EACH LESSON WILL ILLUSTRATE THE CLIMATES AND THE ENVIRONMENTS WHICH CHARACTERIZED THE EARTH SINCE HADEAN TO HOLOCENE.
Hadean and Archean: 3h
Proterozoic: 3h
Cambrian: 3h
Ordovician: 3h
Silurian: 3h
Devonian: 3h
Carboniferous: 3h
Permian: 3h
Triassic: 3h
Giurassic: 3h
Cretaceous: 3h
Paleogene: 3h
Neogene: 3h
Quaternary: 3h
Further insights: causes and dinamics of climate change, main floral and faunal turnovers, supplementary data on palaeogeography, topics selected by the students: 6h

STANLEY S.S. (2009) - EARTH SYSTEM HISTORY. FREEMAN AND COMPANY, NEW YORK, 551 PP.

ELMI S. & BABIN C. (2006) – HISTOIRE DE LA TERRE. DUNOD, PARIS, 239 PP.
ANDERSON D.E., GOUDIE A.S., PARKER A.G. (2007) - GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTS THROUGH THE QUATERNARY. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, OXFORD, 359 PP.
GORNITZ V. (ED.)(2009) – ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PALEOCLIMATOLOGY AND ANCIENT ENVIRONMENTS. SPRINGER (REFERENCE BOOK).
SELDEN P. & NUDDS J. (2012) – EVOLUTION OF FOSSIL ECOSYSTEMS. MANSON PUBLISHING, 2ND EDITION

Additional references to be discussed during the classes will be selected among the most recent and/or controversial.

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

Introduction to the course. Introduction to Matlab 1. Matricial Calculation; search for main components (eigenvalues, eigenvectors, ...).
Introduction to Matlab 2: rows, columns, matrix, figure, vectors, import data, ... Tensors; rigid rototranslations and associated matrix.
Rotation of a seismic signal to derive the radial and transverse component. Complex numbers and trigonometric functions. Polar representation. Phasor. Matlab exercise: representation in Cartesian-polar-spherical coordinates. Vector calculation. Waves. Stationary waves.
Signal analysis: linear time-invariant system, Convolution theorem.
Exercise on the impulse and step response. Fourier series. Fourier transform. Exercise on Fourier Analysis of mechanical waves. Solution of the wave equation in the frequency domain. Exercise: delay and phase.
Cross Correlation - Filtering of data in time and frequency domain.

Mathematical modelling for Earth sciences. Xin She Yang. Dunedin.

Program of the course of "Physics of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere"
prof. Carlo Scotto
Most of the topics are dealt in the book by G.W. Prölss ("Physics of the Earth's Space Environment", ed. Springer). Reference is made to the paragraphs of this book. The remaining topics are reported in the distributed Lesson Notes. The relevant detailed bibliography is shown in them.
Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of the topics covered.

1. Notions of magneto-ionospheric plasma physics
Plasma frequency, Debye distance and Debye-Hückel potential, plasma conditions, free mean path, phase refraction index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and in the absence of magnetic field, cold plasma (Lesson notes). (P. 232, § 7.3.1, § 7.3.2, § 7.3.3). Energy of the electromagnetic field (Lesson notes). Motion of electric charges in a magnetic field: gyration motion, the magnetic moment as an adiabatic invariant, motion where grad(B) is parallel to B, bounce motion (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, pp. 220-228), gradient drift motion (§ 5.3.2, pp. 228-229), neutral shift drift, drift E x B and plasma conductivity in the absence of collisions, drift under the action of external forces (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, § 5.3.3 pp. 219-233).

2. The interplanetary medium.
The solar corona and the solar wind (§ 6.1 and 6.1.1, pp. 278-282, including all the references). Large-scale solar wind structure and on the ecliptic plane (§ 6.1.6). The interplanetary magnetic field: observations and physical characteristics (§ 6.2.1, pp. 300-304). The heliosferic current sheet (§ 6.2.4). Segment structure of the polar component of B (§ 6.2.5). Alfven's theorem (Appendix A.14, pp.484-487).

3. Magnetosphere
The geomagnetic field near the Earth (§ 5.2). Curvature drift (p. 233). Total drift (p. 234-235). Composed motion of charge carriers (§ 5.3.4). Particle populations in the internal magnetosphere: radiation belts, ring current, plasmashere (§ 5.4).
The distant geomagnetic field: configuration and classification, currents on the diurnal side of the magnetopause, reflection of the particles and formation of the current, system of currents in the geomagnetic tail (§ 5.5). Particle population in the external magnetosphere: magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer (§ 5.6). Formation of bow shock and the magnetosheat (§ 6.4 introduction and § 6.4.1, pp. 325-328).

4. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, gas radiation attenuation, energy deposition in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth ionosphere: historical outline, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and disappearance of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in E region and in region F2 region (§ 3.2; introduction of chap 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3). Ionosphere morphology: the cusps on the ionogram trace and the ionospheric regions (Lesson notes). Regular variations of the ionosphere: layers E and F1 (Lesson notes). Irregular variations of the ionosphere: F2 layer (Lesson notes). Sporadic E layer(Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for regions E and F: F1 layer (Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for region D (Lesson notes). Refraction index for radio waves with collisions and in the absence of a magnetic field; interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index: absorption ( Lesson notes). Solar flares and short waves fadeout (Lesson notes). Additional notes on the F1 layer (Lesson notes). Additional notes on layer E (Lesson notes).

5. Magnetoionic theory
Introduction. Constitutive equations for a cold plasma with collisions and in the presence of a magnetic field (Lesson notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, neglecting collisions and considering the Earth's magnetic field: Appleton-Hartree equation (Lesson notes). Continuity of nf in X = 1. The zeros of the collisionless Appleton-Hartree equation: longitudinal, transverse and general propagation case (Lesson notes). Polarization: continuity in X = 1 in the general case and in the case of longitudinal propagation. Polarization in case of longitudinal propagation: dependence on the sign of YL. Polarization in general conditions, for X = 1 (Lesson Notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, considering collisions and the earth's magnetic field. Mention upon the polarization in the collisional case. Curves of mi(X) with collisions: importance of the Booker rule (Lesson notes). Conditions of reflection and ionograms, ordinary, extraordinary trace. Ray Z (Lesson Notes). Examples of ionograms (Lesson notes).
As indicated in the lesson notes, the material of this teaching unit can be found at: Ratcliffe, J. A. (1959), The magneto-Ionic Theory and its Applications to the Ionosphere, Cambridge University Press.

6. Absorption and dissipation of solar wind energy
Topology of the high polar atmosphere (§ 7.1). Electric fields, and plasma convection (§ 7.2). Conductivity and currents in the polar ionosphere (§ 7.3). Polar auroras: energy dissipation of the auroral particles, origin of the auroral particles, diffuse and discrete aurora(§ 7. 4). Solar Wind Dynamo (§ 7.6.1), open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.2), plasma convection in the open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.3), open magnetosphere with tail (§ 7.6.4), mention upon the reconnection (part of § 7.6. 5) Birkeland currents in regions 1 and 2 (§ 7.6.6).

7. Geospheric storms
Magnetic storms: regular variation, equatorial electroject, magnetic activity at low, high and medium latitudes, geomagnetic indexes (§ 8.1). Magnetic substorms: growth and expansion phase, Alvfèn waves and their role (§ 8.3). Ionospheric storms: negative and positive storms (§ 8.5).

1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Lecture Notes

1 Solar System Part
- Overall description of the Solar System, mass and angular momentum distribution, astrophysical variables.
- Overall description of planets, their main characteristics ; description of planetary satellites systems and of minor bodies of the Solar System.
- Terrestrial planets: main characteristics and evolutive processes of planetary surfaces.
- Terrestrial planets: thermal history, impact cratering processes, volcanism, tectonics.Comparative planetology.
- Meteorites and minor bodies; radiometric dating and clues for the formation of the Solar System.
- Giant planets
- Planetary satellites
- Internal structure of planets, different evolution of terrestrial and giant planets.
- Planetary atmospheres
2 Extrasolar Planets Part
- Historical Introduction
- Exo planets Indirect discovery methods
- Exo planets Direct discovery methods
- Exo Planets Characteristics
- Physics of extrasolar Planets
- Characterization and results
- Which Life?
- Habitability and Habitable Zone
- The search for life
3 Common Part
- Introduction to the Planetary formation Theory

- There is no official text of the course. A suggested text is the following: Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press. During the course several scientific review papers will be suggested by the lecturers.

The course program includes the presentation and discussion of the following topics:
Definition and types of urban systems. Natural hazards and risks of urban areas. Role of geological conditions, influence of natural factors and geographical conditions on the development of urban areas. Risk, hazard, exposed value and vulnerability in urban areas, and their evolution in time. Methodology for collection, normalization and processing of drilling data. Issues and real cases applications.

Geologia di Roma “Vol L” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (1995).
La geologia di Roma dal centro storico alla periferia “Vol LXXX” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (2008).
U. Ventriglia – Geologia del territorio del Comune di Roma, a cura dell’Amministrazione Provinciale di Roma, (2002).
G. Gisotti – Ambiente urbano. – Dario Flaccovio Editore, Palermo (2007).

