Programma del Corso di Strumentazione Fisica per la Medicina e la Biologia

1. Interazione particelle e fotoni con la materia
2. Leggi del decadimento radioattivo
3. Isotopi di interesse per la medicina nucleare
4. Radiologia
5. Tomografia assiale compiute rizzata
6. Spect e Pet
7. Risonanza magnetica nucleare
8. Ecografia
9. Elementi di teoria degli acceleratori
10. Elementi di radioterapia.

The aim is to deliver to the student the general and basic elements underpinning the architectures and technologies of data acquisition systems and control and monitoring systems of particle physiscs.
The course starts providing an architectural panoramic view of DAQ systems, their main characteristics and the corresponding technologies together with the necessary choices on project level.
Are then described the gereal architectures of these systems and the main technologies used.
The lectures are focused on: Parallelism and Pipelining, Trigger, Data Acquistion, On-Line systems, Real-Time systems, Farming and Event Building, Networks and Protocols, Data storage.

1. Stage at a national health center
2. Dosimetry
3. Calibration of radiological devices
4. Calibration of NMR
5. Calibration of radiotherapy beams
6. Radiotherapy treatment planning
7. Short report on the activity carried out and ensuing discussion

non ci sono testi previsti

COMPACT OBJECTS: WHITE DWARFS, NEUTRON STARS, THE CHANDRASEKHAR LIMIT, PULSARS, BLACK HOLES
ACCRETION: THEORY, EDDINGTON LIMIT, ACCRETION DISKS
X-RAY BINARIES: CLASSIFICATION AND PHENOMENOLOGY, CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES, LOW-MASS AND HIGH-MASS X-RAY BINARIES, BLACK HOLE CANDIDATES
ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI: CLASSIFICATION AND PHENOMENOLOGY, X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY EMISSION, JETS, SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS
GAMMA RAY BURSTS: PHENOMENOLOGY, ORIGIN, EMISSION MECHANISMS
CLUSTER OF GALAXIES: EMISSION FROM THE INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM, COOLING FLOWS
COSMIC RAYS: COMPOSITION, SPECTRUM AND ORIGIN, SUPERNOVA REMNANTS, ULTRA HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS

(LONGAIR MALCOM S. ) HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS 3RD ED. [CAMBRIDGE 2011]
(KIPPENHAHN R., WEIGERT A.) STELLAR STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION [SPRINGER 1994]
(G.B. RYBICKI, A.P. LIGHTMAN) RADIATIVE PROCESSES IN ASTRIPHYSICS [WILEY]
(VIETRI M.) ASTROFISICA DELLE ALTE ENERGIE [BORINGHIERI]
(SHAPIRO S.L, TEUKOLSKY S.A.) BLACK HOLES, WHITE DWARFS AND NEUTRON STARS [WILEY]

Phenomenological topics in Astroparticle Physics. Common problems in particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology.Dark Matter. Cosmic Rays. Cosmic Rays Acceleration. Neutrino Masses and Neutrino Oscillation. Lepton Number non-conservation and double beta decay. Baryon Number non-conservation and proton decay. CP violation and the matter-antimatter asymmetry.

K. Thomas Gaisser Cosmic rays and particle physics Cambridge 1990
Malcom S. Longair High energy astrophysics Cambridge 1992
H. V. Klapdor - Kleingrothaus and A. Staudt Non - Accelerator particle physics Bristol 1995
Donald H. Perkins Particle Astrophysics, second edition Oxford 2009

Experimental Astroparticle Physics: detectors for Cosmic Ray measurement, Dark Matter search by direct approach, neutrino oscillation parameter measurement, Gravitational Wave measurement.

K. THOMAS GAISSER
COSMIC RAYS AND PARTICLE PHYSICS CAMBRIDGE 1990
MALCOM S. LONGAIR
HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS CAMBRIDGE 1992
H. V. KLAPDOR - KLEINGROTHAUS AND A. STAUDT NON - ACCELERATOR PARTICLE PHYSICS
BRISTOL 1995
DONALD H. PERKINS
PARTICLE ASTROPHYSICS, SECOND EDITION OXFORD 2009

Section I: Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN)

1. Definition and classification: BH paradigm, accretion, AGN Radio Loud / Radio quiet, Unified Model

2. AGN Astrophysics: X-ray Properties of AGN-RQ, Emission Models: Comptonization, Absorption & Outflow Properties

3. AGN astrophysics: X-ray reflection, relativistic effects observed in X-ray band

Section II: X-ray detectors and telescopes

1. X-ray detectors: Revealing Techniques

2. Solid State Detectors, Charged Coupled Devices (CCD)

3. collimated and focused optical systems

4. X-ray Telescopes: efficiency, sensitivity, energy resolution, angular resolution, effective area

5. Space Telescopes: ESA / XMM-Newton, NASA / Chandra and NASA / NuStar

Section III Data analysis

1. Analysis tools: study of energy distribution (emission spectrum), study of temporal behavior (light curve), study of variability (power spectrum and reverberation)

2. Statistical/systematics errors

3. background

4. S/N: signal to noise ratio

5. observation and maximization of the S / N

Section IV: XMM-epic data analysis tutorial

1. Searching on data archives

2. Imaging Analysis techniques: DS9

3. Spectral analysis techniques: xspec

4. Temporal analysis techniques: xronos

Section V: Optical band data analysis

Section VI: Write a (Successful?) Observational Proposal

1. Feasibility study

2. Estimating the needed exposure to achieve the scientific goal

3. Target Visibility

notes perpared by the teacher

first part
Dr. Luca Fiorani

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part
Dr. Antonello Pasini

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

Testi
F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

first part
Dr. Luca Fiorani

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part
Dr. Antonello Pasini

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

Testi
F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

1. Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of topics.

2. Fundamentals of Plasma magneto-ionospheric Physics and and magnetoionic theory
Cold plasma, frequency dispersion, plasma frequency, Debye distance, mean free path, plasma gyrofrequncy, plasma condition, betatron acceleration, Fermi acceleration. Frozen in magnetic field. Phase refractive index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and with collisions in the absence of magnetic field, the interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index. Telegraph equation. Group velocity. Group refractive index without collision and without magnetic field.
Reference: lecture notes, files 1. The constitutive relations. Reference: lecture notes, files 2. Group refractive indices with magnetic field with collisions and without collisions: the Appleton-Hartree equation. Reference: lecture notes, files 3. The zeros of the phase refractive index with and without collisions. Rule of Booker. Reference:lecture notes, files 4.

3. Foundumental circum-terrestrial environment.
Structure of the neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere, fundamentals of region D, the Earth's magnetic field and magnetosphere.
Reference: M. Kelley, "The Earth's Ionosphere", chapter 1.

4. Waves and instabilities in the magneto-ionospheric plasma
Electro-acoustic and ion acoustic waves.Reference: J.K. Hargreaves "The solar terrestrial environment"§2.7.3, p 39-40 in particular, for the ion acoustic waves: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_acoustic_wave, Farley-Beunmann instability Reference: M. Kelley, "The Earth's Ionosphere", §4.7 pp. 187-191, Rayleigh-Taylor instability. Reference: J.K. Hargreaves "The Solar Terrestrial Environment" §2.8.3 p . 41-42, cyclotron waves, Alfven waves, whistlers, pure and modified Alfven waves Reference: JK Hargreaves "the solar terrestrial environment" §2.7.1 p. 35-38, Lagmuir waves as example https://cds.cern.ch/record/2203630/files/1418884_51-65.pdf, §2.1 Longitudinal (Langmuir) waves, pag 58)
More simply, for this unit the student Teaching can take as reference his own lecture notes.

5. Elements of ionospheric radio propagation
Partial reflection from a layer, diffraction by a screen with small irregularities, oblique propagation.
Reference: J. K. Hargreaves "The solar terrestrial environment" §2.5.2, §2.5.3, §2.5.4, §2.6.1, §2.6.2, §2.6.3 

6. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, attenuation of radiation in gases, deposition of energy in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth's ionosphere: historical notes, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and loss of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in the E region and the F2 region. Reference: G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment, § 3.2., Introduction of chapter 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3. F1 Layer. Reference: lecture notes, files 1. E layer. Reference: lecture notes, file 2. Further notes on the F1 layer. Reference: lecture notes, file 3. Atmospheric gravity waves (GWS) Reference: lecture notes, file 4. Observation of the effect of GWS in the ionosphere: the Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs). Reference: lecture notes, file 5. Petersen, Hall and parallel conductivities Reference: lecture notes, file 6. Ionograms and ionospheric models. Reference: lecture notes, files 7. Additional notes on ionograms and their inversion: Reference: lecture notes, file 8. Z ray: Reference: lecture notes, file 9.

7. Magnetosphere
Foundamentals. The geomagnetic field near the Earth. Charged particles motions in the geomagnetic field. of gyration motion, oscillatory motion ( "Bounce"), drift motions, gradient drift, neutral sheet drift, drift due to external forces, ambipolar drift (drift or ExB), drift due to the curvature of the field lines, Coulomb collisions. Particles populations in the inner magnetosphere, radiation belts, ring current, plasmasphere. The distant geomagnetic field, configuration and classification, the currents on the dayside of the magnetosphere, particle reflection and the current formation, current system of the geomagnetic tail. Particle population in the outer magnetosphere, magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer. Magnetoplasma waves in the magnetosphere. References: G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment § 5. Diffuse and discreet aurora. Reference: G.W. Prölss" Physics of the Earth's Space Environment §7.4.3, p. 372.

Textbooks:

1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) J. K. Hargreaves "The solar terrestrial environment"
3) M. Kelley, "The Earth's Ionosphere"
4) Appunti di lezione.

For Academic Year 2016-2017:
1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) J. K. Hargreaves "The solar terrestrial environment"
3) M. Kelley, "The Earth's Ionosphere"
4) Appunti di lezione.

For Academic Year 2016-2017 we will be using:
1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Appunti di lezione.

Atoms, Nuclides, and Radionuclides

- Radiation sources

-Radiation interactions

-Counting Statistics

Geochemistry of Radiogenic Isotopes

- Mixing Theory

-Origin of Igneous Rock

-Water and Sediment

-The Oceans

Thermonuclear Radionuclides

- Fission Products of Transuranium Elements

-90Sr in the Environment

-137Cs in the Environment

-The 90Sr/137Cs, 239,240Pu, and 241Am in the Arctic Ocean

General Properties of Radiation Detectors

- Ionizing chambers

-Proportional and Geiger-Mueller counters

-Scintillation Detectors

-Germanium Gamma-Ray Detectors

Geochronometry

- The Rb-Sr Method

-The K-Ar Method

-The 40Ar/39Ar Method

-The Sm-Nd Method

-The U-Pb, Th-Pb, and Pb-Pb Methods

-The 14C Method

-The 3H/3He Method

Application of Tracer Technology to the Environment

- Atmospheric Transport Modeling

-Groundwater dynamics

-Nuclear non-proliferation

Knoll G.F. - Radiation Detection and Measurement. John Wiley & Sons, 2010 - ISBN:9780470649725

Faure G. and Mensing T.M - Isotopes-Principles and Applications. John Wiley & Sons, 2004 - ISBN:9780471384373

1- Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics.

Extensive and intensive thermodynamics functions. Equilibrium conditions. Legendre transforms and thermodynamic potentials. Stability conditions for the phases. Phase transitions and their classification. Van der Waals equation. Recall theory of ensembles in Statistical Mechanics. Fluctuations.

2- Atomic interactions and short range order.

Characterization of the liquid state of matter. Forces between atoms and effective potentials. Distribution functions in canonical and grand canonical ensembles. Radial distribution function and relationship with thermodynamics. The static structure factor. Measurement of the structure of a liquid by diffusion techniques. Hierarchical equation for distribution functions. Mean force potential. Ornstein-Zernike equation. Direct correlation function. Static response function. Closure relations. Approximation of hypernetted chains (HNC). Approximation of Percus-Yevick (PY). PY Solution for hard sphere liquid. State equation for hard spheres. Thermodynamic inconsistency. Modified HNC theory. Structure factor of liquid mixtures and molecular fluids.

3- Computer simulation of fluid systems.

Stochastic and deterministic simulation methods. Method of Molecular Dynamics. Algorithms à la Verlet. Molecular dynamics at constant temperature and constant pressure. The Monte Carlo method. Monte Carlo simulation in different ensembles.

4- Liquid dynamics.

Time dependent correlation functions. Anelastic diffusion of neutrons and measure of the dynamic structure factor. Van Hove's correlation functions. Principle of detailed balance. Linear response theory. Response function. Fluctuation-dissipation theorem. Particle diffusion. Diffusion coefficient. Velocity correlation function. Hydrodynamics and collective modes. Brillouin scattering.

5- Metastable states, supercooled liquids and glass transtion.

Stability and metastability. Spinodal curve from the Van der Waals equation. Fluctuations and behavior of the correlation functions close to the critical point. Supercooled liquids and glass transition. Angell diagram. Outline of the dynamics and the Mode Coupling theory. Configurational entropy and the Kauzmann's temperature.

J.P. Hansen and I.R. McDonald, Theory of Simple Liquids, seconda edizione, Academic Press.
N. H. March and M. P. Tosi, Introduction to Liquid State Physics, World Scientific.
P. G. Debenedetti, Metastable Liquids, Princeton University Press.

HETEROJUNCTIONS AND HETEROSTRUCTURES. 2, 1, -0 DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS: ELECTRONIC STATES AND DENSITY OF STATES. 2DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON GASES. CHARACTERISTICS LENGTHS FOR THE ELECTRICAL TRANSPORT IN LOW DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS. T-MATRICES AN RESONANT TUNNELLING. INTERFERENCE OF WAVE FUNCTIONS. AHARONOV-BOHM EFFECT. BALISTIC TRANSPORT AND CONDUCTANCE QUANTIZATION IN 1D SYSTEMS. MAGNETOTRANSPORT: SHUBNIKOV-DE HAAS OSCILLATIONS AND QUANTUM HALL EFFECT. SINGLE ELECTRON TUNNELING AND COULOMB BLOCKAFDE EFFECTS. SINGLE ELECTRON TRANSISTOR. GRAPHENE: STRUCTURAL AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES. OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOSTRUCTURES: INTERBAND TRANSITIONS IN QUANTUM WELLS; EXCITONS IN 2D SYSTEMS; INTERSUBBANDTRANSITIONS. LIGHT-EMITTERS: GAIN COEFFICIENT; DIODE LASERS, HETEROSTRUCTURE LASERS, QUANTUM CASCADE LASERS (BRIEF).

