

- Climate Models

- Shared Socio-Economic Scenarios

- Climate in the 21st century, results from models

- Impacts of Climate Change on the cryosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere.

- Economic costs of climate change mitigation and adaptation

- Technological innovation for a decarbonised society

Pdf and copies of recent specialistic scientific publications given by the teacher, slides used during lessons will be also provided.

Introduction: 3h
Hadean: 3h
Archaean: 3h
Proterozoic: 3h
Cambrian: 3h
Ordovician: 3h
Silurian: 3h
Devonian: 3h
Carboniferous: 3h
Permian: 3h
Triassic: 3h
Giurassic: 3h
Cretaceous: 3h
Paleogene: 3h
Neogene: 3h
Quaternary: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Earth System History, 4a edizione, S.M. STANLEY, J.A. LUCZAJ (2014)

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

Program of the course of "Physics of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere"
prof. Carlo Scotto
Most of the topics are dealt in the book by G.W. Prölss ("Physics of the Earth's Space Environment", ed. Springer). Reference is made to the paragraphs of this book. The remaining topics are reported in the distributed Lesson Notes. The relevant detailed bibliography is shown in them.
Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of the topics covered.

1. Notions of magneto-ionospheric plasma physics
Plasma frequency, Debye distance and Debye-Hückel potential, plasma conditions, free mean path, phase refraction index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and in the absence of magnetic field, cold plasma (Lesson notes). (P. 232, § 7.3.1, § 7.3.2, § 7.3.3). Energy of the electromagnetic field (Lesson notes). Motion of electric charges in a magnetic field: gyration motion, the magnetic moment as an adiabatic invariant, motion where grad(B) is parallel to B, bounce motion (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, pp. 220-228), gradient drift motion (§ 5.3.2, pp. 228-229), neutral shift drift, drift E x B and plasma conductivity in the absence of collisions, drift under the action of external forces (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, § 5.3.3 pp. 219-233).

2. The interplanetary medium.
The solar corona and the solar wind (§ 6.1 and 6.1.1, pp. 278-282, including all the references). Large-scale solar wind structure and on the ecliptic plane (§ 6.1.6). The interplanetary magnetic field: observations and physical characteristics (§ 6.2.1, pp. 300-304). The heliosferic current sheet (§ 6.2.4). Segment structure of the polar component of B (§ 6.2.5). Alfven's theorem (Appendix A.14, pp.484-487).

3. Magnetosphere
The geomagnetic field near the Earth (§ 5.2). Curvature drift (p. 233). Total drift (p. 234-235). Composed motion of charge carriers (§ 5.3.4). Particle populations in the internal magnetosphere: radiation belts, ring current, plasmashere (§ 5.4).
The distant geomagnetic field: configuration and classification, currents on the diurnal side of the magnetopause, reflection of the particles and formation of the current, system of currents in the geomagnetic tail (§ 5.5). Particle population in the external magnetosphere: magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer (§ 5.6). Formation of bow shock and the magnetosheat (§ 6.4 introduction and § 6.4.1, pp. 325-328).

4. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, gas radiation attenuation, energy deposition in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth ionosphere: historical outline, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and disappearance of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in E region and in region F2 region (§ 3.2; introduction of chap 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3). Ionosphere morphology: the cusps on the ionogram trace and the ionospheric regions (Lesson notes). Regular variations of the ionosphere: layers E and F1 (Lesson notes). Irregular variations of the ionosphere: F2 layer (Lesson notes). Sporadic E layer(Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for regions E and F: F1 layer (Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for region D (Lesson notes). Refraction index for radio waves with collisions and in the absence of a magnetic field; interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index: absorption ( Lesson notes). Solar flares and short waves fadeout (Lesson notes). Additional notes on the F1 layer (Lesson notes). Additional notes on layer E (Lesson notes).

5. Magnetoionic theory
Introduction. Constitutive equations for a cold plasma with collisions and in the presence of a magnetic field (Lesson notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, neglecting collisions and considering the Earth's magnetic field: Appleton-Hartree equation (Lesson notes). Continuity of nf in X = 1. The zeros of the collisionless Appleton-Hartree equation: longitudinal, transverse and general propagation case (Lesson notes). Polarization: continuity in X = 1 in the general case and in the case of longitudinal propagation. Polarization in case of longitudinal propagation: dependence on the sign of YL. Polarization in general conditions, for X = 1 (Lesson Notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, considering collisions and the earth's magnetic field. Mention upon the polarization in the collisional case. Curves of mi(X) with collisions: importance of the Booker rule (Lesson notes). Conditions of reflection and ionograms, ordinary, extraordinary trace. Ray Z (Lesson Notes). Examples of ionograms (Lesson notes).
As indicated in the lesson notes, the material of this teaching unit can be found at: Ratcliffe, J. A. (1959), The magneto-Ionic Theory and its Applications to the Ionosphere, Cambridge University Press.

6. Absorption and dissipation of solar wind energy
Topology of the high polar atmosphere (§ 7.1). Electric fields, and plasma convection (§ 7.2). Conductivity and currents in the polar ionosphere (§ 7.3). Polar auroras: energy dissipation of the auroral particles, origin of the auroral particles, diffuse and discrete aurora(§ 7. 4). Solar Wind Dynamo (§ 7.6.1), open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.2), plasma convection in the open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.3), open magnetosphere with tail (§ 7.6.4), mention upon the reconnection (part of § 7.6. 5) Birkeland currents in regions 1 and 2 (§ 7.6.6).

7. Geospheric storms
Magnetic storms: regular variation, equatorial electroject, magnetic activity at low, high and medium latitudes, geomagnetic indexes (§ 8.1). Magnetic substorms: growth and expansion phase, Alvfèn waves and their role (§ 8.3). Ionospheric storms: negative and positive storms (§ 8.5).

1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Lecture Notes

first part

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

1 Solar System Part
- Overall description of the Solar System, mass and angular momentum distribution, astrophysical variables.
- Overall description of planets, their main characteristics ; description of planetary satellites systems and of minor bodies of the Solar System.
- Terrestrial planets: main characteristics and evolutive processes of planetary surfaces.
- Terrestrial planets: thermal history, impact cratering processes, volcanism, tectonics.Comparative planetology.
- Meteorites and minor bodies; radiometric dating and clues for the formation of the Solar System.
- Giant planets
- Planetary satellites
- Internal structure of planets, different evolution of terrestrial and giant planets.
- Planetary atmospheres
2 Extrasolar Planets Part
- Historical Introduction
- Exo planets Indirect discovery methods
- Exo planets Direct discovery methods
- Exo Planets Characteristics
- Physics of extrasolar Planets
- Characterization and results
- Which Life?
- Habitability and Habitable Zone
- The search for life
3 Common Part
- Introduction to the Planetary formation Theory

- There is no official text of the course.

A suggested text is the following: Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press. During the course several scientific review papers will be suggested by the lecturers.

Material

- Course slides
- Scientific papers