- PHYSICAL AND INDEX PROPETIES OF SOILS; SOIL CLASSIFICATION; ATTERBERG LIMITS;
- PERMEABILITY OF SOILS; DARCY’S LAW; LABORATORY PERMEABILITY TESTS;
- STRESSES (TOTAL AND EFFETTIVE) IN SOILS;
- COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOIL; ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION TEST; LOAD-DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS;
- SHEAR STREANGTH OF SOIL; MOHR’S THEORY OF FAILURE; DIRECT SHEAR TEST; TRIAXIAL TEST;
- STABILITY OF SLOPES; INFINITY SLOPES; METHOD OF SLICES (BISHOP’S SIMPLIFIED METHOD);
- CLASSIFICATION AND INDEX PROPERTIES OF ROCKS;
- ROCK STRENGTH AND FAILURE CRITERIA;
- APPLICATIONS OF ROCK MECHANICS TO ROCK SLOPE ENGINEERING.

LAMBE T.W. & WHITMANN R.W., SOIL MECHANICS, J. WILEY & SONS, LONDON
LANCELLOTTA R., GEOTECNICA, ZANICHELLI, BOLOGNA.
COLOSELLI COLOMBO. ELEMENTI DI GEOTECNICA. ZANICHELLI. BOLOGNA
INTRODUCTION TO ROCK MECHANICS. R.E. GOODMAN.
VARIOUS MATERIAL PROVIDED BY THE TEACHER.

Environmental data computerization and storage management. Geospatial analysis and elaboration with the open source “QGIS” and the libraries: GDAL/OGR, SAGA, GRASS. GIS data download from Web (e.g. Italian and American geological survey, aerospace agencies – NASA, ESA, JAXA- JRC-European Union), WMS and Webgis (international, national and regional).
Base data processing in raster, vector and tabular format, join attribute tables and geoprocessing. Geoferencing and cartography. Elaboration of digital model of terrain (contours, slope, shade etc). Gis & remote sensing. Geomorphological analysis and drawing of geological map (basic, advanced instruments and cad in Qgis). Use of relational DBMS (Postgis, spatialLite) for the processing of lithological and hydrogeological data in depth. Geologic profile elaboration (midvatten & inkscape).Data distribution and sharing on the Web (e.g. Geoserver, Geonode, OSM). Qgis and Python (PyQgis) to formulate scripts in geology. Qgis and R for geostatistical analysis. Interpolation. Exercises (using existing actual data) and theory regarding the spatial susceptibility of landslides activation, GIS applied to seismic microzonation, hydrogeology, vulcanology, real-time environmental disaster data mining (e.g. JRC-EU), Risk management and GIS-based decision support. Printed and digital layout of results (2D map and 3D geological models with video of 3D model).

Course material (ppt) and scientific articles provided by the professor, web learning
Books for further detailed studies (optional)
1. Mario A. Gomarasca – Basics of geomatics – Springer 2009
2. Noti V. “GIS Open Source per Geologia e Ambiente”, Ed. Flaccovio (2014)

Part I – INTRODUCTION
• Introduction to geology of oil exloration
• The role of seismic and well data in oil exploration
• The reflection seismic

Part II – SEISMIC ACQUISITION
• Seismic acquisition, onshore and offshore, 2D and 3D.
• Seismic source and receiver
• Geometry of reflection seismic profiles

Part III – SEISMIC PROCESSING
• Introduction
• Fundamentals of seismic processing
• Processing in time and depth domain

Part IV – WELLS AND LOGS
• Introduction
• Well logs: depth and resolution, Caliper log, Gamma Ray log, Sonic Log, Density log, Neutron Log, porosity and lithology
• Interpretation and correlation of well logs
• Checkshot (CS), Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP) and synthetic seismograms

Part V – 2D and 3D SEISMIC INTERPRETATION
• Fundamentals of seismic interpretation
• Introduction to seismic sequence stratigraphy
• Acustic models and seismic facies
• Interpretation of seismic horizons and faults
• Building of structural maps
• Use of seismic attributes
• Integration of seismic well data
• Elements of time-depth conversion

- Practical seismic interpretation by Michael E. Bradley (Editor)
- Interpretation of Three-Dimensional Seismic Data, by Alistair R. Brown. Society of Exploration Geophysicists
- Basic Well Log Analysis, by Steven Henderson and Neil Hurley, AAPG Methods in Exploration Series 16

Introduction and purpose of balanced geological sections. Main techniques used in the past. Fundamentals of deep geological sections. Ramp-fault geometry. Stratigraphic Separation Diagrams. Cutoff Lines (intersections between faults and stratigraphic contacts). Fault Branching. Projection to depth of geological data. Dip domain analysis. Fault-related folding: fault-bend folding; fault-propagation folding. Thick skin versus thin skin tectonics. Restoring a geological section. Angular versus sinuous restoration. Transversal and longitudinal sections. The contribution of fracture patterns in the preparation of a deep section. The role played by compaction and erosion. Section admissibility. Balancing techniques used by commercial software and introduction to their use. The role of fractures in reservoir permeability. Methods to infer fracturing conditions produced by the tectonic evolution of geological structures by the numerical modeling of their tie/space evolution and comparison with analogues.

N.B. Woodward, S.E. Boyer, J. Suppe (1989)- Balanced Geological Cross-Sections: an essential technique in geological research and exploration. - American Geophysical Union. R.C.

Physical properties of minerals, mineral separation, principles of spectroscopy, X-rays: emission and absorption, X-ray diffraction, vibrational (Raman, FTIR) spectroscopies, electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), WDS microanalysis (EMPA), case studies, practicals, seminars.

A.F. GUALTIERI INTRODUZIONE ALLE TECNICHE ANALITICHE STRUMENTALI, ED. LIBRERIA UNIVERSITARIA
Dyar, Gunter, Tasa (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America. 708 pp. Disponibili versioni PDF e iPad.
Hutchison (1974) Laboratory handbook of petrographic techniques. Wiley, 527.

The environment of celestial bodies; the Solar System; the shape and size of the Earth; the main motions of the Earth (rotation and revolution); the long-term movements of the Earth; the Earth-Moon system.
Orientation; time and its measure; the representation of the earth's surface; the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude), the reading of topographic maps.
The shapes of the relief and the modeling of the terrestrial relief; the marine hydrosphere, the continental hydrosphere, the cryosphere; the atmosphere; the climate.
The materials of the Earth: the minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle.
The evolution of the Earth.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the principles of cell biology and tissue organization. Acquisition of conscious judgment autonomy with reference to: evaluation, interpretation and contextualization of photographs acquired with microscopic techniques. Ability to communicate effectively and with the correct terminology;
Applied skills: The basic knowledge acquired through the study of cytology will allow students to apply them to the study of tissues. In addition, students will be able to recognize and comment on a preparation or photograph acquired with a microscopic instrument. Finally, this knowledge will allow students to understand the disciplinary insights that will be carried out in the following years.

Cytology.
Cell theory. Methods of studying the cell: the microscope.
Macromolecules: The main carbohydrates of biological interest and their polymers. Notes on glycolysis. The main lipids of biological interest. Amino acids and proteins. Notes on the structure and function of proteins. Enzymes.
Nucleic acids. DNA and RNA structure. DNA replication, messenger transcription and RNA, genetic code, ribosomes and protein synthesis.
Cell membranes: chemical composition, The fluid mosaic model. Intrinsic and extrinsic proteins. Permeability and active transport. Ionic channels. Intercellular junctions: zonula occludens, zonula adherens and desmosomes.
Cytoplasmic and secretory pathway, The endoplasmic reticulum, Origin and sorting of secretory and membrane proteins. Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes, peroxisomes, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis.
Structure of mitochondria, Probable origin of mitochondria and plastids, DNA in mitochondria, Notes on energy metabolism: respiration.
The cytoskeleton: Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
The nucleus of eukaryotes, nuclear envelope and nuclear pores, histones and nucleosomes. Euchromatin and heterochromatin. The nucleolus. Chromosome structure.
The cell cycle: the interphase (phases G1, S and G2), Cell division. Haploid, diploid and polyploid cells. Mitosis in animal cells. Meiosis. Phases and sub-phases of meiosis. The meaning of meiosis and crossing over. Recombination.

Histology
Epithelial tissue. General characteristics. Coating epithelia. Classification and functions. The basal lamina.
Connective tissue. The different connective tissues: general characteristics and specific characteristics of the different connective tissues. The connective proper. Classification of connectives. Extracellular matrix. Connective cells and their function.
Blood and signs of cellular immunology. The plasma: composition and functions. Erythrocytes and white blood cells: morphological and functional characteristics.
Bone tissue. Spongy bone and compact bone. Microscopic structure of the bone: the osteone. Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.
Muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle tissue. Structure and ultrastructure of muscle fiber. Myofibrils and myofilaments: the sarcomere. Muscle contraction. Heart muscle tissue.
Nervous tissue. The central and peripheral nervous system. Morphology of the neuron. Notes on nerve impulse conduction. The synapse. Neurotransmitters. Neuroglia.