DATTA S.: ELECTRONIC TRANSPORT IN MESOSCOPIC SYSTEMS [CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS ]
FERRY D.K. AND GOODNICK S.M.: TRANSPORT IN NANOSTRUCTURES [CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS ]
DAVIES J. H. : THE PHYSICS OF LOW DIMENSIONAL SEMICONDUCTORS [CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS)

Unipolar Devices. The metal-semiconductor barrier. The Schottky diode. Work function and electron affinity. I-V characteristic. Ohmic contact. Surface charge and the Debye length. M-S Junction electrostatics. Thermionic current. Drift-diffusion current. Barrier lowering: Schottky effect. Non-uniform doping.
- JFET and MESFET. Channel resistance. Input characteristics: IDS vs VGS. Trans-characteristic. Trans-conductance, Channel conductance. The JFET as a signal amplifier. Dynamic behavior. Small signal model. Frequency behavior and fT.
- Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor structures. The MIS diode. MOS system capacitance. Interface states. - MOSFET: gradual channel approssimation. NMOS, PMOS and CMOS. Depletion and enrichment devices. Subthreshold current. Geometric effects. Scaling laws.
- Ramo Theorem. Photoconductivity. Photoresistors. Photoconductive gain.
- The pn junction in the light. The pin and avalanche photodiode. Spectral response.
- Electroluminescence. Radiative and non-radiative transitions. Luminescence efficiency. Device architectures. LED for IR and UV-VIS.

D.A. Neamen - Semiconductor Physics and Devices, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill, 2003.
R.S Muller, T.I. Kamins - Device Electronics for Integrated Circuits, 3rd Ed., John Wiley, 2009

Vedi il corso principale 20401425 MECCANICA STATISTICA

Vedi il corso principale 20401425 MECCANICA STATISTICA

The physics of laser: blackbody radiation, Einstein equation, interaction of light with a two-level atom, gain and attenuation. Optical transitions in semiconductors. CW and pulsed operation of a laser.

Optical coherence and quantisation of the e.m. field: classical theory of fluctuations, first- and second-order coherence. E.m. field as a harmonic oscillator, quantisation and quantum theory of optical coherence. Number states, coherent states, and thermal states. Interaction picture: beam splitter and squeezing hamiltonians. Homodyne detection and photon counting. Quasi-probability distributions.

Non-linear optics: introduction and classical treatment. Brief sketching of the quantum treatment. Second-order non-linear effects: second-harmonic generation, sum- and difference-frequency generation, parametric down conversion. Third-order effects: optical Kerr effect and self-phase modulation, filamentation. Nonlinear Schroedinger equation and temporal solitons.

Quantum correlations: local realism and EPR-Bohm paradox. Bell's inequality, and its optical test.

R. Loudon, The quantum theory of light.
O. Svelto, Principles of lasers.
R. Boyd, Nonlinear optics.
J.S. Bell, Speakable and unspeakable in quantum mechanics.

1 Solar System Part
- Overall description of the Solar System, mass and angular momentum distribution, astrophysical variables.
- Overall description of planets, their main characteristics ; description of planetary satellites systems and of minor bodies of the Solar System.
- Terrestrial planets: main characteristics and evolutive processes of planetary surfaces.
- Terrestrial planets: thermal history, impact cratering processes, volcanism, tectonics.Comparative planetology.
- Meteorites and minor bodies; radiometric dating and clues for the formation of the Solar System.
- Giant planets
- Planetary satellites
- Internal structure of planets, different evolution of terrestrial and giant planets.
- Planetary atmospheres
2 Extrasolar Planets Part
- Historical Introduction
- Exo planets Indirect discovery methods
- Exo planets Direct discovery methods
- Exo Planets Characteristics
- Physics of extrasolar Planets
- Characterization and results
- Which Life?
- Habitability and Habitable Zone
- The search for life
3 Common Part
- Introduction to the Planetary formation Theory

- There is no official text of the course. A suggested text is the following: Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press. During the course several scientific review papers will be suggested by the lecturers.

Material

- Course slides
- Scientific papers

1 Solar System Part
- Overall description of the Solar System, mass and angular momentum distribution, astrophysical variables.
- Overall description of planets, their main characteristics ; description of planetary satellites systems and of minor bodies of the Solar System.
- Terrestrial planets: main characteristics and evolutive processes of planetary surfaces.
- Terrestrial planets: thermal history, impact cratering processes, volcanism, tectonics.Comparative planetology.
- Meteorites and minor bodies; radiometric dating and clues for the formation of the Solar System.
- Giant planets
- Planetary satellites
- Internal structure of planets, different evolution of terrestrial and giant planets.
- Planetary atmospheres
2 Extrasolar Planets Part
- Historical Introduction
- Exo planets Indirect discovery methods
- Exo planets Direct discovery methods
- Exo Planets Characteristics
- Physics of extrasolar Planets
- Characterization and results
- Which Life?
- Habitability and Habitable Zone
- The search for life
3 Common Part
- Introduction to the Planetary formation Theory

- There is no official text of the course. A suggested text is the following: Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press. During the course several scientific review papers will be suggested by the lecturers.

Material

- Course slides
- Scientific papers

This course is based on the use of case studies, intersting examples of science communication that will be presented and analysed during the lessons.

On the examples of these case studies, communication laboratories and practical activities will be organized. Students will work in team, guided by researchers and professional communicators, to plan and produce specific communication tools (articles, websites, blogs, audio/video etc).

The course will also take in account the technological aspects related to communication, introducing and examining selected open source software.

The program

The course is 52 hours long, including 40 ore of lessons and 12 hours of lab activities. 12 hours are in common with the “Communcating Science” PhD course.

Introduction to science communication
• The postulates of communication: from body language to the communication plan
• About science communication: why should we communicate science?
• Different types of communication, including in the academic & research world
• Planning an event for the public: the 5 steps strategy
• Visual communication and science

Speaking to the public about science
• Introduction to verbal communication: from public talks to press conferences
• The basics of public speaking in science
• Slides, audio/video and multimedia tools

Writing about science
• Introducing science journalism
• Differences between a scientific article, a press release and outreach articles
• Writing for video: the storyboard

Visual communication of science
• How to communicate science with images
• How to plan and produce an image

Communicating science on web
• How is science communicated on the web
• Science and web 2.0
• How to plan and produce a website

Organization of a public event
• The communication plan of a public event
• Organizing an astronomical observation event

"The hands-on guide for science communicators: a step.by-step approach to public outreach" di Lars Lindberg Christensen
https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=GI_fpb4xFX4C&rdid=book-GI_fpb4xFX4C&rdot=1&source=gbs_vpt_read&pcampaignid=books_booksearch_viewport

Communicating science

This course is based on the use of case studies, intersting examples of science communication that will be presented and analysed during the lessons.

On the examples of these case studies, communication laboratories and practical activities will be organized. Students will work in team, guided by researchers and professional communicators, to plan and produce specific communication tools (articles, websites, blogs, audio/video etc).

The course will also take in account the technological aspects related to communication, introducing and examining selected open source software.

The program

The course is 52 hours long, including 40 ore of lessons and 12 hours of lab activities. 12 hours are in common with the “Communcating Science” PhD course.

Introduction to science communication
• The postulates of communication: from body language to the communication plan
• About science communication: why should we communicate science?
• Different types of communication, including in the academic & research world
• Planning an event for the public: the 5 steps strategy
• Visual communication and science

Speaking to the public about science
• Introduction to verbal communication: from public talks to press conferences
• The basics of public speaking in science
• Slides, audio/video and multimedia tools

Writing about science
• Introducing science journalism
• Differences between a scientific article, a press release and outreach articles
• Writing for video: the storyboard

Visual communication of science
• How to communicate science with images
• How to plan and produce an image

Communicating science on web
• How is science communicated on the web
• Science and web 2.0
• How to plan and produce a website

Organization of a public event
• The communication plan of a public event
• Organizing an astronomical observation event

"The hands-on guide for science communicators: a step.by-step approach to public outreach" di Lars Lindberg Christensen
https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=GI_fpb4xFX4C&rdid=book-GI_fpb4xFX4C&rdot=1&source=gbs_vpt_read&pcampaignid=books_booksearch_viewport

Vedi le info dal titolare Livia Giacomini

Vedi le info dal titolare Livia Giacomini

Programma del Corso di Strumentazione Fisica per la Medicina e la Biologia

1. Interazione particelle e fotoni con la materia
2. Leggi del decadimento radioattivo
3. Isotopi di interesse per la medicina nucleare
4. Radiologia
5. Tomografia assiale compiute rizzata
6. Spect e Pet
7. Risonanza magnetica nucleare
8. Ecografia
9. Elementi di teoria degli acceleratori
10. Elementi di radioterapia.

The aim is to deliver to the student the general and basic elements underpinning the architectures and technologies of data acquisition systems and control and monitoring systems of particle physiscs.
The course starts providing an architectural panoramic view of DAQ systems, their main characteristics and the corresponding technologies together with the necessary choices on project level.
Are then described the gereal architectures of these systems and the main technologies used.
The lectures are focused on: Parallelism and Pipelining, Trigger, Data Acquistion, On-Line systems, Real-Time systems, Farming and Event Building, Networks and Protocols, Data storage.

1. Stage at a national health center
2. Dosimetry
3. Calibration of radiological devices
4. Calibration of NMR
5. Calibration of radiotherapy beams
6. Radiotherapy treatment planning
7. Short report on the activity carried out and ensuing discussion

non ci sono testi previsti

COMPACT OBJECTS: WHITE DWARFS, NEUTRON STARS, THE CHANDRASEKHAR LIMIT, PULSARS, BLACK HOLES
ACCRETION: THEORY, EDDINGTON LIMIT, ACCRETION DISKS
X-RAY BINARIES: CLASSIFICATION AND PHENOMENOLOGY, CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES, LOW-MASS AND HIGH-MASS X-RAY BINARIES, BLACK HOLE CANDIDATES
ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI: CLASSIFICATION AND PHENOMENOLOGY, X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY EMISSION, JETS, SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS
GAMMA RAY BURSTS: PHENOMENOLOGY, ORIGIN, EMISSION MECHANISMS
CLUSTER OF GALAXIES: EMISSION FROM THE INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM, COOLING FLOWS
COSMIC RAYS: COMPOSITION, SPECTRUM AND ORIGIN, SUPERNOVA REMNANTS, ULTRA HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS

(LONGAIR MALCOM S. ) HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS 3RD ED. [CAMBRIDGE 2011]
(KIPPENHAHN R., WEIGERT A.) STELLAR STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION [SPRINGER 1994]
(G.B. RYBICKI, A.P. LIGHTMAN) RADIATIVE PROCESSES IN ASTRIPHYSICS [WILEY]
(VIETRI M.) ASTROFISICA DELLE ALTE ENERGIE [BORINGHIERI]
(SHAPIRO S.L, TEUKOLSKY S.A.) BLACK HOLES, WHITE DWARFS AND NEUTRON STARS [WILEY]

Phenomenological topics in Astroparticle Physics. Common problems in particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology.Dark Matter. Cosmic Rays. Cosmic Rays Acceleration. Neutrino Masses and Neutrino Oscillation. Lepton Number non-conservation and double beta decay. Baryon Number non-conservation and proton decay. CP violation and the matter-antimatter asymmetry.

K. Thomas Gaisser Cosmic rays and particle physics Cambridge 1990
Malcom S. Longair High energy astrophysics Cambridge 1992
H. V. Klapdor - Kleingrothaus and A. Staudt Non - Accelerator particle physics Bristol 1995
Donald H. Perkins Particle Astrophysics, second edition Oxford 2009

Experimental Astroparticle Physics: detectors for Cosmic Ray measurement, Dark Matter search by direct approach, neutrino oscillation parameter measurement, Gravitational Wave measurement.

K. THOMAS GAISSER
COSMIC RAYS AND PARTICLE PHYSICS CAMBRIDGE 1990
MALCOM S. LONGAIR
HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS CAMBRIDGE 1992
H. V. KLAPDOR - KLEINGROTHAUS AND A. STAUDT NON - ACCELERATOR PARTICLE PHYSICS
BRISTOL 1995
DONALD H. PERKINS
PARTICLE ASTROPHYSICS, SECOND EDITION OXFORD 2009

Section I: Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN)

1. Definition and classification: BH paradigm, accretion, AGN Radio Loud / Radio quiet, Unified Model

2. AGN Astrophysics: X-ray Properties of AGN-RQ, Emission Models: Comptonization, Absorption & Outflow Properties

3. AGN astrophysics: X-ray reflection, relativistic effects observed in X-ray band

Section II: X-ray detectors and telescopes

1. X-ray detectors: Revealing Techniques

2. Solid State Detectors, Charged Coupled Devices (CCD)

3. collimated and focused optical systems

4. X-ray Telescopes: efficiency, sensitivity, energy resolution, angular resolution, effective area

5. Space Telescopes: ESA / XMM-Newton, NASA / Chandra and NASA / NuStar

Section III Data analysis

1. Analysis tools: study of energy distribution (emission spectrum), study of temporal behavior (light curve), study of variability (power spectrum and reverberation)

2. Statistical/systematics errors

3. background

4. S/N: signal to noise ratio

5. observation and maximization of the S / N

Section IV: XMM-epic data analysis tutorial

1. Searching on data archives

2. Imaging Analysis techniques: DS9

3. Spectral analysis techniques: xspec

4. Temporal analysis techniques: xronos

Section V: Optical band data analysis

Section VI: Write a (Successful?) Observational Proposal

1. Feasibility study

2. Estimating the needed exposure to achieve the scientific goal

3. Target Visibility

notes perpared by the teacher

first part
Dr. Luca Fiorani

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part
Dr. Antonello Pasini

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

Testi
F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

first part
Dr. Luca Fiorani

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part
Dr. Antonello Pasini

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

Testi
F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

1. Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of topics.

2. Fundamentals of Plasma magneto-ionospheric Physics and and magnetoionic theory
Cold plasma, frequency dispersion, plasma frequency, Debye distance, mean free path, plasma gyrofrequncy, plasma condition, betatron acceleration, Fermi acceleration. Frozen in magnetic field. Phase refractive index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and with collisions in the absence of magnetic field, the interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index. Telegraph equation. Group velocity. Group refractive index without collision and without magnetic field.
Reference: lecture notes, files 1. The constitutive relations. Reference: lecture notes, files 2. Group refractive indices with magnetic field with collisions and without collisions: the Appleton-Hartree equation. Reference: lecture notes, files 3. The zeros of the phase refractive index with and without collisions. Rule of Booker. Reference:lecture notes, files 4.

3. Foundumental circum-terrestrial environment.
Structure of the neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere, fundamentals of region D, the Earth's magnetic field and magnetosphere.
Reference: M. Kelley, "The Earth's Ionosphere", chapter 1.

4. Waves and instabilities in the magneto-ionospheric plasma
Electro-acoustic and ion acoustic waves.Reference: J.K. Hargreaves "The solar terrestrial environment"§2.7.3, p 39-40 in particular, for the ion acoustic waves: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_acoustic_wave, Farley-Beunmann instability Reference: M. Kelley, "The Earth's Ionosphere", §4.7 pp. 187-191, Rayleigh-Taylor instability. Reference: J.K. Hargreaves "The Solar Terrestrial Environment" §2.8.3 p . 41-42, cyclotron waves, Alfven waves, whistlers, pure and modified Alfven waves Reference: JK Hargreaves "the solar terrestrial environment" §2.7.1 p. 35-38, Lagmuir waves as example https://cds.cern.ch/record/2203630/files/1418884_51-65.pdf, §2.1 Longitudinal (Langmuir) waves, pag 58)
More simply, for this unit the student Teaching can take as reference his own lecture notes.

5. Elements of ionospheric radio propagation
Partial reflection from a layer, diffraction by a screen with small irregularities, oblique propagation.
Reference: J. K. Hargreaves "The solar terrestrial environment" §2.5.2, §2.5.3, §2.5.4, §2.6.1, §2.6.2, §2.6.3 

6. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, attenuation of radiation in gases, deposition of energy in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth's ionosphere: historical notes, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and loss of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in the E region and the F2 region. Reference: G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment, § 3.2., Introduction of chapter 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3. F1 Layer. Reference: lecture notes, files 1. E layer. Reference: lecture notes, file 2. Further notes on the F1 layer. Reference: lecture notes, file 3. Atmospheric gravity waves (GWS) Reference: lecture notes, file 4. Observation of the effect of GWS in the ionosphere: the Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs). Reference: lecture notes, file 5. Petersen, Hall and parallel conductivities Reference: lecture notes, file 6. Ionograms and ionospheric models. Reference: lecture notes, files 7. Additional notes on ionograms and their inversion: Reference: lecture notes, file 8. Z ray: Reference: lecture notes, file 9.

7. Magnetosphere
Foundamentals. The geomagnetic field near the Earth. Charged particles motions in the geomagnetic field. of gyration motion, oscillatory motion ( "Bounce"), drift motions, gradient drift, neutral sheet drift, drift due to external forces, ambipolar drift (drift or ExB), drift due to the curvature of the field lines, Coulomb collisions. Particles populations in the inner magnetosphere, radiation belts, ring current, plasmasphere. The distant geomagnetic field, configuration and classification, the currents on the dayside of the magnetosphere, particle reflection and the current formation, current system of the geomagnetic tail. Particle population in the outer magnetosphere, magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer. Magnetoplasma waves in the magnetosphere. References: G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment § 5. Diffuse and discreet aurora. Reference: G.W. Prölss" Physics of the Earth's Space Environment §7.4.3, p. 372.

Textbooks:

1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) J. K. Hargreaves "The solar terrestrial environment"
3) M. Kelley, "The Earth's Ionosphere"
4) Appunti di lezione.

For Academic Year 2016-2017:
1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) J. K. Hargreaves "The solar terrestrial environment"
3) M. Kelley, "The Earth's Ionosphere"
4) Appunti di lezione.

For Academic Year 2016-2017 we will be using:
1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Appunti di lezione.

Atoms, Nuclides, and Radionuclides

- Radiation sources

-Radiation interactions

-Counting Statistics

Geochemistry of Radiogenic Isotopes

- Mixing Theory

-Origin of Igneous Rock

-Water and Sediment

-The Oceans

Thermonuclear Radionuclides

- Fission Products of Transuranium Elements

-90Sr in the Environment

-137Cs in the Environment

-The 90Sr/137Cs, 239,240Pu, and 241Am in the Arctic Ocean

General Properties of Radiation Detectors

- Ionizing chambers

-Proportional and Geiger-Mueller counters

-Scintillation Detectors

-Germanium Gamma-Ray Detectors

Geochronometry

- The Rb-Sr Method

-The K-Ar Method

-The 40Ar/39Ar Method

-The Sm-Nd Method

-The U-Pb, Th-Pb, and Pb-Pb Methods

-The 14C Method

-The 3H/3He Method

Application of Tracer Technology to the Environment

- Atmospheric Transport Modeling

-Groundwater dynamics

-Nuclear non-proliferation

Knoll G.F. - Radiation Detection and Measurement. John Wiley & Sons, 2010 - ISBN:9780470649725

Faure G. and Mensing T.M - Isotopes-Principles and Applications. John Wiley & Sons, 2004 - ISBN:9780471384373

1- Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics.

Extensive and intensive thermodynamics functions. Equilibrium conditions. Legendre transforms and thermodynamic potentials. Stability conditions for the phases. Phase transitions and their classification. Van der Waals equation. Recall theory of ensembles in Statistical Mechanics. Fluctuations.

2- Atomic interactions and short range order.

Characterization of the liquid state of matter. Forces between atoms and effective potentials. Distribution functions in canonical and grand canonical ensembles. Radial distribution function and relationship with thermodynamics. The static structure factor. Measurement of the structure of a liquid by diffusion techniques. Hierarchical equation for distribution functions. Mean force potential. Ornstein-Zernike equation. Direct correlation function. Static response function. Closure relations. Approximation of hypernetted chains (HNC). Approximation of Percus-Yevick (PY). PY Solution for hard sphere liquid. State equation for hard spheres. Thermodynamic inconsistency. Modified HNC theory. Structure factor of liquid mixtures and molecular fluids.

3- Computer simulation of fluid systems.

Stochastic and deterministic simulation methods. Method of Molecular Dynamics. Algorithms à la Verlet. Molecular dynamics at constant temperature and constant pressure. The Monte Carlo method. Monte Carlo simulation in different ensembles.

4- Liquid dynamics.

Time dependent correlation functions. Anelastic diffusion of neutrons and measure of the dynamic structure factor. Van Hove's correlation functions. Principle of detailed balance. Linear response theory. Response function. Fluctuation-dissipation theorem. Particle diffusion. Diffusion coefficient. Velocity correlation function. Hydrodynamics and collective modes. Brillouin scattering.

5- Metastable states, supercooled liquids and glass transtion.

Stability and metastability. Spinodal curve from the Van der Waals equation. Fluctuations and behavior of the correlation functions close to the critical point. Supercooled liquids and glass transition. Angell diagram. Outline of the dynamics and the Mode Coupling theory. Configurational entropy and the Kauzmann's temperature.

J.P. Hansen and I.R. McDonald, Theory of Simple Liquids, seconda edizione, Academic Press.
N. H. March and M. P. Tosi, Introduction to Liquid State Physics, World Scientific.
P. G. Debenedetti, Metastable Liquids, Princeton University Press.

HETEROJUNCTIONS AND HETEROSTRUCTURES. 2, 1, -0 DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS: ELECTRONIC STATES AND DENSITY OF STATES. 2DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON GASES. CHARACTERISTICS LENGTHS FOR THE ELECTRICAL TRANSPORT IN LOW DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS. T-MATRICES AN RESONANT TUNNELLING. INTERFERENCE OF WAVE FUNCTIONS. AHARONOV-BOHM EFFECT. BALISTIC TRANSPORT AND CONDUCTANCE QUANTIZATION IN 1D SYSTEMS. MAGNETOTRANSPORT: SHUBNIKOV-DE HAAS OSCILLATIONS AND QUANTUM HALL EFFECT. SINGLE ELECTRON TUNNELING AND COULOMB BLOCKAFDE EFFECTS. SINGLE ELECTRON TRANSISTOR. GRAPHENE: STRUCTURAL AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES. OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOSTRUCTURES: INTERBAND TRANSITIONS IN QUANTUM WELLS; EXCITONS IN 2D SYSTEMS; INTERSUBBANDTRANSITIONS. LIGHT-EMITTERS: GAIN COEFFICIENT; DIODE LASERS, HETEROSTRUCTURE LASERS, QUANTUM CASCADE LASERS (BRIEF).

DATTA S.: ELECTRONIC TRANSPORT IN MESOSCOPIC SYSTEMS [CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS ]
FERRY D.K. AND GOODNICK S.M.: TRANSPORT IN NANOSTRUCTURES [CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS ]
DAVIES J. H. : THE PHYSICS OF LOW DIMENSIONAL SEMICONDUCTORS [CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS)

Unipolar Devices. The metal-semiconductor barrier. The Schottky diode. Work function and electron affinity. I-V characteristic. Ohmic contact. Surface charge and the Debye length. M-S Junction electrostatics. Thermionic current. Drift-diffusion current. Barrier lowering: Schottky effect. Non-uniform doping.
- JFET and MESFET. Channel resistance. Input characteristics: IDS vs VGS. Trans-characteristic. Trans-conductance, Channel conductance. The JFET as a signal amplifier. Dynamic behavior. Small signal model. Frequency behavior and fT.
- Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor structures. The MIS diode. MOS system capacitance. Interface states. - MOSFET: gradual channel approssimation. NMOS, PMOS and CMOS. Depletion and enrichment devices. Subthreshold current. Geometric effects. Scaling laws.
- Ramo Theorem. Photoconductivity. Photoresistors. Photoconductive gain.
- The pn junction in the light. The pin and avalanche photodiode. Spectral response.
- Electroluminescence. Radiative and non-radiative transitions. Luminescence efficiency. Device architectures. LED for IR and UV-VIS.

D.A. Neamen - Semiconductor Physics and Devices, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill, 2003.
R.S Muller, T.I. Kamins - Device Electronics for Integrated Circuits, 3rd Ed., John Wiley, 2009

Vedi il corso principale 20401425 MECCANICA STATISTICA

Vedi il corso principale 20401425 MECCANICA STATISTICA

The physics of laser: blackbody radiation, Einstein equation, interaction of light with a two-level atom, gain and attenuation. Optical transitions in semiconductors. CW and pulsed operation of a laser.

Optical coherence and quantisation of the e.m. field: classical theory of fluctuations, first- and second-order coherence. E.m. field as a harmonic oscillator, quantisation and quantum theory of optical coherence. Number states, coherent states, and thermal states. Interaction picture: beam splitter and squeezing hamiltonians. Homodyne detection and photon counting. Quasi-probability distributions.

Non-linear optics: introduction and classical treatment. Brief sketching of the quantum treatment. Second-order non-linear effects: second-harmonic generation, sum- and difference-frequency generation, parametric down conversion. Third-order effects: optical Kerr effect and self-phase modulation, filamentation. Nonlinear Schroedinger equation and temporal solitons.

Quantum correlations: local realism and EPR-Bohm paradox. Bell's inequality, and its optical test.

R. Loudon, The quantum theory of light.
O. Svelto, Principles of lasers.
R. Boyd, Nonlinear optics.
J.S. Bell, Speakable and unspeakable in quantum mechanics.

1 Solar System Part
- Overall description of the Solar System, mass and angular momentum distribution, astrophysical variables.
- Overall description of planets, their main characteristics ; description of planetary satellites systems and of minor bodies of the Solar System.
- Terrestrial planets: main characteristics and evolutive processes of planetary surfaces.
- Terrestrial planets: thermal history, impact cratering processes, volcanism, tectonics.Comparative planetology.
- Meteorites and minor bodies; radiometric dating and clues for the formation of the Solar System.
- Giant planets
- Planetary satellites
- Internal structure of planets, different evolution of terrestrial and giant planets.
- Planetary atmospheres
2 Extrasolar Planets Part
- Historical Introduction
- Exo planets Indirect discovery methods
- Exo planets Direct discovery methods
- Exo Planets Characteristics
- Physics of extrasolar Planets
- Characterization and results
- Which Life?
- Habitability and Habitable Zone
- The search for life
3 Common Part
- Introduction to the Planetary formation Theory

- There is no official text of the course. A suggested text is the following: Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press. During the course several scientific review papers will be suggested by the lecturers.

Material

- Course slides
- Scientific papers

1 Solar System Part
- Overall description of the Solar System, mass and angular momentum distribution, astrophysical variables.
- Overall description of planets, their main characteristics ; description of planetary satellites systems and of minor bodies of the Solar System.
- Terrestrial planets: main characteristics and evolutive processes of planetary surfaces.
- Terrestrial planets: thermal history, impact cratering processes, volcanism, tectonics.Comparative planetology.
- Meteorites and minor bodies; radiometric dating and clues for the formation of the Solar System.
- Giant planets
- Planetary satellites
- Internal structure of planets, different evolution of terrestrial and giant planets.
- Planetary atmospheres
2 Extrasolar Planets Part
- Historical Introduction
- Exo planets Indirect discovery methods
- Exo planets Direct discovery methods
- Exo Planets Characteristics
- Physics of extrasolar Planets
- Characterization and results
- Which Life?
- Habitability and Habitable Zone
- The search for life
3 Common Part
- Introduction to the Planetary formation Theory

- There is no official text of the course. A suggested text is the following: Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press. During the course several scientific review papers will be suggested by the lecturers.

Material

- Course slides
- Scientific papers

This course is based on the use of case studies, intersting examples of science communication that will be presented and analysed during the lessons.

On the examples of these case studies, communication laboratories and practical activities will be organized. Students will work in team, guided by researchers and professional communicators, to plan and produce specific communication tools (articles, websites, blogs, audio/video etc).

The course will also take in account the technological aspects related to communication, introducing and examining selected open source software.