Cytology
Essential Cell Biology, Bruce Alberts, Karen Hopkin, Alexander D. Johnson, David Morgan, Martin Raff. Garland Science. Last edition
Histology
Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, Anthony Mescher. Lange. Last edition

1.Euclidean Geometry; rudiments of history of Greek Mathematics. Ruler and compass constructions. The classical problems. Euclid's Elements.
2. The V Postulate's problem: Posidonius attempt. Equivalent Postulates: Playfair, Wallis, transitivity of parallelism. Saccheri's work. Saccheri's Quadrilaterals. The three hyposes. Saccheri-Lagrange's Theorem and the exclusion of obtuse angle hypothesis. The birth of Non-Euclidean Geometry in Bolyai and Lobatchewaki.
3. Symmetries of the plane: Isometries of the plane and their type. Characterization of an isometry by the image of three points not on a line, Chasles' Theorem. Discrete groups of isometries. Rosettes, Friezes and Wallpaper groups. The Theorem of addiction of the angles. Leonardo's Theorem and the classification of finite groups of isometries. Sketch of the classification of the Frieze groups. Crystallographic restriction's Theorem and the classification of wallpaper groups.
4. Gauss' Geometry; The geometry on the Sphere. Locally euclidean geometries. Uniformly discontinuous groups of isometries. The Torus, Mobius band, Klein bottle. Classification of uniforly discontinuous groups of isometries. Sketch of the proof of the Theorem of classification of locally euclidean geometries
5. Moduli of geometries on the torus and hyperbolic geometry: Similar geometries. Similar geometries on the Torus. The modular figure. Poincaré upper plane model.Lines and distance. What was repugnant to Saccheri and that was not for Aristotle.

R. Trudeau: "La rivoluzione non Euclidea" Bollati Boringhieri
V. Nikulin, I. Shafarevich "Geometries and groups" Springer ed.

Introduction: hazard and risk, historical perspective;
General concepts: Earth Science; energy and causes of natural hazards; managing, modelling and describing natural disasters; forecasting.
Analysis, physical understanding and social impact of the natural disasters in Earth science: earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, landslides, hurricanes, floods, drought, climate changes, sea level changes.
Synthesis: towards a general and shared vision to mitigate natural disasters.

material provided by the teacher

Overview of geomorphology. description and classification of landslides. Examples of landslides and interactions with linear and large infrastructures. Hazard and risk.
Overview of geotechnics. strength characteristics of granular and cohesive soils. principle of effective stress. influence of pore pressure in slope stability. lateral earth pressure and retaining structures.
overview of structural geology and geomechanics. quantitative description of discontinuities in rock masses (isrm). stereographic projections. geomechanical classification of rock mass (hoek, barton, bieniawski). geological strength index, gsi.
methods for slope investigation and monitoring. investigation techniques (boreholes, penetrometric tests, geophysics, etc.) and applications in different landslides typologies. laboratory tests. instruments for slope monitoring (inclinometers, piezometers, topography, etc.). examples of investigation planning.
slope stability analysis. soils slopes: overview of limit equilibrium methods (janbu, bishop, etc.). the infinite slope model. rock slope stability analysis: two and three dimensional wedge slide.
stabilization works: types and design criteria. choice of the most appropriate type of intervention. landslide mitigation: reinforcement measures and reduction of risks. retaining structures (walls, pile sheets, etc.). example of a wall stability analysis. drainage works: example of trench drain design. examples of “soil bioengineering” works.

Manuals and articles provided

Other books:
Colombo-Colleselli: Elementi di Geotecnica. Zanichelli
Lancellotta (2004). Geotecnica. Zanichelli
International Society for Rock Mechanics: Suggested Methods for the
Quantitative description of discontinuities in Rock Masses
Bromhead E.N: The Stability of Slopes. Blachie and Son ltd R.

Part I: The igneous process. geochemical characteristics of magmas as petrogenetic indicators. trace elements and isotopic distribution in magmas. magma melting and diversity. magmatic series. geochemical features and eruptive style in the main petrogenetic provinces. mid-ocean ridge volcanism, subduction-related igneous activity and granitoid rocks. orogenesis and magmatism: the meditteranean province.


Part II: the metamorphic process: lithological types and the main metamorphic facies; gradient of metamorphism and geodynamic settings. the orogenic and subduction-zone metamorphism.the contact metamorphism; migmatites and partial melting processes. mineral growth and rock fabrics: pre-, syn- , post-kinematic crystallization. metamorphic thermobarometry and reconstruction of the pressure-temperature-time (p-t-t) paths in polyphase metamorphism. orogeny and metamorphism: regional examples.



Part III: Main isotopic dating methods used in different geodynamic settings with the aim to understand potential and limits of each method. theory and applications of the following methods: k/ar, ar/ar, rb/sr, u-th/pb, sm/nd. radiation damage methods, as fission tracks and luminescence, particularly useful in thermochronometric reconstruction.

Part I

J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey



Part II

Bucher & Fry - Petrology Of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer



Part III

Faure, T. M. Mensing – Isotopes. Principles And Applications. Wiley, 2005

Part I: The igneous process. geochemical characteristics of magmas as petrogenetic indicators. trace elements and isotopic distribution in magmas. magma melting and diversity. magmatic series. geochemical features and eruptive style in the main petrogenetic provinces. mid-ocean ridge volcanism, subduction-related igneous activity and granitoid rocks. orogenesis and magmatism: the meditteranean province.

Part II: the metamorphic process: lithological types and the main metamorphic facies; gradient of metamorphism and geodynamic settings. The orogenic and subduction-zone metamorphism.the contact metamorphism; migmatites and partial melting processes. mineral growth and rock fabrics: pre-, syn- , post-kinematic crystallization. Metamorphic thermobarometry and reconstruction of the pressure-temperature-time (P-T-t) paths in polyphase metamorphism: regional examples.

Part III: Main isotopic dating methods used in different geodynamic settings with the aim to understand potential and limits of each method. theory and applications of the following methods: k/ar, ar/ar, rb/sr, u-th/pb, sm/nd. radiation damage methods, as fission tracks and luminescence, particularly useful in thermochronometric reconstruction.

Part I
J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey

Parte II
Bucher & Fry - Petrology Of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer

Parte III
Faure, T. M. Mensing – Isotopes. Principles And Applications. Wiley, 2005

Part I: The igneous process. geochemical characteristics of magmas as petrogenetic indicators. trace elements and isotopic distribution in magmas. magma melting and diversity. magmatic series. geochemical features and eruptive style in the main petrogenetic provinces. mid-ocean ridge volcanism, subduction-related igneous activity and granitoid rocks. orogenesis and magmatism: the meditteranean province.

Part II: the metamorphic process: lithological types and the main metamorphic facies; gradient of metamorphism and geodynamic settings. the orogenic and subduction-zone metamorphism.the contact metamorphism; migmatites and partial melting processes. mineral growth and rock fabrics: pre-, syn- , post-kinematic crystallization. metamorphic thermobarometry and reconstruction of the pressure-temperature-time (p-t-t) paths in polyphase metamorphism. orogeny and metamorphism: regional examples.

Part III: Main isotopic dating methods used in different geodynamic settings with the aim to understand potential and limits of each method. theory and applications of the following methods: k/ar, ar/ar, rb/sr, u-th/pb, sm/nd. radiation damage methods, as fission tracks and luminescence, particularly useful in thermochronometric reconstruction.

Part I
J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey

Part II
Bucher & Fry - Petrology Of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer

Part III
Faure, T. M. Mensing – Isotopes. Principles And Applications. Wiley, 2005

Introduction to mineral resources, environmental sustainability and energy, the role of mineral resources for the development of human society, principles of ore deposits, classification and geology of ore deposits, quarries and mines, environmental mineralogy. Case studies: pigments, metals, cement and concrete, zeolites, ceramics, materials for cultural heritage, seminars.

VARIOUS MATERIAL PROVIDED BY THE TEACHER AND ALSO
SE Kesler e AC Simon (2015). Mineral resources, economics and the environment. Cambridge University press. 433 pp.
Ugo Bardi (2011) La terra svuotata. Editori Riuniti, 295 pp.
G. Tanelli (2009) Georisorse e ambiente. Aracne. 280 pp.

Water chemistry. Gas-water-rock interaction (dissolution, leaching, mixing, redox processes, adsorption, precipitation, base exchange). Groundwater classification using Piper, Schoeller, Chada and Stiff diagrams. Chemical equilibria and speciation. Dissolved gases. Ancient and modern groundwater dating using 14C, 3H and CFC methods. Environmental isotopes in hydrogeology ---- Water sampling (springs and streams) in Valle della Caffarella area (Roma) and in situ analyses (T, pH, EC, TDS). Laboratory determination of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3- NO2-, SiO2, PO43- concentration. Data elaboration and modelling using PHREEQC code. Relationships between chemical facies of groundwater and geological setting of Roma area.

C.A.J. Appelo, Dieke Postma Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution, CRC Press Second Edition, 2005, ISBN 9780415364218

The course is intended to provide students with the tools and methods for the study of rocks-forming minerals. After a recall of the basic concepts of structural and morphological crystallography, the most important minerals in geological environments, in particular, the silicates, will be studied from the point of view of their systematic and crystal-chemical aspects. The use of natural materials in industry, technology and in cultural heritage will be also treated. The basic elements of modern techniques for the analysis of minerals and for the use of quantitative data in mineralogy will be given.

Klein c. (2004). Mineralogia. Zanichelli.
Deer W.A., Howie R.A. & Zussman Jj. (1994). Introduzione ai minerali che costituiscono le rocce. Zanichelli.
Mottana A. (1989). Fondamenti di mineralogia geologica. Zanichelli.

And eventually also:
Dyar M.D. e Gunter M. (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America.
Putnis A. (1992). Introduction to Mineral Sciences. Cambridge University Press.

Introduction, chordates, basal vertebrates: 3h
"Agnatha" and the origin of lower jaw: 3h
Chondrychtyes and e osteichthyes: 3h
Sarcopterygians and the origin of tetrapods: 3h
Amphibia: 3h
Anapsida: 3h
Diapsida: 3h
Dinosauria: 3h
Pterosauria vs. Aves: 3h
Sinapsida: 3h
Mesozoic mammals-Metatheria: 3h
Afrotheria and Xenartra: 3h
Boreoeutheria: 3h
Laurasiatheria: 3h
Euarchontoglires: 3h
Primates: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Benton M.J. (2005) - Vertebrate Palaeontology. Blackwell Publishing, 472 pp.
and recent, updated editions.

Additional references to be discussed during the classes will be selected among the most recent and/or controversial.

The materials of the Earth: minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle, the magmatic rocks, the sedimentary rocks, the metamorphic rocks, the bedding and the deformation of the rocks.
Volcanic phenomena: magma and volcanic activity, the main types of eruptions, shape of volcanic buildings, products of volcanic activity, the geographic distribution of volcanoes, volcanoes and man (the volcanic risk).
Seismic phenomena: the theory of elastic rebound, the seismic cycle, types of seismic waves and their propagation and registration, the force of an earthquake (scales of intensity and magnitude), the geographic distribution of earthquakes, the seismic activity and the man (seismic risk)
Plate tectonics: the internal structure of the Earth, the structure of the crust, the Earth's magnetic field, Earth’s internal heat, the convective mantle, from the hypothesis of the drift of the continents to the formulation of the theory of plate tectonics.
The Earth as an integrated system: interaction between the different systems of the planet (biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, cryosphere), the earth's atmosphere, climate and meteorological phenomena, renewable and non-renewable natural resources.
Field trip in Caffarella Valley
Field trip in the city of Rome

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

TEACHING MATHEMATICS WITH THE HELP OF A COMPUTER: GEOGEBRA AND MATHEMATICA SOFTWARES.
COMMANDS FOR NUMERICAL AND SYMBOLIC CALCULUS, GRAPHICS VISUALIZATION, PARAMETRIC SURFACES AND CURVES WITH ANIMATIONS IN CHANGING PARAMETERS.
SOLVING PROBLEMS: TRIANGLE'S PROPERTIES IN EUCLIDEAN AND NON-EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY WITH EXAMPLES, APPROXIMATION OF PI AND OTHER IRRATIONAL NUMBERS, SOLUTIONS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES, SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS, DEFINING AND VISUALIZING GEOMETRICAL LOCI, FUNCTION INTEGRAL AND DERIVATIVES, APPROXIMATION OF SURFACE AREA.

LIST OF PROBLEMS GIVEN IN CLASS WITH VISUALIZATION AND SOLUTIONS WITH THE HELP OF SOFTWARE MATHEMATICA OR GEOGEBRA.

the course touches on basic algebraic topics:
divisibility, Euclid's algorithm,
continuous fractions, Fibonacci numbers,
combinatorics, straightedge and compass construction, cardinality, lattices and Boole Algebras.

testi consigliati (non da acquistare)
Baldoni, Ciliberto, Piacentini: Aritmetica, crittografia e codici
Papick, Algebra Connections
Materiale e dispense online

Module 1. From common knowledge to scientific knowledge. The indicators of scientific knowledge; the contribution of formal education to the image of science; scientific communication.
Module 2. Physics education, a research fieldOrigin and development of research in physics education in Italy; the constructivist paradigm; concepts and misconceptions; research on mental representations; conceptual change models; the conceptual nuclei of Physics.
Module 3. Scientific teaching in secondary school Design the curriculum of Physics in the different orders and in the various study addresses; the teaching / learning process; orientation teaching and laboratory teaching as a didactic methodological approach; from content to programming by skills; training orientation.
Module 4. The role of the "laboratory" in learning Physics Integration between theory and experimental verification; from observation of the phenomenon to the construction of the model; the different ways of "doing laboratory"; design of work units identifying the most appropriate experimental activities (demonstration; in the classroom with poor materials, in the instrumental laboratory, simulated through multimedia aids); implementation of laboratory operational skills for experiment management.
Module 5. Flexible and modular design of content / knowledge, teaching methodologies and learning environments Core foundations of Physics; analysis and planning of didactic courses that respond to verticality criteria (evolution of concepts coherent and appropriate to students' cognitive development) and transversality (integration of Physics with other disciplines); simulations of teaching methodologies such as: dialogue lesson, microteaching, co-planning, peer-to-peer evaluation, cooperative learning activities, group work.
Module 6. Learning evaluation of learning Modes and tools used in the various stages of monitoring, measurement, verification, evaluation and self-evaluation of learning; identification of learning contexts capable of developing and detecting skills; the National Evaluation System (SNV).
Module 7. Modern and Contemporary Physics The role of modern and contemporary Physics in school curricula: what content / paths to propose that guarantee students a real understanding of them. The new State Exam and the role of Physics in the second written test in scientific high schools. Instrumental laboratory. Five instrumental laboratories of three hours each in the months of March, April and May.

Students can take advantage of the following teaching material on the Platform of the Department of Mathematics and Physics: Power-pointrelative presentations to the contents of the lessons, research articles, work material (texts to be analyzed taken from textbooks, articles of scientific dissemination, original memories , “tutorial” cards, videos, applets, cards for group work, grids for assessing learning, web-sites).

ESSENTIAL BIBLIOGRAFY
Arons Arnold B. 1992, Guida all'insegnamento della fisica, Zanichelli•P. Guidoni, M. Arcà 2000 –Guardare per sistemi e guardare per variabili –l’educazione scientifica di base -AIF Editore•Vicentini M., Mayer M. (a cura di) (1999). Didattica della Fisica, Loescher Editore.•Grimellini Tomasini N., Segré G. (a cura di) (1991). Conoscenze scientifiche: le rappresentazioni mentali degli studenti, La Nuova Italia, Firenze.•La fisica secondo il PSSC, 25 film del Physical Science Study-Zanichelli•F. Bocci, Manuale per il laboratorio di fisica: introduzione all’analisi dei dati sperimentali -Zanichell

1. Introduction to the Course, Earth Physics and the Environment

2. Introduction to Matlab, matrices and vectors, functions

3. Recall to Fourier series and transform. Transfer function, causality, dispersion.

4. Matlab Exercise, Pulse Response

5. Sampling theorem, aliasing, analytical signal, signal energy

6. Matlab Exercise, Fourier Transform, FFT

7. Time series

8. Matlab Exercise, Least Squares problem and Data fitting

9. Introduction to Climate Change

10. Exercise on a time series (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere)

11. Earthquakes and propagation of waves

12. Exercise on a time series (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere)

13. Maxwell equations, constitutive relations

14. Exercise on a time series (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere)

15. Low frequency and high frequency electromagnetic measurements

16. Exercise on Earthquake location

17. Relation between electrical parameters and hydraulic parameters: electrical conductivity and hydraulic permeability

18. Exercise on Earthquake location

19. Hydrodynamic dispersion equation

20. Exercise on the diffusion of a pollutant

D. C. Champeney, Fourier Transform and their applications, Academic Press.

A. R. Von Hippel, Dielectric and Waves, John Wiley & Sons.

EACH LESSON WILL ILLUSTRATE THE CLIMATES AND THE ENVIRONMENTS WHICH CHARACTERIZED THE EARTH SINCE HADEAN TO HOLOCENE.
Hadean and Archean: 3h
Proterozoic: 3h
Cambrian: 3h
Ordovician: 3h
Silurian: 3h
Devonian: 3h
Carboniferous: 3h
Permian: 3h
Triassic: 3h
Giurassic: 3h
Cretaceous: 3h
Paleogene: 3h
Neogene: 3h
Quaternary: 3h
Further insights: causes and dinamics of climate change, main floral and faunal turnovers, supplementary data on palaeogeography, topics selected by the students: 6h

STANLEY S.S. (2009) - EARTH SYSTEM HISTORY. FREEMAN AND COMPANY, NEW YORK, 551 PP.

ELMI S. & BABIN C. (2006) – HISTOIRE DE LA TERRE. DUNOD, PARIS, 239 PP.
ANDERSON D.E., GOUDIE A.S., PARKER A.G. (2007) - GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTS THROUGH THE QUATERNARY. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, OXFORD, 359 PP.
GORNITZ V. (ED.)(2009) – ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PALEOCLIMATOLOGY AND ANCIENT ENVIRONMENTS. SPRINGER (REFERENCE BOOK).
SELDEN P. & NUDDS J. (2012) – EVOLUTION OF FOSSIL ECOSYSTEMS. MANSON PUBLISHING, 2ND EDITION

Additional references to be discussed during the classes will be selected among the most recent and/or controversial.