The program

The course is 52 hours long, including 40 ore of lessons and 12 hours of lab activities. 12 hours are in common with the “Communcating Science” PhD course.

Introduction to science communication
• The postulates of communication: from body language to the communication plan
• About science communication: why should we communicate science?
• Different types of communication, including in the academic & research world
• Planning an event for the public: the 5 steps strategy
• Visual communication and science

Speaking to the public about science
• Introduction to verbal communication: from public talks to press conferences
• The basics of public speaking in science
• Slides, audio/video and multimedia tools

Writing about science
• Introducing science journalism
• Differences between a scientific article, a press release and outreach articles
• Writing for video: the storyboard

Visual communication of science
• How to communicate science with images
• How to plan and produce an image

Communicating science on web
• How is science communicated on the web
• Science and web 2.0
• How to plan and produce a website

Organization of a public event
• The communication plan of a public event
• Organizing an astronomical observation event

"The hands-on guide for science communicators: a step.by-step approach to public outreach" di Lars Lindberg Christensen
https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=GI_fpb4xFX4C&rdid=book-GI_fpb4xFX4C&rdot=1&source=gbs_vpt_read&pcampaignid=books_booksearch_viewport

Communicating science

This course is based on the use of case studies, intersting examples of science communication that will be presented and analysed during the lessons.

On the examples of these case studies, communication laboratories and practical activities will be organized. Students will work in team, guided by researchers and professional communicators, to plan and produce specific communication tools (articles, websites, blogs, audio/video etc).

The course will also take in account the technological aspects related to communication, introducing and examining selected open source software.

The program

The course is 52 hours long, including 40 ore of lessons and 12 hours of lab activities. 12 hours are in common with the “Communcating Science” PhD course.

Introduction to science communication
• The postulates of communication: from body language to the communication plan
• About science communication: why should we communicate science?
• Different types of communication, including in the academic & research world
• Planning an event for the public: the 5 steps strategy
• Visual communication and science

Speaking to the public about science
• Introduction to verbal communication: from public talks to press conferences
• The basics of public speaking in science
• Slides, audio/video and multimedia tools

Writing about science
• Introducing science journalism
• Differences between a scientific article, a press release and outreach articles
• Writing for video: the storyboard

Visual communication of science
• How to communicate science with images
• How to plan and produce an image

Communicating science on web
• How is science communicated on the web
• Science and web 2.0
• How to plan and produce a website

Organization of a public event
• The communication plan of a public event
• Organizing an astronomical observation event

"The hands-on guide for science communicators: a step.by-step approach to public outreach" di Lars Lindberg Christensen
https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=GI_fpb4xFX4C&rdid=book-GI_fpb4xFX4C&rdot=1&source=gbs_vpt_read&pcampaignid=books_booksearch_viewport

Vedi le info dal titolare Livia Giacomini

Vedi le info dal titolare Livia Giacomini

Programma del Corso di Strumentazione Fisica per la Medicina e la Biologia

1. Interazione particelle e fotoni con la materia
2. Leggi del decadimento radioattivo
3. Isotopi di interesse per la medicina nucleare
4. Radiologia
5. Tomografia assiale compiute rizzata
6. Spect e Pet
7. Risonanza magnetica nucleare
8. Ecografia
9. Elementi di teoria degli acceleratori
10. Elementi di radioterapia.

The aim is to deliver to the student the general and basic elements underpinning the architectures and technologies of data acquisition systems and control and monitoring systems of particle physiscs.
The course starts providing an architectural panoramic view of DAQ systems, their main characteristics and the corresponding technologies together with the necessary choices on project level.
Are then described the gereal architectures of these systems and the main technologies used.
The lectures are focused on: Parallelism and Pipelining, Trigger, Data Acquistion, On-Line systems, Real-Time systems, Farming and Event Building, Networks and Protocols, Data storage.

1. Stage at a national health center
2. Dosimetry
3. Calibration of radiological devices
4. Calibration of NMR
5. Calibration of radiotherapy beams
6. Radiotherapy treatment planning
7. Short report on the activity carried out and ensuing discussion

non ci sono testi previsti

COMPACT OBJECTS: WHITE DWARFS, NEUTRON STARS, THE CHANDRASEKHAR LIMIT, PULSARS, BLACK HOLES
ACCRETION: THEORY, EDDINGTON LIMIT, ACCRETION DISKS
X-RAY BINARIES: CLASSIFICATION AND PHENOMENOLOGY, CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES, LOW-MASS AND HIGH-MASS X-RAY BINARIES, BLACK HOLE CANDIDATES
ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI: CLASSIFICATION AND PHENOMENOLOGY, X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY EMISSION, JETS, SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS
GAMMA RAY BURSTS: PHENOMENOLOGY, ORIGIN, EMISSION MECHANISMS
CLUSTER OF GALAXIES: EMISSION FROM THE INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM, COOLING FLOWS
COSMIC RAYS: COMPOSITION, SPECTRUM AND ORIGIN, SUPERNOVA REMNANTS, ULTRA HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS

(LONGAIR MALCOM S. ) HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS 3RD ED. [CAMBRIDGE 2011]
(KIPPENHAHN R., WEIGERT A.) STELLAR STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION [SPRINGER 1994]
(G.B. RYBICKI, A.P. LIGHTMAN) RADIATIVE PROCESSES IN ASTRIPHYSICS [WILEY]
(VIETRI M.) ASTROFISICA DELLE ALTE ENERGIE [BORINGHIERI]
(SHAPIRO S.L, TEUKOLSKY S.A.) BLACK HOLES, WHITE DWARFS AND NEUTRON STARS [WILEY]

Phenomenological topics in Astroparticle Physics. Common problems in particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology.Dark Matter. Cosmic Rays. Cosmic Rays Acceleration. Neutrino Masses and Neutrino Oscillation. Lepton Number non-conservation and double beta decay. Baryon Number non-conservation and proton decay. CP violation and the matter-antimatter asymmetry.

K. Thomas Gaisser Cosmic rays and particle physics Cambridge 1990
Malcom S. Longair High energy astrophysics Cambridge 1992
H. V. Klapdor - Kleingrothaus and A. Staudt Non - Accelerator particle physics Bristol 1995
Donald H. Perkins Particle Astrophysics, second edition Oxford 2009

Experimental Astroparticle Physics: detectors for Cosmic Ray measurement, Dark Matter search by direct approach, neutrino oscillation parameter measurement, Gravitational Wave measurement.

K. THOMAS GAISSER
COSMIC RAYS AND PARTICLE PHYSICS CAMBRIDGE 1990
MALCOM S. LONGAIR
HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS CAMBRIDGE 1992
H. V. KLAPDOR - KLEINGROTHAUS AND A. STAUDT NON - ACCELERATOR PARTICLE PHYSICS
BRISTOL 1995
DONALD H. PERKINS
PARTICLE ASTROPHYSICS, SECOND EDITION OXFORD 2009

Section I: Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN)

1. Definition and classification: BH paradigm, accretion, AGN Radio Loud / Radio quiet, Unified Model

2. AGN Astrophysics: X-ray Properties of AGN-RQ, Emission Models: Comptonization, Absorption & Outflow Properties

3. AGN astrophysics: X-ray reflection, relativistic effects observed in X-ray band

Section II: X-ray detectors and telescopes

1. X-ray detectors: Revealing Techniques

2. Solid State Detectors, Charged Coupled Devices (CCD)

3. collimated and focused optical systems

4. X-ray Telescopes: efficiency, sensitivity, energy resolution, angular resolution, effective area

5. Space Telescopes: ESA / XMM-Newton, NASA / Chandra and NASA / NuStar

Section III Data analysis

1. Analysis tools: study of energy distribution (emission spectrum), study of temporal behavior (light curve), study of variability (power spectrum and reverberation)

2. Statistical/systematics errors

3. background

4. S/N: signal to noise ratio

5. observation and maximization of the S / N

Section IV: XMM-epic data analysis tutorial

1. Searching on data archives

2. Imaging Analysis techniques: DS9

3. Spectral analysis techniques: xspec

4. Temporal analysis techniques: xronos

Section V: Optical band data analysis

Section VI: Write a (Successful?) Observational Proposal

1. Feasibility study

2. Estimating the needed exposure to achieve the scientific goal

3. Target Visibility

notes perpared by the teacher

first part
Dr. Luca Fiorani

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part
Dr. Antonello Pasini

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

Testi
F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

first part
Dr. Luca Fiorani

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part
Dr. Antonello Pasini

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

Testi
F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

1. Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of topics.

2. Fundamentals of Plasma magneto-ionospheric Physics and and magnetoionic theory
Cold plasma, frequency dispersion, plasma frequency, Debye distance, mean free path, plasma gyrofrequncy, plasma condition, betatron acceleration, Fermi acceleration. Frozen in magnetic field. Phase refractive index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and with collisions in the absence of magnetic field, the interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index. Telegraph equation. Group velocity. Group refractive index without collision and without magnetic field.
Reference: lecture notes, files 1. The constitutive relations. Reference: lecture notes, files 2. Group refractive indices with magnetic field with collisions and without collisions: the Appleton-Hartree equation. Reference: lecture notes, files 3. The zeros of the phase refractive index with and without collisions. Rule of Booker. Reference:lecture notes, files 4.

3. Foundumental circum-terrestrial environment.
Structure of the neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere, fundamentals of region D, the Earth's magnetic field and magnetosphere.
Reference: M. Kelley, "The Earth's Ionosphere", chapter 1.

4. Waves and instabilities in the magneto-ionospheric plasma
Electro-acoustic and ion acoustic waves.Reference: J.K. Hargreaves "The solar terrestrial environment"§2.7.3, p 39-40 in particular, for the ion acoustic waves: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_acoustic_wave, Farley-Beunmann instability Reference: M. Kelley, "The Earth's Ionosphere", §4.7 pp. 187-191, Rayleigh-Taylor instability. Reference: J.K. Hargreaves "The Solar Terrestrial Environment" §2.8.3 p . 41-42, cyclotron waves, Alfven waves, whistlers, pure and modified Alfven waves Reference: JK Hargreaves "the solar terrestrial environment" §2.7.1 p. 35-38, Lagmuir waves as example https://cds.cern.ch/record/2203630/files/1418884_51-65.pdf, §2.1 Longitudinal (Langmuir) waves, pag 58)
More simply, for this unit the student Teaching can take as reference his own lecture notes.

5. Elements of ionospheric radio propagation
Partial reflection from a layer, diffraction by a screen with small irregularities, oblique propagation.
Reference: J. K. Hargreaves "The solar terrestrial environment" §2.5.2, §2.5.3, §2.5.4, §2.6.1, §2.6.2, §2.6.3 

6. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, attenuation of radiation in gases, deposition of energy in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth's ionosphere: historical notes, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and loss of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in the E region and the F2 region. Reference: G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment, § 3.2., Introduction of chapter 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3. F1 Layer. Reference: lecture notes, files 1. E layer. Reference: lecture notes, file 2. Further notes on the F1 layer. Reference: lecture notes, file 3. Atmospheric gravity waves (GWS) Reference: lecture notes, file 4. Observation of the effect of GWS in the ionosphere: the Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs). Reference: lecture notes, file 5. Petersen, Hall and parallel conductivities Reference: lecture notes, file 6. Ionograms and ionospheric models. Reference: lecture notes, files 7. Additional notes on ionograms and their inversion: Reference: lecture notes, file 8. Z ray: Reference: lecture notes, file 9.

7. Magnetosphere
Foundamentals. The geomagnetic field near the Earth. Charged particles motions in the geomagnetic field. of gyration motion, oscillatory motion ( "Bounce"), drift motions, gradient drift, neutral sheet drift, drift due to external forces, ambipolar drift (drift or ExB), drift due to the curvature of the field lines, Coulomb collisions. Particles populations in the inner magnetosphere, radiation belts, ring current, plasmasphere. The distant geomagnetic field, configuration and classification, the currents on the dayside of the magnetosphere, particle reflection and the current formation, current system of the geomagnetic tail. Particle population in the outer magnetosphere, magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer. Magnetoplasma waves in the magnetosphere. References: G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment § 5. Diffuse and discreet aurora. Reference: G.W. Prölss" Physics of the Earth's Space Environment §7.4.3, p. 372.

Textbooks:

1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) J. K. Hargreaves "The solar terrestrial environment"
3) M. Kelley, "The Earth's Ionosphere"
4) Appunti di lezione.

For Academic Year 2016-2017:
1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) J. K. Hargreaves "The solar terrestrial environment"
3) M. Kelley, "The Earth's Ionosphere"
4) Appunti di lezione.

For Academic Year 2016-2017 we will be using:
1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Appunti di lezione.

Atoms, Nuclides, and Radionuclides

- Radiation sources

-Radiation interactions

-Counting Statistics

Geochemistry of Radiogenic Isotopes

- Mixing Theory

-Origin of Igneous Rock

-Water and Sediment

-The Oceans

Thermonuclear Radionuclides

- Fission Products of Transuranium Elements

-90Sr in the Environment

-137Cs in the Environment

-The 90Sr/137Cs, 239,240Pu, and 241Am in the Arctic Ocean

General Properties of Radiation Detectors

- Ionizing chambers

-Proportional and Geiger-Mueller counters

-Scintillation Detectors

-Germanium Gamma-Ray Detectors

Geochronometry

- The Rb-Sr Method

-The K-Ar Method

-The 40Ar/39Ar Method

-The Sm-Nd Method

-The U-Pb, Th-Pb, and Pb-Pb Methods

-The 14C Method

-The 3H/3He Method

Application of Tracer Technology to the Environment

- Atmospheric Transport Modeling

-Groundwater dynamics

-Nuclear non-proliferation

Knoll G.F. - Radiation Detection and Measurement. John Wiley & Sons, 2010 - ISBN:9780470649725

Faure G. and Mensing T.M - Isotopes-Principles and Applications. John Wiley & Sons, 2004 - ISBN:9780471384373

1- Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics.

Extensive and intensive thermodynamics functions. Equilibrium conditions. Legendre transforms and thermodynamic potentials. Stability conditions for the phases. Phase transitions and their classification. Van der Waals equation. Recall theory of ensembles in Statistical Mechanics. Fluctuations.

2- Atomic interactions and short range order.

Characterization of the liquid state of matter. Forces between atoms and effective potentials. Distribution functions in canonical and grand canonical ensembles. Radial distribution function and relationship with thermodynamics. The static structure factor. Measurement of the structure of a liquid by diffusion techniques. Hierarchical equation for distribution functions. Mean force potential. Ornstein-Zernike equation. Direct correlation function. Static response function. Closure relations. Approximation of hypernetted chains (HNC). Approximation of Percus-Yevick (PY). PY Solution for hard sphere liquid. State equation for hard spheres. Thermodynamic inconsistency. Modified HNC theory. Structure factor of liquid mixtures and molecular fluids.

3- Computer simulation of fluid systems.

Stochastic and deterministic simulation methods. Method of Molecular Dynamics. Algorithms à la Verlet. Molecular dynamics at constant temperature and constant pressure. The Monte Carlo method. Monte Carlo simulation in different ensembles.

4- Liquid dynamics.

Time dependent correlation functions. Anelastic diffusion of neutrons and measure of the dynamic structure factor. Van Hove's correlation functions. Principle of detailed balance. Linear response theory. Response function. Fluctuation-dissipation theorem. Particle diffusion. Diffusion coefficient. Velocity correlation function. Hydrodynamics and collective modes. Brillouin scattering.

5- Metastable states, supercooled liquids and glass transtion.

Stability and metastability. Spinodal curve from the Van der Waals equation. Fluctuations and behavior of the correlation functions close to the critical point. Supercooled liquids and glass transition. Angell diagram. Outline of the dynamics and the Mode Coupling theory. Configurational entropy and the Kauzmann's temperature.

J.P. Hansen and I.R. McDonald, Theory of Simple Liquids, seconda edizione, Academic Press.
N. H. March and M. P. Tosi, Introduction to Liquid State Physics, World Scientific.
P. G. Debenedetti, Metastable Liquids, Princeton University Press.

HETEROJUNCTIONS AND HETEROSTRUCTURES. 2, 1, -0 DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS: ELECTRONIC STATES AND DENSITY OF STATES. 2DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON GASES. CHARACTERISTICS LENGTHS FOR THE ELECTRICAL TRANSPORT IN LOW DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS. T-MATRICES AN RESONANT TUNNELLING. INTERFERENCE OF WAVE FUNCTIONS. AHARONOV-BOHM EFFECT. BALISTIC TRANSPORT AND CONDUCTANCE QUANTIZATION IN 1D SYSTEMS. MAGNETOTRANSPORT: SHUBNIKOV-DE HAAS OSCILLATIONS AND QUANTUM HALL EFFECT. SINGLE ELECTRON TUNNELING AND COULOMB BLOCKAFDE EFFECTS. SINGLE ELECTRON TRANSISTOR. GRAPHENE: STRUCTURAL AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES. OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOSTRUCTURES: INTERBAND TRANSITIONS IN QUANTUM WELLS; EXCITONS IN 2D SYSTEMS; INTERSUBBANDTRANSITIONS. LIGHT-EMITTERS: GAIN COEFFICIENT; DIODE LASERS, HETEROSTRUCTURE LASERS, QUANTUM CASCADE LASERS (BRIEF).

DATTA S.: ELECTRONIC TRANSPORT IN MESOSCOPIC SYSTEMS [CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS ]
FERRY D.K. AND GOODNICK S.M.: TRANSPORT IN NANOSTRUCTURES [CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS ]
DAVIES J. H. : THE PHYSICS OF LOW DIMENSIONAL SEMICONDUCTORS [CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS)

Unipolar Devices. The metal-semiconductor barrier. The Schottky diode. Work function and electron affinity. I-V characteristic. Ohmic contact. Surface charge and the Debye length. M-S Junction electrostatics. Thermionic current. Drift-diffusion current. Barrier lowering: Schottky effect. Non-uniform doping.
- JFET and MESFET. Channel resistance. Input characteristics: IDS vs VGS. Trans-characteristic. Trans-conductance, Channel conductance. The JFET as a signal amplifier. Dynamic behavior. Small signal model. Frequency behavior and fT.
- Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor structures. The MIS diode. MOS system capacitance. Interface states. - MOSFET: gradual channel approssimation. NMOS, PMOS and CMOS. Depletion and enrichment devices. Subthreshold current. Geometric effects. Scaling laws.
- Ramo Theorem. Photoconductivity. Photoresistors. Photoconductive gain.
- The pn junction in the light. The pin and avalanche photodiode. Spectral response.
- Electroluminescence. Radiative and non-radiative transitions. Luminescence efficiency. Device architectures. LED for IR and UV-VIS.

D.A. Neamen - Semiconductor Physics and Devices, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill, 2003.
R.S Muller, T.I. Kamins - Device Electronics for Integrated Circuits, 3rd Ed., John Wiley, 2009

Vedi il corso principale 20401425 MECCANICA STATISTICA

Vedi il corso principale 20401425 MECCANICA STATISTICA

The physics of laser: blackbody radiation, Einstein equation, interaction of light with a two-level atom, gain and attenuation. Optical transitions in semiconductors. CW and pulsed operation of a laser.

Optical coherence and quantisation of the e.m. field: classical theory of fluctuations, first- and second-order coherence. E.m. field as a harmonic oscillator, quantisation and quantum theory of optical coherence. Number states, coherent states, and thermal states. Interaction picture: beam splitter and squeezing hamiltonians. Homodyne detection and photon counting. Quasi-probability distributions.

Non-linear optics: introduction and classical treatment. Brief sketching of the quantum treatment. Second-order non-linear effects: second-harmonic generation, sum- and difference-frequency generation, parametric down conversion. Third-order effects: optical Kerr effect and self-phase modulation, filamentation. Nonlinear Schroedinger equation and temporal solitons.

Quantum correlations: local realism and EPR-Bohm paradox. Bell's inequality, and its optical test.

R. Loudon, The quantum theory of light.
O. Svelto, Principles of lasers.
R. Boyd, Nonlinear optics.
J.S. Bell, Speakable and unspeakable in quantum mechanics.

1 Solar System Part
- Overall description of the Solar System, mass and angular momentum distribution, astrophysical variables.
- Overall description of planets, their main characteristics ; description of planetary satellites systems and of minor bodies of the Solar System.
- Terrestrial planets: main characteristics and evolutive processes of planetary surfaces.
- Terrestrial planets: thermal history, impact cratering processes, volcanism, tectonics.Comparative planetology.
- Meteorites and minor bodies; radiometric dating and clues for the formation of the Solar System.
- Giant planets
- Planetary satellites
- Internal structure of planets, different evolution of terrestrial and giant planets.
- Planetary atmospheres
2 Extrasolar Planets Part
- Historical Introduction
- Exo planets Indirect discovery methods
- Exo planets Direct discovery methods
- Exo Planets Characteristics
- Physics of extrasolar Planets
- Characterization and results
- Which Life?
- Habitability and Habitable Zone
- The search for life
3 Common Part
- Introduction to the Planetary formation Theory

- There is no official text of the course. A suggested text is the following: Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press. During the course several scientific review papers will be suggested by the lecturers.

Material

- Course slides
- Scientific papers

1 Solar System Part
- Overall description of the Solar System, mass and angular momentum distribution, astrophysical variables.
- Overall description of planets, their main characteristics ; description of planetary satellites systems and of minor bodies of the Solar System.
- Terrestrial planets: main characteristics and evolutive processes of planetary surfaces.
- Terrestrial planets: thermal history, impact cratering processes, volcanism, tectonics.Comparative planetology.
- Meteorites and minor bodies; radiometric dating and clues for the formation of the Solar System.
- Giant planets
- Planetary satellites
- Internal structure of planets, different evolution of terrestrial and giant planets.
- Planetary atmospheres
2 Extrasolar Planets Part
- Historical Introduction
- Exo planets Indirect discovery methods
- Exo planets Direct discovery methods
- Exo Planets Characteristics
- Physics of extrasolar Planets
- Characterization and results
- Which Life?
- Habitability and Habitable Zone
- The search for life
3 Common Part
- Introduction to the Planetary formation Theory

- There is no official text of the course. A suggested text is the following: Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press. During the course several scientific review papers will be suggested by the lecturers.

Material

- Course slides
- Scientific papers

This course is based on the use of case studies, intersting examples of science communication that will be presented and analysed during the lessons.

On the examples of these case studies, communication laboratories and practical activities will be organized. Students will work in team, guided by researchers and professional communicators, to plan and produce specific communication tools (articles, websites, blogs, audio/video etc).

The course will also take in account the technological aspects related to communication, introducing and examining selected open source software.

The program

The course is 52 hours long, including 40 ore of lessons and 12 hours of lab activities. 12 hours are in common with the “Communcating Science” PhD course.

Introduction to science communication
• The postulates of communication: from body language to the communication plan
• About science communication: why should we communicate science?
• Different types of communication, including in the academic & research world
• Planning an event for the public: the 5 steps strategy
• Visual communication and science

Speaking to the public about science
• Introduction to verbal communication: from public talks to press conferences
• The basics of public speaking in science
• Slides, audio/video and multimedia tools

Writing about science
• Introducing science journalism
• Differences between a scientific article, a press release and outreach articles
• Writing for video: the storyboard

Visual communication of science
• How to communicate science with images
• How to plan and produce an image

Communicating science on web
• How is science communicated on the web
• Science and web 2.0
• How to plan and produce a website

Organization of a public event
• The communication plan of a public event
• Organizing an astronomical observation event

"The hands-on guide for science communicators: a step.by-step approach to public outreach" di Lars Lindberg Christensen
https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=GI_fpb4xFX4C&rdid=book-GI_fpb4xFX4C&rdot=1&source=gbs_vpt_read&pcampaignid=books_booksearch_viewport

Communicating science

This course is based on the use of case studies, intersting examples of science communication that will be presented and analysed during the lessons.

On the examples of these case studies, communication laboratories and practical activities will be organized. Students will work in team, guided by researchers and professional communicators, to plan and produce specific communication tools (articles, websites, blogs, audio/video etc).

The course will also take in account the technological aspects related to communication, introducing and examining selected open source software.

The program

The course is 52 hours long, including 40 ore of lessons and 12 hours of lab activities. 12 hours are in common with the “Communcating Science” PhD course.

Introduction to science communication
• The postulates of communication: from body language to the communication plan
• About science communication: why should we communicate science?
• Different types of communication, including in the academic & research world
• Planning an event for the public: the 5 steps strategy
• Visual communication and science

Speaking to the public about science
• Introduction to verbal communication: from public talks to press conferences
• The basics of public speaking in science
• Slides, audio/video and multimedia tools

Writing about science
• Introducing science journalism
• Differences between a scientific article, a press release and outreach articles
• Writing for video: the storyboard

Visual communication of science
• How to communicate science with images
• How to plan and produce an image

Communicating science on web
• How is science communicated on the web
• Science and web 2.0
• How to plan and produce a website

Organization of a public event
• The communication plan of a public event
• Organizing an astronomical observation event

"The hands-on guide for science communicators: a step.by-step approach to public outreach" di Lars Lindberg Christensen
https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=GI_fpb4xFX4C&rdid=book-GI_fpb4xFX4C&rdot=1&source=gbs_vpt_read&pcampaignid=books_booksearch_viewport

Vedi le info dal titolare Livia Giacomini

Vedi le info dal titolare Livia Giacomini

Programma del Corso di Strumentazione Fisica per la Medicina e la Biologia

1. Interazione particelle e fotoni con la materia
2. Leggi del decadimento radioattivo
3. Isotopi di interesse per la medicina nucleare
4. Radiologia
5. Tomografia assiale compiute rizzata
6. Spect e Pet
7. Risonanza magnetica nucleare
8. Ecografia
9. Elementi di teoria degli acceleratori
10. Elementi di radioterapia.

The aim is to deliver to the student the general and basic elements underpinning the architectures and technologies of data acquisition systems and control and monitoring systems of particle physiscs.
The course starts providing an architectural panoramic view of DAQ systems, their main characteristics and the corresponding technologies together with the necessary choices on project level.
Are then described the gereal architectures of these systems and the main technologies used.
The lectures are focused on: Parallelism and Pipelining, Trigger, Data Acquistion, On-Line systems, Real-Time systems, Farming and Event Building, Networks and Protocols, Data storage.

1. Stage at a national health center
2. Dosimetry
3. Calibration of radiological devices
4. Calibration of NMR
5. Calibration of radiotherapy beams
6. Radiotherapy treatment planning
7. Short report on the activity carried out and ensuing discussion

non ci sono testi previsti

COMPACT OBJECTS: WHITE DWARFS, NEUTRON STARS, THE CHANDRASEKHAR LIMIT, PULSARS, BLACK HOLES
ACCRETION: THEORY, EDDINGTON LIMIT, ACCRETION DISKS
X-RAY BINARIES: CLASSIFICATION AND PHENOMENOLOGY, CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES, LOW-MASS AND HIGH-MASS X-RAY BINARIES, BLACK HOLE CANDIDATES
ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI: CLASSIFICATION AND PHENOMENOLOGY, X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY EMISSION, JETS, SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS
GAMMA RAY BURSTS: PHENOMENOLOGY, ORIGIN, EMISSION MECHANISMS
CLUSTER OF GALAXIES: EMISSION FROM THE INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM, COOLING FLOWS
COSMIC RAYS: COMPOSITION, SPECTRUM AND ORIGIN, SUPERNOVA REMNANTS, ULTRA HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS

(LONGAIR MALCOM S. ) HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS 3RD ED. [CAMBRIDGE 2011]
(KIPPENHAHN R., WEIGERT A.) STELLAR STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION [SPRINGER 1994]
(G.B. RYBICKI, A.P. LIGHTMAN) RADIATIVE PROCESSES IN ASTRIPHYSICS [WILEY]
(VIETRI M.) ASTROFISICA DELLE ALTE ENERGIE [BORINGHIERI]
(SHAPIRO S.L, TEUKOLSKY S.A.) BLACK HOLES, WHITE DWARFS AND NEUTRON STARS [WILEY]

Phenomenological topics in Astroparticle Physics. Common problems in particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology.Dark Matter. Cosmic Rays. Cosmic Rays Acceleration. Neutrino Masses and Neutrino Oscillation. Lepton Number non-conservation and double beta decay. Baryon Number non-conservation and proton decay. CP violation and the matter-antimatter asymmetry.