The course aims to provide students with the theoretical and experimental concepts for understanding the earthquake generation through the seismological and geodetic studies of the seismic source and the crustal deformation associated with the seismic cycle, with particular attention to the seismicity of our peninsula.
It will also deal with issues related to microzonation, seismic hazard and its application in seismic codes and regulations, as well as practical experiments for the acquisition and analysis of seismic and geodetic data.

Terremoti e onde. Metodi e pratica della sismologia moderna. Aldo Zollo e Antonio Emolo, Liguori Editore, 2011.
Introduction to Seismology, Earthquakes, and Earth Structure. Seth Stein and Michael Wysession, Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. Kramer, S.L., Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 1996.
Terremoto e rischio sismico. M.G. Ciaccio e G. Cultrera, Collana Fondamenti, Ed. Ediesse, 2014.

The course program includes the presentation and discussion of the following topics:
Definition and types of urban systems. Natural hazards and risks of urban areas. Role of geological conditions, influence of natural factors and geographical conditions on the development of urban areas. Risk, hazard, exposed value and vulnerability in urban areas, and their evolution in time. Methodology for collection, normalization and processing of drilling data. Issues and real cases applications.

Geologia di Roma “Vol L” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (1995).
La geologia di Roma dal centro storico alla periferia “Vol LXXX” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (2008).
U. Ventriglia – Geologia del territorio del Comune di Roma, a cura dell’Amministrazione Provinciale di Roma, (2002).
G. Gisotti – Ambiente urbano. – Dario Flaccovio Editore, Palermo (2007).

Environmental data computerization and storage management. Geospatial analysis and elaboration with the open source “QGIS” and the libraries: GDAL/OGR, SAGA, GRASS. GIS data download from Web (e.g. Italian and American geological survey, aerospace agencies – NASA, ESA, JAXA- JRC-European Union), WMS and Webgis (international, national and regional).
Base data processing in raster, vector and tabular format, join attribute tables and geoprocessing. Geoferencing and cartography. Elaboration of digital model of terrain (contours, slope, shade etc). Gis & remote sensing. Geomorphological analysis and drawing of geological map (basic, advanced instruments and cad in Qgis). Use of relational DBMS (Postgis, spatialLite) for the processing of lithological and hydrogeological data in depth. Geologic profile elaboration (midvatten & inkscape).Data distribution and sharing on the Web (e.g. Geoserver, Geonode, OSM). Qgis and Python (PyQgis) to formulate scripts in geology. Qgis and R for geostatistical analysis. Interpolation. Exercises (using existing actual data) and theory regarding the spatial susceptibility of landslides activation, GIS applied to seismic microzonation, hydrogeology, vulcanology, real-time environmental disaster data mining (e.g. JRC-EU), Risk management and GIS-based decision support. Printed and digital layout of results (2D map and 3D geological models with video of 3D model).

Course material (ppt) and scientific articles provided by the professor, web learning
Books for further detailed studies (optional)
1. Mario A. Gomarasca – Basics of geomatics – Springer 2009
2. Noti V. “GIS Open Source per Geologia e Ambiente”, Ed. Flaccovio (2014)

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the principles of cell biology and tissue organization. Acquisition of conscious judgment autonomy with reference to: evaluation, interpretation and contextualization of photographs acquired with microscopic techniques. Ability to communicate effectively and with the correct terminology;
Applied skills: The basic knowledge acquired through the study of cytology will allow students to apply them to the study of tissues. In addition, students will be able to recognize and comment on a preparation or photograph acquired with a microscopic instrument. Finally, this knowledge will allow students to understand the disciplinary insights that will be carried out in the following years.

Cytology.
Cell theory. Methods of studying the cell: the microscope.
Macromolecules: The main carbohydrates of biological interest and their polymers. Notes on glycolysis. The main lipids of biological interest. Amino acids and proteins. Notes on the structure and function of proteins. Enzymes.
Nucleic acids. DNA and RNA structure. DNA replication, messenger transcription and RNA, genetic code, ribosomes and protein synthesis.
Cell membranes: chemical composition, The fluid mosaic model. Intrinsic and extrinsic proteins. Permeability and active transport. Ionic channels. Intercellular junctions: zonula occludens, zonula adherens and desmosomes.
Cytoplasmic and secretory pathway, The endoplasmic reticulum, Origin and sorting of secretory and membrane proteins. Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes, peroxisomes, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis.
Structure of mitochondria, Probable origin of mitochondria and plastids, DNA in mitochondria, Notes on energy metabolism: respiration.
The cytoskeleton: Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
The nucleus of eukaryotes, nuclear envelope and nuclear pores, histones and nucleosomes. Euchromatin and heterochromatin. The nucleolus. Chromosome structure.
The cell cycle: the interphase (phases G1, S and G2), Cell division. Haploid, diploid and polyploid cells. Mitosis in animal cells. Meiosis. Phases and sub-phases of meiosis. The meaning of meiosis and crossing over. Recombination.

Histology
Epithelial tissue. General characteristics. Coating epithelia. Classification and functions. The basal lamina.
Connective tissue. The different connective tissues: general characteristics and specific characteristics of the different connective tissues. The connective proper. Classification of connectives. Extracellular matrix. Connective cells and their function.
Blood and signs of cellular immunology. The plasma: composition and functions. Erythrocytes and white blood cells: morphological and functional characteristics.
Bone tissue. Spongy bone and compact bone. Microscopic structure of the bone: the osteone. Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.
Muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle tissue. Structure and ultrastructure of muscle fiber. Myofibrils and myofilaments: the sarcomere. Muscle contraction. Heart muscle tissue.
Nervous tissue. The central and peripheral nervous system. Morphology of the neuron. Notes on nerve impulse conduction. The synapse. Neurotransmitters. Neuroglia.

Cytology
Essential Cell Biology, Bruce Alberts, Karen Hopkin, Alexander D. Johnson, David Morgan, Martin Raff. Garland Science. Last edition
Histology
Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, Anthony Mescher. Lange. Last edition

The environment of celestial bodies; the Solar System; the shape and size of the Earth; the main motions of the Earth (rotation and revolution); the long-term movements of the Earth; the Earth-Moon system.
Orientation; time and its measure; the representation of the earth's surface; the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude), the reading of topographic maps.
The shapes of the relief and the modeling of the terrestrial relief; the marine hydrosphere, the continental hydrosphere, the cryosphere; the atmosphere; the climate.
The materials of the Earth: the minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle.
The evolution of the Earth.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

1.Euclidean Geometry; rudiments of history of Greek Mathematics. Ruler and compass constructions. The classical problems. Euclid's Elements.
2. The V Postulate's problem: Posidonius attempt. Equivalent Postulates: Playfair, Wallis, transitivity of parallelism. Saccheri's work. Saccheri's Quadrilaterals. The three hyposes. Saccheri-Lagrange's Theorem and the exclusion of obtuse angle hypothesis. The birth of Non-Euclidean Geometry in Bolyai and Lobatchewaki.
3. Symmetries of the plane: Isometries of the plane and their type. Characterization of an isometry by the image of three points not on a line, Chasles' Theorem. Discrete groups of isometries. Rosettes, Friezes and Wallpaper groups. The Theorem of addiction of the angles. Leonardo's Theorem and the classification of finite groups of isometries. Sketch of the classification of the Frieze groups. Crystallographic restriction's Theorem and the classification of wallpaper groups.
4. Gauss' Geometry; The geometry on the Sphere. Locally euclidean geometries. Uniformly discontinuous groups of isometries. The Torus, Mobius band, Klein bottle. Classification of uniforly discontinuous groups of isometries. Sketch of the proof of the Theorem of classification of locally euclidean geometries
5. Moduli of geometries on the torus and hyperbolic geometry: Similar geometries. Similar geometries on the Torus. The modular figure. Poincaré upper plane model.Lines and distance. What was repugnant to Saccheri and that was not for Aristotle.

R. Trudeau: "La rivoluzione non Euclidea" Bollati Boringhieri
V. Nikulin, I. Shafarevich "Geometries and groups" Springer ed.

Introduction: hazard and risk, historical perspective;
General concepts: Earth Science; energy and causes of natural hazards; managing, modelling and describing natural disasters; forecasting.
Analysis, physical understanding and social impact of the natural disasters in Earth science: earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, landslides, hurricanes, floods, drought, climate changes, sea level changes.
Synthesis: towards a general and shared vision to mitigate natural disasters.

material provided by the teacher

Structure of silicate melts. Effect of temperature pressure and composition of the structural configuration of silicate melts. Glass transition temperature and relaxation times.
Chemical and physical properties of magma: density, viscosity, volatile solubility, diffusivity, compressibility and electrical conductivities of magmas. Termodynamic properties of magmas: enthalpy, entropy and heat capacity. Effect of chemical composition, temperature and pressure on the density and viscosity of magmas. The influence of degassing crystallization and deformation regime on the rheological properties of magmas.
Control of the physical and chemical properties on the ascent of magma and on the eruptive style of volcanoes.
Magma ascent: Nucleation and growth of bubbles. Crystallization processes. Fragmentation criteria and magma explosivity. Evolution of physical parameters of magma and flow dynamics during magma ascent
Lava flows: Types of lava flows and rheological control of lava flow geometry. Lava flow motion and effects of ground slope.
Explosive eruptions: Influence of physical parameters on eruptive styles. Steady explosive eruptions: eruption plumes formation. Fallout of clasts from eruption plumes and unstable eruption columns. Formation of piroclastic density currents.
The course will include laboratory activities for the experimental determination of physical-chemical properties of magmas (high temperature experiments and spectroscopic measurements) and numerical exercises aimed at the quantitative determination of the textural parameters of iuvenile products (cristallinity, vesicularity, crystal and bubble size distribution) and at the numerical simulation of the conduit and eruptive dynamics.