K. Thomas Gaisser Cosmic rays and particle physics Cambridge 1990
Malcom S. Longair High energy astrophysics Cambridge 1992
H. V. Klapdor - Kleingrothaus and A. Staudt Non - Accelerator particle physics Bristol 1995
Donald H. Perkins Particle Astrophysics, second edition Oxford 2009

Experimental Astroparticle Physics: detectors for Cosmic Ray measurement, Dark Matter search by direct approach, neutrino oscillation parameter measurement, Gravitational Wave measurement.

K. THOMAS GAISSER
COSMIC RAYS AND PARTICLE PHYSICS CAMBRIDGE 1990
MALCOM S. LONGAIR
HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS CAMBRIDGE 1992
H. V. KLAPDOR - KLEINGROTHAUS AND A. STAUDT NON - ACCELERATOR PARTICLE PHYSICS
BRISTOL 1995
DONALD H. PERKINS
PARTICLE ASTROPHYSICS, SECOND EDITION OXFORD 2009

Section I: Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN)

1. Definition and classification: BH paradigm, accretion, AGN Radio Loud / Radio quiet, Unified Model

2. AGN Astrophysics: X-ray Properties of AGN-RQ, Emission Models: Comptonization, Absorption & Outflow Properties

3. AGN astrophysics: X-ray reflection, relativistic effects observed in X-ray band

Section II: X-ray detectors and telescopes

1. X-ray detectors: Revealing Techniques

2. Solid State Detectors, Charged Coupled Devices (CCD)

3. collimated and focused optical systems

4. X-ray Telescopes: efficiency, sensitivity, energy resolution, angular resolution, effective area

5. Space Telescopes: ESA / XMM-Newton, NASA / Chandra and NASA / NuStar

Section III Data analysis

1. Analysis tools: study of energy distribution (emission spectrum), study of temporal behavior (light curve), study of variability (power spectrum and reverberation)

2. Statistical/systematics errors

3. background

4. S/N: signal to noise ratio

5. observation and maximization of the S / N

Section IV: XMM-epic data analysis tutorial

1. Searching on data archives

2. Imaging Analysis techniques: DS9

3. Spectral analysis techniques: xspec

4. Temporal analysis techniques: xronos

Section V: Optical band data analysis

Section VI: Write a (Successful?) Observational Proposal

1. Feasibility study

2. Estimating the needed exposure to achieve the scientific goal

3. Target Visibility

notes perpared by the teacher

first part
Dr. Luca Fiorani

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part
Dr. Antonello Pasini

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

Testi
F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

first part
Dr. Luca Fiorani

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part
Dr. Antonello Pasini

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

Testi
F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

1. Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of topics.

2. Fundamentals of Plasma magneto-ionospheric Physics and and magnetoionic theory
Cold plasma, frequency dispersion, plasma frequency, Debye distance, mean free path, plasma gyrofrequncy, plasma condition, betatron acceleration, Fermi acceleration. Frozen in magnetic field. Phase refractive index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and with collisions in the absence of magnetic field, the interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index. Telegraph equation. Group velocity. Group refractive index without collision and without magnetic field.
Reference: lecture notes, files 1. The constitutive relations. Reference: lecture notes, files 2. Group refractive indices with magnetic field with collisions and without collisions: the Appleton-Hartree equation. Reference: lecture notes, files 3. The zeros of the phase refractive index with and without collisions. Rule of Booker. Reference:lecture notes, files 4.

3. Foundumental circum-terrestrial environment.
Structure of the neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere, fundamentals of region D, the Earth's magnetic field and magnetosphere.
Reference: M. Kelley, "The Earth's Ionosphere", chapter 1.

4. Waves and instabilities in the magneto-ionospheric plasma
Electro-acoustic and ion acoustic waves.Reference: J.K. Hargreaves "The solar terrestrial environment"§2.7.3, p 39-40 in particular, for the ion acoustic waves: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_acoustic_wave, Farley-Beunmann instability Reference: M. Kelley, "The Earth's Ionosphere", §4.7 pp. 187-191, Rayleigh-Taylor instability. Reference: J.K. Hargreaves "The Solar Terrestrial Environment" §2.8.3 p . 41-42, cyclotron waves, Alfven waves, whistlers, pure and modified Alfven waves Reference: JK Hargreaves "the solar terrestrial environment" §2.7.1 p. 35-38, Lagmuir waves as example https://cds.cern.ch/record/2203630/files/1418884_51-65.pdf, §2.1 Longitudinal (Langmuir) waves, pag 58)
More simply, for this unit the student Teaching can take as reference his own lecture notes.

5. Elements of ionospheric radio propagation
Partial reflection from a layer, diffraction by a screen with small irregularities, oblique propagation.
Reference: J. K. Hargreaves "The solar terrestrial environment" §2.5.2, §2.5.3, §2.5.4, §2.6.1, §2.6.2, §2.6.3 

6. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, attenuation of radiation in gases, deposition of energy in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth's ionosphere: historical notes, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and loss of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in the E region and the F2 region. Reference: G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment, § 3.2., Introduction of chapter 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3. F1 Layer. Reference: lecture notes, files 1. E layer. Reference: lecture notes, file 2. Further notes on the F1 layer. Reference: lecture notes, file 3. Atmospheric gravity waves (GWS) Reference: lecture notes, file 4. Observation of the effect of GWS in the ionosphere: the Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs). Reference: lecture notes, file 5. Petersen, Hall and parallel conductivities Reference: lecture notes, file 6. Ionograms and ionospheric models. Reference: lecture notes, files 7. Additional notes on ionograms and their inversion: Reference: lecture notes, file 8. Z ray: Reference: lecture notes, file 9.

7. Magnetosphere
Foundamentals. The geomagnetic field near the Earth. Charged particles motions in the geomagnetic field. of gyration motion, oscillatory motion ( "Bounce"), drift motions, gradient drift, neutral sheet drift, drift due to external forces, ambipolar drift (drift or ExB), drift due to the curvature of the field lines, Coulomb collisions. Particles populations in the inner magnetosphere, radiation belts, ring current, plasmasphere. The distant geomagnetic field, configuration and classification, the currents on the dayside of the magnetosphere, particle reflection and the current formation, current system of the geomagnetic tail. Particle population in the outer magnetosphere, magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer. Magnetoplasma waves in the magnetosphere. References: G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment § 5. Diffuse and discreet aurora. Reference: G.W. Prölss" Physics of the Earth's Space Environment §7.4.3, p. 372.

Textbooks:

1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) J. K. Hargreaves "The solar terrestrial environment"
3) M. Kelley, "The Earth's Ionosphere"
4) Appunti di lezione.

For Academic Year 2016-2017:
1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) J. K. Hargreaves "The solar terrestrial environment"
3) M. Kelley, "The Earth's Ionosphere"
4) Appunti di lezione.

For Academic Year 2016-2017 we will be using:
1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Appunti di lezione.

Atoms, Nuclides, and Radionuclides

- Radiation sources

-Radiation interactions

-Counting Statistics

Geochemistry of Radiogenic Isotopes

- Mixing Theory

-Origin of Igneous Rock

-Water and Sediment

-The Oceans

Thermonuclear Radionuclides

- Fission Products of Transuranium Elements

-90Sr in the Environment

-137Cs in the Environment

-The 90Sr/137Cs, 239,240Pu, and 241Am in the Arctic Ocean

General Properties of Radiation Detectors

- Ionizing chambers

-Proportional and Geiger-Mueller counters

-Scintillation Detectors

-Germanium Gamma-Ray Detectors

Geochronometry

- The Rb-Sr Method

-The K-Ar Method

-The 40Ar/39Ar Method

-The Sm-Nd Method

-The U-Pb, Th-Pb, and Pb-Pb Methods

-The 14C Method

-The 3H/3He Method

Application of Tracer Technology to the Environment

- Atmospheric Transport Modeling

-Groundwater dynamics

-Nuclear non-proliferation

Knoll G.F. - Radiation Detection and Measurement. John Wiley & Sons, 2010 - ISBN:9780470649725

Faure G. and Mensing T.M - Isotopes-Principles and Applications. John Wiley & Sons, 2004 - ISBN:9780471384373

1- Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics.

Extensive and intensive thermodynamics functions. Equilibrium conditions. Legendre transforms and thermodynamic potentials. Stability conditions for the phases. Phase transitions and their classification. Van der Waals equation. Recall theory of ensembles in Statistical Mechanics. Fluctuations.

2- Atomic interactions and short range order.

Characterization of the liquid state of matter. Forces between atoms and effective potentials. Distribution functions in canonical and grand canonical ensembles. Radial distribution function and relationship with thermodynamics. The static structure factor. Measurement of the structure of a liquid by diffusion techniques. Hierarchical equation for distribution functions. Mean force potential. Ornstein-Zernike equation. Direct correlation function. Static response function. Closure relations. Approximation of hypernetted chains (HNC). Approximation of Percus-Yevick (PY). PY Solution for hard sphere liquid. State equation for hard spheres. Thermodynamic inconsistency. Modified HNC theory. Structure factor of liquid mixtures and molecular fluids.

3- Computer simulation of fluid systems.

Stochastic and deterministic simulation methods. Method of Molecular Dynamics. Algorithms à la Verlet. Molecular dynamics at constant temperature and constant pressure. The Monte Carlo method. Monte Carlo simulation in different ensembles.

4- Liquid dynamics.

Time dependent correlation functions. Anelastic diffusion of neutrons and measure of the dynamic structure factor. Van Hove's correlation functions. Principle of detailed balance. Linear response theory. Response function. Fluctuation-dissipation theorem. Particle diffusion. Diffusion coefficient. Velocity correlation function. Hydrodynamics and collective modes. Brillouin scattering.

5- Metastable states, supercooled liquids and glass transtion.

Stability and metastability. Spinodal curve from the Van der Waals equation. Fluctuations and behavior of the correlation functions close to the critical point. Supercooled liquids and glass transition. Angell diagram. Outline of the dynamics and the Mode Coupling theory. Configurational entropy and the Kauzmann's temperature.

J.P. Hansen and I.R. McDonald, Theory of Simple Liquids, seconda edizione, Academic Press.
N. H. March and M. P. Tosi, Introduction to Liquid State Physics, World Scientific.
P. G. Debenedetti, Metastable Liquids, Princeton University Press.

HETEROJUNCTIONS AND HETEROSTRUCTURES. 2, 1, -0 DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS: ELECTRONIC STATES AND DENSITY OF STATES. 2DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON GASES. CHARACTERISTICS LENGTHS FOR THE ELECTRICAL TRANSPORT IN LOW DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS. T-MATRICES AN RESONANT TUNNELLING. INTERFERENCE OF WAVE FUNCTIONS. AHARONOV-BOHM EFFECT. BALISTIC TRANSPORT AND CONDUCTANCE QUANTIZATION IN 1D SYSTEMS. MAGNETOTRANSPORT: SHUBNIKOV-DE HAAS OSCILLATIONS AND QUANTUM HALL EFFECT. SINGLE ELECTRON TUNNELING AND COULOMB BLOCKAFDE EFFECTS. SINGLE ELECTRON TRANSISTOR. GRAPHENE: STRUCTURAL AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES. OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOSTRUCTURES: INTERBAND TRANSITIONS IN QUANTUM WELLS; EXCITONS IN 2D SYSTEMS; INTERSUBBANDTRANSITIONS. LIGHT-EMITTERS: GAIN COEFFICIENT; DIODE LASERS, HETEROSTRUCTURE LASERS, QUANTUM CASCADE LASERS (BRIEF).

DATTA S.: ELECTRONIC TRANSPORT IN MESOSCOPIC SYSTEMS [CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS ]
FERRY D.K. AND GOODNICK S.M.: TRANSPORT IN NANOSTRUCTURES [CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS ]
DAVIES J. H. : THE PHYSICS OF LOW DIMENSIONAL SEMICONDUCTORS [CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS)

Unipolar Devices. The metal-semiconductor barrier. The Schottky diode. Work function and electron affinity. I-V characteristic. Ohmic contact. Surface charge and the Debye length. M-S Junction electrostatics. Thermionic current. Drift-diffusion current. Barrier lowering: Schottky effect. Non-uniform doping.
- JFET and MESFET. Channel resistance. Input characteristics: IDS vs VGS. Trans-characteristic. Trans-conductance, Channel conductance. The JFET as a signal amplifier. Dynamic behavior. Small signal model. Frequency behavior and fT.
- Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor structures. The MIS diode. MOS system capacitance. Interface states. - MOSFET: gradual channel approssimation. NMOS, PMOS and CMOS. Depletion and enrichment devices. Subthreshold current. Geometric effects. Scaling laws.
- Ramo Theorem. Photoconductivity. Photoresistors. Photoconductive gain.
- The pn junction in the light. The pin and avalanche photodiode. Spectral response.
- Electroluminescence. Radiative and non-radiative transitions. Luminescence efficiency. Device architectures. LED for IR and UV-VIS.

D.A. Neamen - Semiconductor Physics and Devices, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill, 2003.
R.S Muller, T.I. Kamins - Device Electronics for Integrated Circuits, 3rd Ed., John Wiley, 2009

Vedi il corso principale 20401425 MECCANICA STATISTICA

Vedi il corso principale 20401425 MECCANICA STATISTICA

The physics of laser: blackbody radiation, Einstein equation, interaction of light with a two-level atom, gain and attenuation. Optical transitions in semiconductors. CW and pulsed operation of a laser.

Optical coherence and quantisation of the e.m. field: classical theory of fluctuations, first- and second-order coherence. E.m. field as a harmonic oscillator, quantisation and quantum theory of optical coherence. Number states, coherent states, and thermal states. Interaction picture: beam splitter and squeezing hamiltonians. Homodyne detection and photon counting. Quasi-probability distributions.

Non-linear optics: introduction and classical treatment. Brief sketching of the quantum treatment. Second-order non-linear effects: second-harmonic generation, sum- and difference-frequency generation, parametric down conversion. Third-order effects: optical Kerr effect and self-phase modulation, filamentation. Nonlinear Schroedinger equation and temporal solitons.

Quantum correlations: local realism and EPR-Bohm paradox. Bell's inequality, and its optical test.

R. Loudon, The quantum theory of light.
O. Svelto, Principles of lasers.
R. Boyd, Nonlinear optics.
J.S. Bell, Speakable and unspeakable in quantum mechanics.

1 Solar System Part
- Overall description of the Solar System, mass and angular momentum distribution, astrophysical variables.
- Overall description of planets, their main characteristics ; description of planetary satellites systems and of minor bodies of the Solar System.
- Terrestrial planets: main characteristics and evolutive processes of planetary surfaces.
- Terrestrial planets: thermal history, impact cratering processes, volcanism, tectonics.Comparative planetology.
- Meteorites and minor bodies; radiometric dating and clues for the formation of the Solar System.
- Giant planets
- Planetary satellites
- Internal structure of planets, different evolution of terrestrial and giant planets.
- Planetary atmospheres
2 Extrasolar Planets Part
- Historical Introduction
- Exo planets Indirect discovery methods
- Exo planets Direct discovery methods
- Exo Planets Characteristics
- Physics of extrasolar Planets
- Characterization and results
- Which Life?
- Habitability and Habitable Zone
- The search for life
3 Common Part
- Introduction to the Planetary formation Theory

- There is no official text of the course. A suggested text is the following: Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press. During the course several scientific review papers will be suggested by the lecturers.

Material

- Course slides
- Scientific papers

1 Solar System Part
- Overall description of the Solar System, mass and angular momentum distribution, astrophysical variables.
- Overall description of planets, their main characteristics ; description of planetary satellites systems and of minor bodies of the Solar System.
- Terrestrial planets: main characteristics and evolutive processes of planetary surfaces.
- Terrestrial planets: thermal history, impact cratering processes, volcanism, tectonics.Comparative planetology.
- Meteorites and minor bodies; radiometric dating and clues for the formation of the Solar System.
- Giant planets
- Planetary satellites
- Internal structure of planets, different evolution of terrestrial and giant planets.
- Planetary atmospheres
2 Extrasolar Planets Part
- Historical Introduction
- Exo planets Indirect discovery methods
- Exo planets Direct discovery methods
- Exo Planets Characteristics
- Physics of extrasolar Planets
- Characterization and results
- Which Life?
- Habitability and Habitable Zone
- The search for life
3 Common Part
- Introduction to the Planetary formation Theory

- There is no official text of the course. A suggested text is the following: Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press. During the course several scientific review papers will be suggested by the lecturers.

Material

- Course slides
- Scientific papers

This course is based on the use of case studies, intersting examples of science communication that will be presented and analysed during the lessons.

On the examples of these case studies, communication laboratories and practical activities will be organized. Students will work in team, guided by researchers and professional communicators, to plan and produce specific communication tools (articles, websites, blogs, audio/video etc).

The course will also take in account the technological aspects related to communication, introducing and examining selected open source software.

The program

The course is 52 hours long, including 40 ore of lessons and 12 hours of lab activities. 12 hours are in common with the “Communcating Science” PhD course.

Introduction to science communication
• The postulates of communication: from body language to the communication plan
• About science communication: why should we communicate science?
• Different types of communication, including in the academic & research world
• Planning an event for the public: the 5 steps strategy
• Visual communication and science

Speaking to the public about science
• Introduction to verbal communication: from public talks to press conferences
• The basics of public speaking in science
• Slides, audio/video and multimedia tools

Writing about science
• Introducing science journalism
• Differences between a scientific article, a press release and outreach articles
• Writing for video: the storyboard

Visual communication of science
• How to communicate science with images
• How to plan and produce an image

Communicating science on web
• How is science communicated on the web
• Science and web 2.0
• How to plan and produce a website

Organization of a public event
• The communication plan of a public event
• Organizing an astronomical observation event

"The hands-on guide for science communicators: a step.by-step approach to public outreach" di Lars Lindberg Christensen
https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=GI_fpb4xFX4C&rdid=book-GI_fpb4xFX4C&rdot=1&source=gbs_vpt_read&pcampaignid=books_booksearch_viewport

Communicating science

This course is based on the use of case studies, intersting examples of science communication that will be presented and analysed during the lessons.

On the examples of these case studies, communication laboratories and practical activities will be organized. Students will work in team, guided by researchers and professional communicators, to plan and produce specific communication tools (articles, websites, blogs, audio/video etc).

The course will also take in account the technological aspects related to communication, introducing and examining selected open source software.

The program

The course is 52 hours long, including 40 ore of lessons and 12 hours of lab activities. 12 hours are in common with the “Communcating Science” PhD course.

Introduction to science communication
• The postulates of communication: from body language to the communication plan
• About science communication: why should we communicate science?
• Different types of communication, including in the academic & research world
• Planning an event for the public: the 5 steps strategy
• Visual communication and science

Speaking to the public about science
• Introduction to verbal communication: from public talks to press conferences
• The basics of public speaking in science
• Slides, audio/video and multimedia tools

Writing about science
• Introducing science journalism
• Differences between a scientific article, a press release and outreach articles
• Writing for video: the storyboard

Visual communication of science
• How to communicate science with images
• How to plan and produce an image

Communicating science on web
• How is science communicated on the web
• Science and web 2.0
• How to plan and produce a website

Organization of a public event
• The communication plan of a public event
• Organizing an astronomical observation event

"The hands-on guide for science communicators: a step.by-step approach to public outreach" di Lars Lindberg Christensen
https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=GI_fpb4xFX4C&rdid=book-GI_fpb4xFX4C&rdot=1&source=gbs_vpt_read&pcampaignid=books_booksearch_viewport

Vedi le info dal titolare Livia Giacomini

Vedi le info dal titolare Livia Giacomini

Programma del Corso di Strumentazione Fisica per la Medicina e la Biologia

1. Interazione particelle e fotoni con la materia
2. Leggi del decadimento radioattivo
3. Isotopi di interesse per la medicina nucleare
4. Radiologia
5. Tomografia assiale compiute rizzata
6. Spect e Pet
7. Risonanza magnetica nucleare
8. Ecografia
9. Elementi di teoria degli acceleratori
10. Elementi di radioterapia.

The aim is to deliver to the student the general and basic elements underpinning the architectures and technologies of data acquisition systems and control and monitoring systems of particle physiscs.
The course starts providing an architectural panoramic view of DAQ systems, their main characteristics and the corresponding technologies together with the necessary choices on project level.
Are then described the gereal architectures of these systems and the main technologies used.
The lectures are focused on: Parallelism and Pipelining, Trigger, Data Acquistion, On-Line systems, Real-Time systems, Farming and Event Building, Networks and Protocols, Data storage.

1. Stage at a national health center
2. Dosimetry
3. Calibration of radiological devices
4. Calibration of NMR
5. Calibration of radiotherapy beams
6. Radiotherapy treatment planning
7. Short report on the activity carried out and ensuing discussion

non ci sono testi previsti

COMPACT OBJECTS: WHITE DWARFS, NEUTRON STARS, THE CHANDRASEKHAR LIMIT, PULSARS, BLACK HOLES
ACCRETION: THEORY, EDDINGTON LIMIT, ACCRETION DISKS
X-RAY BINARIES: CLASSIFICATION AND PHENOMENOLOGY, CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES, LOW-MASS AND HIGH-MASS X-RAY BINARIES, BLACK HOLE CANDIDATES
ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI: CLASSIFICATION AND PHENOMENOLOGY, X-RAY AND GAMMA-RAY EMISSION, JETS, SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS
GAMMA RAY BURSTS: PHENOMENOLOGY, ORIGIN, EMISSION MECHANISMS
CLUSTER OF GALAXIES: EMISSION FROM THE INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM, COOLING FLOWS
COSMIC RAYS: COMPOSITION, SPECTRUM AND ORIGIN, SUPERNOVA REMNANTS, ULTRA HIGH ENERGY COSMIC RAYS

(LONGAIR MALCOM S. ) HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS 3RD ED. [CAMBRIDGE 2011]
(KIPPENHAHN R., WEIGERT A.) STELLAR STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION [SPRINGER 1994]
(G.B. RYBICKI, A.P. LIGHTMAN) RADIATIVE PROCESSES IN ASTRIPHYSICS [WILEY]
(VIETRI M.) ASTROFISICA DELLE ALTE ENERGIE [BORINGHIERI]
(SHAPIRO S.L, TEUKOLSKY S.A.) BLACK HOLES, WHITE DWARFS AND NEUTRON STARS [WILEY]

Phenomenological topics in Astroparticle Physics. Common problems in particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology.Dark Matter. Cosmic Rays. Cosmic Rays Acceleration. Neutrino Masses and Neutrino Oscillation. Lepton Number non-conservation and double beta decay. Baryon Number non-conservation and proton decay. CP violation and the matter-antimatter asymmetry.

K. Thomas Gaisser Cosmic rays and particle physics Cambridge 1990
Malcom S. Longair High energy astrophysics Cambridge 1992
H. V. Klapdor - Kleingrothaus and A. Staudt Non - Accelerator particle physics Bristol 1995
Donald H. Perkins Particle Astrophysics, second edition Oxford 2009

Experimental Astroparticle Physics: detectors for Cosmic Ray measurement, Dark Matter search by direct approach, neutrino oscillation parameter measurement, Gravitational Wave measurement.

K. THOMAS GAISSER
COSMIC RAYS AND PARTICLE PHYSICS CAMBRIDGE 1990
MALCOM S. LONGAIR
HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS CAMBRIDGE 1992
H. V. KLAPDOR - KLEINGROTHAUS AND A. STAUDT NON - ACCELERATOR PARTICLE PHYSICS
BRISTOL 1995
DONALD H. PERKINS
PARTICLE ASTROPHYSICS, SECOND EDITION OXFORD 2009

Section I: Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN)

1. Definition and classification: BH paradigm, accretion, AGN Radio Loud / Radio quiet, Unified Model

2. AGN Astrophysics: X-ray Properties of AGN-RQ, Emission Models: Comptonization, Absorption & Outflow Properties

3. AGN astrophysics: X-ray reflection, relativistic effects observed in X-ray band

Section II: X-ray detectors and telescopes

1. X-ray detectors: Revealing Techniques

2. Solid State Detectors, Charged Coupled Devices (CCD)

3. collimated and focused optical systems

4. X-ray Telescopes: efficiency, sensitivity, energy resolution, angular resolution, effective area

5. Space Telescopes: ESA / XMM-Newton, NASA / Chandra and NASA / NuStar

Section III Data analysis

1. Analysis tools: study of energy distribution (emission spectrum), study of temporal behavior (light curve), study of variability (power spectrum and reverberation)

2. Statistical/systematics errors

3. background

4. S/N: signal to noise ratio

5. observation and maximization of the S / N

Section IV: XMM-epic data analysis tutorial

1. Searching on data archives

2. Imaging Analysis techniques: DS9

3. Spectral analysis techniques: xspec

4. Temporal analysis techniques: xronos

Section V: Optical band data analysis

Section VI: Write a (Successful?) Observational Proposal

1. Feasibility study

2. Estimating the needed exposure to achieve the scientific goal

3. Target Visibility

notes perpared by the teacher

first part
Dr. Luca Fiorani

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part
Dr. Antonello Pasini

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

Testi
F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

first part
Dr. Luca Fiorani

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part
Dr. Antonello Pasini

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

Testi
F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

1. Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of topics.

2. Fundamentals of Plasma magneto-ionospheric Physics and and magnetoionic theory
Cold plasma, frequency dispersion, plasma frequency, Debye distance, mean free path, plasma gyrofrequncy, plasma condition, betatron acceleration, Fermi acceleration. Frozen in magnetic field. Phase refractive index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and with collisions in the absence of magnetic field, the interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index. Telegraph equation. Group velocity. Group refractive index without collision and without magnetic field.
Reference: lecture notes, files 1. The constitutive relations. Reference: lecture notes, files 2. Group refractive indices with magnetic field with collisions and without collisions: the Appleton-Hartree equation. Reference: lecture notes, files 3. The zeros of the phase refractive index with and without collisions. Rule of Booker. Reference:lecture notes, files 4.

3. Foundumental circum-terrestrial environment.
Structure of the neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere, fundamentals of region D, the Earth's magnetic field and magnetosphere.
Reference: M. Kelley, "The Earth's Ionosphere", chapter 1.

4. Waves and instabilities in the magneto-ionospheric plasma
Electro-acoustic and ion acoustic waves.Reference: J.K. Hargreaves "The solar terrestrial environment"§2.7.3, p 39-40 in particular, for the ion acoustic waves: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_acoustic_wave, Farley-Beunmann instability Reference: M. Kelley, "The Earth's Ionosphere", §4.7 pp. 187-191, Rayleigh-Taylor instability. Reference: J.K. Hargreaves "The Solar Terrestrial Environment" §2.8.3 p . 41-42, cyclotron waves, Alfven waves, whistlers, pure and modified Alfven waves Reference: JK Hargreaves "the solar terrestrial environment" §2.7.1 p. 35-38, Lagmuir waves as example https://cds.cern.ch/record/2203630/files/1418884_51-65.pdf, §2.1 Longitudinal (Langmuir) waves, pag 58)
More simply, for this unit the student Teaching can take as reference his own lecture notes.

5. Elements of ionospheric radio propagation
Partial reflection from a layer, diffraction by a screen with small irregularities, oblique propagation.
Reference: J. K. Hargreaves "The solar terrestrial environment" §2.5.2, §2.5.3, §2.5.4, §2.6.1, §2.6.2, §2.6.3 

6. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, attenuation of radiation in gases, deposition of energy in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth's ionosphere: historical notes, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and loss of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in the E region and the F2 region. Reference: G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment, § 3.2., Introduction of chapter 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3. F1 Layer. Reference: lecture notes, files 1. E layer. Reference: lecture notes, file 2. Further notes on the F1 layer. Reference: lecture notes, file 3. Atmospheric gravity waves (GWS) Reference: lecture notes, file 4. Observation of the effect of GWS in the ionosphere: the Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs). Reference: lecture notes, file 5. Petersen, Hall and parallel conductivities Reference: lecture notes, file 6. Ionograms and ionospheric models. Reference: lecture notes, files 7. Additional notes on ionograms and their inversion: Reference: lecture notes, file 8. Z ray: Reference: lecture notes, file 9.