FUNDAMENTAL OF PHYSICAL VOLCANOLOGY. ELISABETH A. PARFITT AND LIONEL WILSON. BLACKWELL PUBLISHING
Material furnished by the Professor

Third part: Practical teaching which will be conducted throughout the entire duration of the course. The practical teaching will include laboratory activities for the experimental determination of physical-chemical properties of magmas (high temperature experiments and spectroscopic measurements) and numerical exercises aimed at the quantitative determination of the textural parameters of juvenile products (crystallinity, vesicularity, crystal and bubble size distribution) and at the numerical simulation of the conduit and eruptive dynamics.

First part (Physical and chemical properties of magma)
Encyclopedia of Volcanoes Haraldur Sigurdsson - Academic Press
Origin and Transport of Magma - Volatiles in Magmas (Paul Wallace and Alfred T. Anderson, Jr.)
Physical Properties of Magmas (Frank J. Spera)

Second part (magma dynamics)
Fundamental of Physical Volcanology Elisabeth A. Parfitt and Lionel Wilson - Blackwell publishing
Encyclopedia of Volcanoes Haraldur Sigurdsson - Academic Press
Explosive Volcanism

Overview of geomorphology. description and classification of landslides. Examples of landslides and interactions with linear and large infrastructures. Hazard and risk.
Overview of geotechnics. strength characteristics of granular and cohesive soils. principle of effective stress. influence of pore pressure in slope stability. lateral earth pressure and retaining structures.
overview of structural geology and geomechanics. quantitative description of discontinuities in rock masses (isrm). stereographic projections. geomechanical classification of rock mass (hoek, barton, bieniawski). geological strength index, gsi.
methods for slope investigation and monitoring. investigation techniques (boreholes, penetrometric tests, geophysics, etc.) and applications in different landslides typologies. laboratory tests. instruments for slope monitoring (inclinometers, piezometers, topography, etc.). examples of investigation planning.
slope stability analysis. soils slopes: overview of limit equilibrium methods (janbu, bishop, etc.). the infinite slope model. rock slope stability analysis: two and three dimensional wedge slide.
stabilization works: types and design criteria. choice of the most appropriate type of intervention. landslide mitigation: reinforcement measures and reduction of risks. retaining structures (walls, pile sheets, etc.). example of a wall stability analysis. drainage works: example of trench drain design. examples of “soil bioengineering” works.

Manuals and articles provided

Other books:
Colombo-Colleselli: Elementi di Geotecnica. Zanichelli
Lancellotta (2004). Geotecnica. Zanichelli
International Society for Rock Mechanics: Suggested Methods for the
Quantitative description of discontinuities in Rock Masses
Bromhead E.N: The Stability of Slopes. Blachie and Son ltd R.

Water chemistry. Gas-water-rock interaction (dissolution, leaching, mixing, redox processes, adsorption, precipitation, base exchange). Groundwater classification using Piper, Schoeller, Chada and Stiff diagrams. Chemical equilibria and speciation. Dissolved gases. Ancient and modern groundwater dating using 14C, 3H and CFC methods. Environmental isotopes in hydrogeology ---- Water sampling (springs and streams) in Valle della Caffarella area (Roma) and in situ analyses (T, pH, EC, TDS). Laboratory determination of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3- NO2-, SiO2, PO43- concentration. Data elaboration and modelling using PHREEQC code. Relationships between chemical facies of groundwater and geological setting of Roma area.

C.A.J. Appelo, Dieke Postma Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution, CRC Press Second Edition, 2005, ISBN 9780415364218

The course is intended to provide students with the tools and methods for the study of rocks-forming minerals. After a recall of the basic concepts of structural and morphological crystallography, the most important minerals in geological environments, in particular, the silicates, will be studied from the point of view of their systematic and crystal-chemical aspects. The use of natural materials in industry, technology and in cultural heritage will be also treated. The basic elements of modern techniques for the analysis of minerals and for the use of quantitative data in mineralogy will be given.

Klein c. (2004). Mineralogia. Zanichelli.
Deer W.A., Howie R.A. & Zussman Jj. (1994). Introduzione ai minerali che costituiscono le rocce. Zanichelli.
Mottana A. (1989). Fondamenti di mineralogia geologica. Zanichelli.

And eventually also:
Dyar M.D. e Gunter M. (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America.
Putnis A. (1992). Introduction to Mineral Sciences. Cambridge University Press.

Introduction, chordates, basal vertebrates: 3h
"Agnatha" and the origin of lower jaw: 3h
Chondrychtyes and e osteichthyes: 3h
Sarcopterygians and the origin of tetrapods: 3h
Amphibia: 3h
Anapsida: 3h
Diapsida: 3h
Dinosauria: 3h
Pterosauria vs. Aves: 3h
Sinapsida: 3h
Mesozoic mammals-Metatheria: 3h
Afrotheria and Xenartra: 3h
Boreoeutheria: 3h
Laurasiatheria: 3h
Euarchontoglires: 3h
Primates: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Benton M.J. (2005) - Vertebrate Palaeontology. Blackwell Publishing, 472 pp.
and recent, updated editions.

Additional references to be discussed during the classes will be selected among the most recent and/or controversial.

The materials of the Earth: minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle, the magmatic rocks, the sedimentary rocks, the metamorphic rocks, the bedding and the deformation of the rocks.
Volcanic phenomena: magma and volcanic activity, the main types of eruptions, shape of volcanic buildings, products of volcanic activity, the geographic distribution of volcanoes, volcanoes and man (the volcanic risk).
Seismic phenomena: the theory of elastic rebound, the seismic cycle, types of seismic waves and their propagation and registration, the force of an earthquake (scales of intensity and magnitude), the geographic distribution of earthquakes, the seismic activity and the man (seismic risk)
Plate tectonics: the internal structure of the Earth, the structure of the crust, the Earth's magnetic field, Earth’s internal heat, the convective mantle, from the hypothesis of the drift of the continents to the formulation of the theory of plate tectonics.
The Earth as an integrated system: interaction between the different systems of the planet (biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, cryosphere), the earth's atmosphere, climate and meteorological phenomena, renewable and non-renewable natural resources.
Field trip in Caffarella Valley
Field trip in the city of Rome

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

TEACHING MATHEMATICS WITH THE HELP OF A COMPUTER: GEOGEBRA AND MATHEMATICA SOFTWARES.
COMMANDS FOR NUMERICAL AND SYMBOLIC CALCULUS, GRAPHICS VISUALIZATION, PARAMETRIC SURFACES AND CURVES WITH ANIMATIONS IN CHANGING PARAMETERS.
SOLVING PROBLEMS: TRIANGLE'S PROPERTIES IN EUCLIDEAN AND NON-EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY WITH EXAMPLES, APPROXIMATION OF PI AND OTHER IRRATIONAL NUMBERS, SOLUTIONS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES, SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS, DEFINING AND VISUALIZING GEOMETRICAL LOCI, FUNCTION INTEGRAL AND DERIVATIVES, APPROXIMATION OF SURFACE AREA.

LIST OF PROBLEMS GIVEN IN CLASS WITH VISUALIZATION AND SOLUTIONS WITH THE HELP OF SOFTWARE MATHEMATICA OR GEOGEBRA.

the course touches on basic algebraic topics:
divisibility, Euclid's algorithm,
continuous fractions, Fibonacci numbers,
combinatorics, straightedge and compass construction, cardinality, lattices and Boole Algebras.

testi consigliati (non da acquistare)
Baldoni, Ciliberto, Piacentini: Aritmetica, crittografia e codici
Papick, Algebra Connections
Materiale e dispense online

Module 1. From common knowledge to scientific knowledge. The indicators of scientific knowledge; the contribution of formal education to the image of science; scientific communication.
Module 2. Physics education, a research fieldOrigin and development of research in physics education in Italy; the constructivist paradigm; concepts and misconceptions; research on mental representations; conceptual change models; the conceptual nuclei of Physics.
Module 3. Scientific teaching in secondary school Design the curriculum of Physics in the different orders and in the various study addresses; the teaching / learning process; orientation teaching and laboratory teaching as a didactic methodological approach; from content to programming by skills; training orientation.
Module 4. The role of the "laboratory" in learning Physics Integration between theory and experimental verification; from observation of the phenomenon to the construction of the model; the different ways of "doing laboratory"; design of work units identifying the most appropriate experimental activities (demonstration; in the classroom with poor materials, in the instrumental laboratory, simulated through multimedia aids); implementation of laboratory operational skills for experiment management.
Module 5. Flexible and modular design of content / knowledge, teaching methodologies and learning environments Core foundations of Physics; analysis and planning of didactic courses that respond to verticality criteria (evolution of concepts coherent and appropriate to students' cognitive development) and transversality (integration of Physics with other disciplines); simulations of teaching methodologies such as: dialogue lesson, microteaching, co-planning, peer-to-peer evaluation, cooperative learning activities, group work.
Module 6. Learning evaluation of learning Modes and tools used in the various stages of monitoring, measurement, verification, evaluation and self-evaluation of learning; identification of learning contexts capable of developing and detecting skills; the National Evaluation System (SNV).
Module 7. Modern and Contemporary Physics The role of modern and contemporary Physics in school curricula: what content / paths to propose that guarantee students a real understanding of them. The new State Exam and the role of Physics in the second written test in scientific high schools. Instrumental laboratory. Five instrumental laboratories of three hours each in the months of March, April and May.