7. Magnetosphere
Foundamentals. The geomagnetic field near the Earth. Charged particles motions in the geomagnetic field. of gyration motion, oscillatory motion ( "Bounce"), drift motions, gradient drift, neutral sheet drift, drift due to external forces, ambipolar drift (drift or ExB), drift due to the curvature of the field lines, Coulomb collisions. Particles populations in the inner magnetosphere, radiation belts, ring current, plasmasphere. The distant geomagnetic field, configuration and classification, the currents on the dayside of the magnetosphere, particle reflection and the current formation, current system of the geomagnetic tail. Particle population in the outer magnetosphere, magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer. Magnetoplasma waves in the magnetosphere. References: G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment § 5. Diffuse and discreet aurora. Reference: G.W. Prölss" Physics of the Earth's Space Environment §7.4.3, p. 372.

Textbooks:

1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) J. K. Hargreaves "The solar terrestrial environment"
3) M. Kelley, "The Earth's Ionosphere"
4) Appunti di lezione.

For Academic Year 2016-2017:
1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) J. K. Hargreaves "The solar terrestrial environment"
3) M. Kelley, "The Earth's Ionosphere"
4) Appunti di lezione.

For Academic Year 2016-2017 we will be using:
1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Appunti di lezione.

Atoms, Nuclides, and Radionuclides

- Radiation sources

-Radiation interactions

-Counting Statistics

Geochemistry of Radiogenic Isotopes

- Mixing Theory

-Origin of Igneous Rock

-Water and Sediment

-The Oceans

Thermonuclear Radionuclides

- Fission Products of Transuranium Elements

-90Sr in the Environment

-137Cs in the Environment

-The 90Sr/137Cs, 239,240Pu, and 241Am in the Arctic Ocean

General Properties of Radiation Detectors

- Ionizing chambers

-Proportional and Geiger-Mueller counters

-Scintillation Detectors

-Germanium Gamma-Ray Detectors

Geochronometry

- The Rb-Sr Method

-The K-Ar Method

-The 40Ar/39Ar Method

-The Sm-Nd Method

-The U-Pb, Th-Pb, and Pb-Pb Methods

-The 14C Method

-The 3H/3He Method

Application of Tracer Technology to the Environment

- Atmospheric Transport Modeling

-Groundwater dynamics

-Nuclear non-proliferation

Knoll G.F. - Radiation Detection and Measurement. John Wiley & Sons, 2010 - ISBN:9780470649725

Faure G. and Mensing T.M - Isotopes-Principles and Applications. John Wiley & Sons, 2004 - ISBN:9780471384373

1- Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics.

Extensive and intensive thermodynamics functions. Equilibrium conditions. Legendre transforms and thermodynamic potentials. Stability conditions for the phases. Phase transitions and their classification. Van der Waals equation. Recall theory of ensembles in Statistical Mechanics. Fluctuations.

2- Atomic interactions and short range order.

Characterization of the liquid state of matter. Forces between atoms and effective potentials. Distribution functions in canonical and grand canonical ensembles. Radial distribution function and relationship with thermodynamics. The static structure factor. Measurement of the structure of a liquid by diffusion techniques. Hierarchical equation for distribution functions. Mean force potential. Ornstein-Zernike equation. Direct correlation function. Static response function. Closure relations. Approximation of hypernetted chains (HNC). Approximation of Percus-Yevick (PY). PY Solution for hard sphere liquid. State equation for hard spheres. Thermodynamic inconsistency. Modified HNC theory. Structure factor of liquid mixtures and molecular fluids.

3- Computer simulation of fluid systems.

Stochastic and deterministic simulation methods. Method of Molecular Dynamics. Algorithms à la Verlet. Molecular dynamics at constant temperature and constant pressure. The Monte Carlo method. Monte Carlo simulation in different ensembles.

4- Liquid dynamics.

Time dependent correlation functions. Anelastic diffusion of neutrons and measure of the dynamic structure factor. Van Hove's correlation functions. Principle of detailed balance. Linear response theory. Response function. Fluctuation-dissipation theorem. Particle diffusion. Diffusion coefficient. Velocity correlation function. Hydrodynamics and collective modes. Brillouin scattering.

5- Metastable states, supercooled liquids and glass transtion.

Stability and metastability. Spinodal curve from the Van der Waals equation. Fluctuations and behavior of the correlation functions close to the critical point. Supercooled liquids and glass transition. Angell diagram. Outline of the dynamics and the Mode Coupling theory. Configurational entropy and the Kauzmann's temperature.

J.P. Hansen and I.R. McDonald, Theory of Simple Liquids, seconda edizione, Academic Press.
N. H. March and M. P. Tosi, Introduction to Liquid State Physics, World Scientific.
P. G. Debenedetti, Metastable Liquids, Princeton University Press.

HETEROJUNCTIONS AND HETEROSTRUCTURES. 2, 1, -0 DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS: ELECTRONIC STATES AND DENSITY OF STATES. 2DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON GASES. CHARACTERISTICS LENGTHS FOR THE ELECTRICAL TRANSPORT IN LOW DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS. T-MATRICES AN RESONANT TUNNELLING. INTERFERENCE OF WAVE FUNCTIONS. AHARONOV-BOHM EFFECT. BALISTIC TRANSPORT AND CONDUCTANCE QUANTIZATION IN 1D SYSTEMS. MAGNETOTRANSPORT: SHUBNIKOV-DE HAAS OSCILLATIONS AND QUANTUM HALL EFFECT. SINGLE ELECTRON TUNNELING AND COULOMB BLOCKAFDE EFFECTS. SINGLE ELECTRON TRANSISTOR. GRAPHENE: STRUCTURAL AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES. OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOSTRUCTURES: INTERBAND TRANSITIONS IN QUANTUM WELLS; EXCITONS IN 2D SYSTEMS; INTERSUBBANDTRANSITIONS. LIGHT-EMITTERS: GAIN COEFFICIENT; DIODE LASERS, HETEROSTRUCTURE LASERS, QUANTUM CASCADE LASERS (BRIEF).

DATTA S.: ELECTRONIC TRANSPORT IN MESOSCOPIC SYSTEMS [CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS ]
FERRY D.K. AND GOODNICK S.M.: TRANSPORT IN NANOSTRUCTURES [CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS ]
DAVIES J. H. : THE PHYSICS OF LOW DIMENSIONAL SEMICONDUCTORS [CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS)

Unipolar Devices. The metal-semiconductor barrier. The Schottky diode. Work function and electron affinity. I-V characteristic. Ohmic contact. Surface charge and the Debye length. M-S Junction electrostatics. Thermionic current. Drift-diffusion current. Barrier lowering: Schottky effect. Non-uniform doping.
- JFET and MESFET. Channel resistance. Input characteristics: IDS vs VGS. Trans-characteristic. Trans-conductance, Channel conductance. The JFET as a signal amplifier. Dynamic behavior. Small signal model. Frequency behavior and fT.
- Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor structures. The MIS diode. MOS system capacitance. Interface states. - MOSFET: gradual channel approssimation. NMOS, PMOS and CMOS. Depletion and enrichment devices. Subthreshold current. Geometric effects. Scaling laws.
- Ramo Theorem. Photoconductivity. Photoresistors. Photoconductive gain.
- The pn junction in the light. The pin and avalanche photodiode. Spectral response.
- Electroluminescence. Radiative and non-radiative transitions. Luminescence efficiency. Device architectures. LED for IR and UV-VIS.

D.A. Neamen - Semiconductor Physics and Devices, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill, 2003.
R.S Muller, T.I. Kamins - Device Electronics for Integrated Circuits, 3rd Ed., John Wiley, 2009

Vedi il corso principale 20401425 MECCANICA STATISTICA

Vedi il corso principale 20401425 MECCANICA STATISTICA

The physics of laser: blackbody radiation, Einstein equation, interaction of light with a two-level atom, gain and attenuation. Optical transitions in semiconductors. CW and pulsed operation of a laser.

Optical coherence and quantisation of the e.m. field: classical theory of fluctuations, first- and second-order coherence. E.m. field as a harmonic oscillator, quantisation and quantum theory of optical coherence. Number states, coherent states, and thermal states. Interaction picture: beam splitter and squeezing hamiltonians. Homodyne detection and photon counting. Quasi-probability distributions.

Non-linear optics: introduction and classical treatment. Brief sketching of the quantum treatment. Second-order non-linear effects: second-harmonic generation, sum- and difference-frequency generation, parametric down conversion. Third-order effects: optical Kerr effect and self-phase modulation, filamentation. Nonlinear Schroedinger equation and temporal solitons.

Quantum correlations: local realism and EPR-Bohm paradox. Bell's inequality, and its optical test.

R. Loudon, The quantum theory of light.
O. Svelto, Principles of lasers.
R. Boyd, Nonlinear optics.
J.S. Bell, Speakable and unspeakable in quantum mechanics.

1 Solar System Part
- Overall description of the Solar System, mass and angular momentum distribution, astrophysical variables.
- Overall description of planets, their main characteristics ; description of planetary satellites systems and of minor bodies of the Solar System.
- Terrestrial planets: main characteristics and evolutive processes of planetary surfaces.
- Terrestrial planets: thermal history, impact cratering processes, volcanism, tectonics.Comparative planetology.
- Meteorites and minor bodies; radiometric dating and clues for the formation of the Solar System.
- Giant planets
- Planetary satellites
- Internal structure of planets, different evolution of terrestrial and giant planets.
- Planetary atmospheres
2 Extrasolar Planets Part
- Historical Introduction
- Exo planets Indirect discovery methods
- Exo planets Direct discovery methods
- Exo Planets Characteristics
- Physics of extrasolar Planets
- Characterization and results
- Which Life?
- Habitability and Habitable Zone
- The search for life
3 Common Part
- Introduction to the Planetary formation Theory

- There is no official text of the course. A suggested text is the following: Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press. During the course several scientific review papers will be suggested by the lecturers.

Material

- Course slides
- Scientific papers

1 Solar System Part
- Overall description of the Solar System, mass and angular momentum distribution, astrophysical variables.
- Overall description of planets, their main characteristics ; description of planetary satellites systems and of minor bodies of the Solar System.
- Terrestrial planets: main characteristics and evolutive processes of planetary surfaces.
- Terrestrial planets: thermal history, impact cratering processes, volcanism, tectonics.Comparative planetology.
- Meteorites and minor bodies; radiometric dating and clues for the formation of the Solar System.
- Giant planets
- Planetary satellites
- Internal structure of planets, different evolution of terrestrial and giant planets.
- Planetary atmospheres
2 Extrasolar Planets Part
- Historical Introduction
- Exo planets Indirect discovery methods
- Exo planets Direct discovery methods
- Exo Planets Characteristics
- Physics of extrasolar Planets
- Characterization and results
- Which Life?
- Habitability and Habitable Zone
- The search for life
3 Common Part
- Introduction to the Planetary formation Theory

- There is no official text of the course. A suggested text is the following: Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press. During the course several scientific review papers will be suggested by the lecturers.

Material

- Course slides
- Scientific papers

This course is based on the use of case studies, intersting examples of science communication that will be presented and analysed during the lessons.

On the examples of these case studies, communication laboratories and practical activities will be organized. Students will work in team, guided by researchers and professional communicators, to plan and produce specific communication tools (articles, websites, blogs, audio/video etc).

The course will also take in account the technological aspects related to communication, introducing and examining selected open source software.

The program

The course is 52 hours long, including 40 ore of lessons and 12 hours of lab activities. 12 hours are in common with the “Communcating Science” PhD course.

Introduction to science communication
• The postulates of communication: from body language to the communication plan
• About science communication: why should we communicate science?
• Different types of communication, including in the academic & research world
• Planning an event for the public: the 5 steps strategy
• Visual communication and science

Speaking to the public about science
• Introduction to verbal communication: from public talks to press conferences
• The basics of public speaking in science
• Slides, audio/video and multimedia tools

Writing about science
• Introducing science journalism
• Differences between a scientific article, a press release and outreach articles
• Writing for video: the storyboard

Visual communication of science
• How to communicate science with images
• How to plan and produce an image

Communicating science on web
• How is science communicated on the web
• Science and web 2.0
• How to plan and produce a website

Organization of a public event
• The communication plan of a public event
• Organizing an astronomical observation event

"The hands-on guide for science communicators: a step.by-step approach to public outreach" di Lars Lindberg Christensen
https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=GI_fpb4xFX4C&rdid=book-GI_fpb4xFX4C&rdot=1&source=gbs_vpt_read&pcampaignid=books_booksearch_viewport

Communicating science

This course is based on the use of case studies, intersting examples of science communication that will be presented and analysed during the lessons.

On the examples of these case studies, communication laboratories and practical activities will be organized. Students will work in team, guided by researchers and professional communicators, to plan and produce specific communication tools (articles, websites, blogs, audio/video etc).

The course will also take in account the technological aspects related to communication, introducing and examining selected open source software.

The program

The course is 52 hours long, including 40 ore of lessons and 12 hours of lab activities. 12 hours are in common with the “Communcating Science” PhD course.

Introduction to science communication
• The postulates of communication: from body language to the communication plan
• About science communication: why should we communicate science?
• Different types of communication, including in the academic & research world
• Planning an event for the public: the 5 steps strategy
• Visual communication and science

Speaking to the public about science
• Introduction to verbal communication: from public talks to press conferences
• The basics of public speaking in science
• Slides, audio/video and multimedia tools

Writing about science
• Introducing science journalism
• Differences between a scientific article, a press release and outreach articles
• Writing for video: the storyboard

Visual communication of science
• How to communicate science with images
• How to plan and produce an image

Communicating science on web
• How is science communicated on the web
• Science and web 2.0
• How to plan and produce a website

Organization of a public event
• The communication plan of a public event
• Organizing an astronomical observation event

"The hands-on guide for science communicators: a step.by-step approach to public outreach" di Lars Lindberg Christensen
https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=GI_fpb4xFX4C&rdid=book-GI_fpb4xFX4C&rdot=1&source=gbs_vpt_read&pcampaignid=books_booksearch_viewport

Vedi le info dal titolare Livia Giacomini

Vedi le info dal titolare Livia Giacomini