Students can take advantage of the following teaching material on the Platform of the Department of Mathematics and Physics: Power-pointrelative presentations to the contents of the lessons, research articles, work material (texts to be analyzed taken from textbooks, articles of scientific dissemination, original memories , “tutorial” cards, videos, applets, cards for group work, grids for assessing learning, web-sites).

ESSENTIAL BIBLIOGRAFY
Arons Arnold B. 1992, Guida all'insegnamento della fisica, Zanichelli•P. Guidoni, M. Arcà 2000 –Guardare per sistemi e guardare per variabili –l’educazione scientifica di base -AIF Editore•Vicentini M., Mayer M. (a cura di) (1999). Didattica della Fisica, Loescher Editore.•Grimellini Tomasini N., Segré G. (a cura di) (1991). Conoscenze scientifiche: le rappresentazioni mentali degli studenti, La Nuova Italia, Firenze.•La fisica secondo il PSSC, 25 film del Physical Science Study-Zanichelli•F. Bocci, Manuale per il laboratorio di fisica: introduzione all’analisi dei dati sperimentali -Zanichell

EACH LESSON WILL ILLUSTRATE THE CLIMATES AND THE ENVIRONMENTS WHICH CHARACTERIZED THE EARTH SINCE HADEAN TO HOLOCENE.
Hadean and Archean: 3h
Proterozoic: 3h
Cambrian: 3h
Ordovician: 3h
Silurian: 3h
Devonian: 3h
Carboniferous: 3h
Permian: 3h
Triassic: 3h
Giurassic: 3h
Cretaceous: 3h
Paleogene: 3h
Neogene: 3h
Quaternary: 3h
Further insights: causes and dinamics of climate change, main floral and faunal turnovers, supplementary data on palaeogeography, topics selected by the students: 6h

STANLEY S.S. (2009) - EARTH SYSTEM HISTORY. FREEMAN AND COMPANY, NEW YORK, 551 PP.

ELMI S. & BABIN C. (2006) – HISTOIRE DE LA TERRE. DUNOD, PARIS, 239 PP.
ANDERSON D.E., GOUDIE A.S., PARKER A.G. (2007) - GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTS THROUGH THE QUATERNARY. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, OXFORD, 359 PP.
GORNITZ V. (ED.)(2009) – ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PALEOCLIMATOLOGY AND ANCIENT ENVIRONMENTS. SPRINGER (REFERENCE BOOK).
SELDEN P. & NUDDS J. (2012) – EVOLUTION OF FOSSIL ECOSYSTEMS. MANSON PUBLISHING, 2ND EDITION

Additional references to be discussed during the classes will be selected among the most recent and/or controversial.

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

Introduction to the course. Introduction to Matlab 1. Matricial Calculation; search for main components (eigenvalues, eigenvectors, ...).
Introduction to Matlab 2: rows, columns, matrix, figure, vectors, import data, ... Tensors; rigid rototranslations and associated matrix.
Rotation of a seismic signal to derive the radial and transverse component. Complex numbers and trigonometric functions. Polar representation. Phasor. Matlab exercise: representation in Cartesian-polar-spherical coordinates. Vector calculation. Waves. Stationary waves.
Signal analysis: linear time-invariant system, Convolution theorem.
Exercise on the impulse and step response. Fourier series. Fourier transform. Exercise on Fourier Analysis of mechanical waves. Solution of the wave equation in the frequency domain. Exercise: delay and phase.
Cross Correlation - Filtering of data in time and frequency domain.

Mathematical modelling for Earth sciences. Xin She Yang. Dunedin.

Program of the course of "Physics of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere"
prof. Carlo Scotto
Most of the topics are dealt in the book by G.W. Prölss ("Physics of the Earth's Space Environment", ed. Springer). Reference is made to the paragraphs of this book. The remaining topics are reported in the distributed Lesson Notes. The relevant detailed bibliography is shown in them.
Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of the topics covered.

1. Notions of magneto-ionospheric plasma physics
Plasma frequency, Debye distance and Debye-Hückel potential, plasma conditions, free mean path, phase refraction index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and in the absence of magnetic field, cold plasma (Lesson notes). (P. 232, § 7.3.1, § 7.3.2, § 7.3.3). Energy of the electromagnetic field (Lesson notes). Motion of electric charges in a magnetic field: gyration motion, the magnetic moment as an adiabatic invariant, motion where grad(B) is parallel to B, bounce motion (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, pp. 220-228), gradient drift motion (§ 5.3.2, pp. 228-229), neutral shift drift, drift E x B and plasma conductivity in the absence of collisions, drift under the action of external forces (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, § 5.3.3 pp. 219-233).

2. The interplanetary medium.
The solar corona and the solar wind (§ 6.1 and 6.1.1, pp. 278-282, including all the references). Large-scale solar wind structure and on the ecliptic plane (§ 6.1.6). The interplanetary magnetic field: observations and physical characteristics (§ 6.2.1, pp. 300-304). The heliosferic current sheet (§ 6.2.4). Segment structure of the polar component of B (§ 6.2.5). Alfven's theorem (Appendix A.14, pp.484-487).

3. Magnetosphere
The geomagnetic field near the Earth (§ 5.2). Curvature drift (p. 233). Total drift (p. 234-235). Composed motion of charge carriers (§ 5.3.4). Particle populations in the internal magnetosphere: radiation belts, ring current, plasmashere (§ 5.4).
The distant geomagnetic field: configuration and classification, currents on the diurnal side of the magnetopause, reflection of the particles and formation of the current, system of currents in the geomagnetic tail (§ 5.5). Particle population in the external magnetosphere: magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer (§ 5.6). Formation of bow shock and the magnetosheat (§ 6.4 introduction and § 6.4.1, pp. 325-328).

4. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, gas radiation attenuation, energy deposition in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth ionosphere: historical outline, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and disappearance of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in E region and in region F2 region (§ 3.2; introduction of chap 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3). Ionosphere morphology: the cusps on the ionogram trace and the ionospheric regions (Lesson notes). Regular variations of the ionosphere: layers E and F1 (Lesson notes). Irregular variations of the ionosphere: F2 layer (Lesson notes). Sporadic E layer(Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for regions E and F: F1 layer (Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for region D (Lesson notes). Refraction index for radio waves with collisions and in the absence of a magnetic field; interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index: absorption ( Lesson notes). Solar flares and short waves fadeout (Lesson notes). Additional notes on the F1 layer (Lesson notes). Additional notes on layer E (Lesson notes).

5. Magnetoionic theory
Introduction. Constitutive equations for a cold plasma with collisions and in the presence of a magnetic field (Lesson notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, neglecting collisions and considering the Earth's magnetic field: Appleton-Hartree equation (Lesson notes). Continuity of nf in X = 1. The zeros of the collisionless Appleton-Hartree equation: longitudinal, transverse and general propagation case (Lesson notes). Polarization: continuity in X = 1 in the general case and in the case of longitudinal propagation. Polarization in case of longitudinal propagation: dependence on the sign of YL. Polarization in general conditions, for X = 1 (Lesson Notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, considering collisions and the earth's magnetic field. Mention upon the polarization in the collisional case. Curves of mi(X) with collisions: importance of the Booker rule (Lesson notes). Conditions of reflection and ionograms, ordinary, extraordinary trace. Ray Z (Lesson Notes). Examples of ionograms (Lesson notes).
As indicated in the lesson notes, the material of this teaching unit can be found at: Ratcliffe, J. A. (1959), The magneto-Ionic Theory and its Applications to the Ionosphere, Cambridge University Press.

6. Absorption and dissipation of solar wind energy
Topology of the high polar atmosphere (§ 7.1). Electric fields, and plasma convection (§ 7.2). Conductivity and currents in the polar ionosphere (§ 7.3). Polar auroras: energy dissipation of the auroral particles, origin of the auroral particles, diffuse and discrete aurora(§ 7. 4). Solar Wind Dynamo (§ 7.6.1), open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.2), plasma convection in the open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.3), open magnetosphere with tail (§ 7.6.4), mention upon the reconnection (part of § 7.6. 5) Birkeland currents in regions 1 and 2 (§ 7.6.6).

7. Geospheric storms
Magnetic storms: regular variation, equatorial electroject, magnetic activity at low, high and medium latitudes, geomagnetic indexes (§ 8.1). Magnetic substorms: growth and expansion phase, Alvfèn waves and their role (§ 8.3). Ionospheric storms: negative and positive storms (§ 8.5).

1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Lecture Notes

1 Solar System Part
- Overall description of the Solar System, mass and angular momentum distribution, astrophysical variables.
- Overall description of planets, their main characteristics ; description of planetary satellites systems and of minor bodies of the Solar System.
- Terrestrial planets: main characteristics and evolutive processes of planetary surfaces.
- Terrestrial planets: thermal history, impact cratering processes, volcanism, tectonics.Comparative planetology.
- Meteorites and minor bodies; radiometric dating and clues for the formation of the Solar System.
- Giant planets
- Planetary satellites
- Internal structure of planets, different evolution of terrestrial and giant planets.
- Planetary atmospheres
2 Extrasolar Planets Part
- Historical Introduction
- Exo planets Indirect discovery methods
- Exo planets Direct discovery methods
- Exo Planets Characteristics
- Physics of extrasolar Planets
- Characterization and results
- Which Life?
- Habitability and Habitable Zone
- The search for life
3 Common Part
- Introduction to the Planetary formation Theory

- There is no official text of the course. A suggested text is the following: Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press. During the course several scientific review papers will be suggested by the lecturers.

The course program includes the presentation and discussion of the following topics:
Definition and types of urban systems. Natural hazards and risks of urban areas. Role of geological conditions, influence of natural factors and geographical conditions on the development of urban areas. Risk, hazard, exposed value and vulnerability in urban areas, and their evolution in time. Methodology for collection, normalization and processing of drilling data. Issues and real cases applications.

Geologia di Roma “Vol L” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (1995).
La geologia di Roma dal centro storico alla periferia “Vol LXXX” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (2008).
U. Ventriglia – Geologia del territorio del Comune di Roma, a cura dell’Amministrazione Provinciale di Roma, (2002).
G. Gisotti – Ambiente urbano. – Dario Flaccovio Editore, Palermo (2007).

- PHYSICAL AND INDEX PROPETIES OF SOILS; SOIL CLASSIFICATION; ATTERBERG LIMITS;
- PERMEABILITY OF SOILS; DARCY’S LAW; LABORATORY PERMEABILITY TESTS;
- STRESSES (TOTAL AND EFFETTIVE) IN SOILS;
- COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOIL; ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION TEST; LOAD-DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS;
- SHEAR STREANGTH OF SOIL; MOHR’S THEORY OF FAILURE; DIRECT SHEAR TEST; TRIAXIAL TEST;
- STABILITY OF SLOPES; INFINITY SLOPES; METHOD OF SLICES (BISHOP’S SIMPLIFIED METHOD);
- CLASSIFICATION AND INDEX PROPERTIES OF ROCKS;
- ROCK STRENGTH AND FAILURE CRITERIA;
- APPLICATIONS OF ROCK MECHANICS TO ROCK SLOPE ENGINEERING.

LAMBE T.W. & WHITMANN R.W., SOIL MECHANICS, J. WILEY & SONS, LONDON
LANCELLOTTA R., GEOTECNICA, ZANICHELLI, BOLOGNA.
COLOSELLI COLOMBO. ELEMENTI DI GEOTECNICA. ZANICHELLI. BOLOGNA
INTRODUCTION TO ROCK MECHANICS. R.E. GOODMAN.
VARIOUS MATERIAL PROVIDED BY THE TEACHER.

Environmental data computerization and storage management. Geospatial analysis and elaboration with the open source “QGIS” and the libraries: GDAL/OGR, SAGA, GRASS. GIS data download from Web (e.g. Italian and American geological survey, aerospace agencies – NASA, ESA, JAXA- JRC-European Union), WMS and Webgis (international, national and regional).
Base data processing in raster, vector and tabular format, join attribute tables and geoprocessing. Geoferencing and cartography. Elaboration of digital model of terrain (contours, slope, shade etc). Gis & remote sensing. Geomorphological analysis and drawing of geological map (basic, advanced instruments and cad in Qgis). Use of relational DBMS (Postgis, spatialLite) for the processing of lithological and hydrogeological data in depth. Geologic profile elaboration (midvatten & inkscape).Data distribution and sharing on the Web (e.g. Geoserver, Geonode, OSM). Qgis and Python (PyQgis) to formulate scripts in geology. Qgis and R for geostatistical analysis. Interpolation. Exercises (using existing actual data) and theory regarding the spatial susceptibility of landslides activation, GIS applied to seismic microzonation, hydrogeology, vulcanology, real-time environmental disaster data mining (e.g. JRC-EU), Risk management and GIS-based decision support. Printed and digital layout of results (2D map and 3D geological models with video of 3D model).

Course material (ppt) and scientific articles provided by the professor, web learning
Books for further detailed studies (optional)
1. Mario A. Gomarasca – Basics of geomatics – Springer 2009
2. Noti V. “GIS Open Source per Geologia e Ambiente”, Ed. Flaccovio (2014)

Part I – INTRODUCTION
• Introduction to geology of oil exloration
• The role of seismic and well data in oil exploration
• The reflection seismic

Part II – SEISMIC ACQUISITION
• Seismic acquisition, onshore and offshore, 2D and 3D.
• Seismic source and receiver
• Geometry of reflection seismic profiles

Part III – SEISMIC PROCESSING
• Introduction
• Fundamentals of seismic processing
• Processing in time and depth domain

Part IV – WELLS AND LOGS
• Introduction
• Well logs: depth and resolution, Caliper log, Gamma Ray log, Sonic Log, Density log, Neutron Log, porosity and lithology
• Interpretation and correlation of well logs
• Checkshot (CS), Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP) and synthetic seismograms

Part V – 2D and 3D SEISMIC INTERPRETATION
• Fundamentals of seismic interpretation
• Introduction to seismic sequence stratigraphy
• Acustic models and seismic facies
• Interpretation of seismic horizons and faults
• Building of structural maps
• Use of seismic attributes
• Integration of seismic well data
• Elements of time-depth conversion

- Practical seismic interpretation by Michael E. Bradley (Editor)
- Interpretation of Three-Dimensional Seismic Data, by Alistair R. Brown. Society of Exploration Geophysicists
- Basic Well Log Analysis, by Steven Henderson and Neil Hurley, AAPG Methods in Exploration Series 16

Introduction and purpose of balanced geological sections. Main techniques used in the past. Fundamentals of deep geological sections. Ramp-fault geometry. Stratigraphic Separation Diagrams. Cutoff Lines (intersections between faults and stratigraphic contacts). Fault Branching. Projection to depth of geological data. Dip domain analysis. Fault-related folding: fault-bend folding; fault-propagation folding. Thick skin versus thin skin tectonics. Restoring a geological section. Angular versus sinuous restoration. Transversal and longitudinal sections. The contribution of fracture patterns in the preparation of a deep section. The role played by compaction and erosion. Section admissibility. Balancing techniques used by commercial software and introduction to their use. The role of fractures in reservoir permeability. Methods to infer fracturing conditions produced by the tectonic evolution of geological structures by the numerical modeling of their tie/space evolution and comparison with analogues.

N.B. Woodward, S.E. Boyer, J. Suppe (1989)- Balanced Geological Cross-Sections: an essential technique in geological research and exploration. - American Geophysical Union. R.C.

Physical properties of minerals, mineral separation, principles of spectroscopy, X-rays: emission and absorption, X-ray diffraction, vibrational (Raman, FTIR) spectroscopies, electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), WDS microanalysis (EMPA), case studies, practicals, seminars.

A.F. GUALTIERI INTRODUZIONE ALLE TECNICHE ANALITICHE STRUMENTALI, ED. LIBRERIA UNIVERSITARIA
Dyar, Gunter, Tasa (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America. 708 pp. Disponibili versioni PDF e iPad.
Hutchison (1974) Laboratory handbook of petrographic techniques. Wiley, 527.

The environment of celestial bodies; the Solar System; the shape and size of the Earth; the main motions of the Earth (rotation and revolution); the long-term movements of the Earth; the Earth-Moon system.
Orientation; time and its measure; the representation of the earth's surface; the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude), the reading of topographic maps.
The shapes of the relief and the modeling of the terrestrial relief; the marine hydrosphere, the continental hydrosphere, the cryosphere; the atmosphere; the climate.
The materials of the Earth: the minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle.
The evolution of the Earth.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the principles of cell biology and tissue organization. Acquisition of conscious judgment autonomy with reference to: evaluation, interpretation and contextualization of photographs acquired with microscopic techniques. Ability to communicate effectively and with the correct terminology;
Applied skills: The basic knowledge acquired through the study of cytology will allow students to apply them to the study of tissues. In addition, students will be able to recognize and comment on a preparation or photograph acquired with a microscopic instrument. Finally, this knowledge will allow students to understand the disciplinary insights that will be carried out in the following years.

Cytology.
Cell theory. Methods of studying the cell: the microscope.
Macromolecules: The main carbohydrates of biological interest and their polymers. Notes on glycolysis. The main lipids of biological interest. Amino acids and proteins. Notes on the structure and function of proteins. Enzymes.
Nucleic acids. DNA and RNA structure. DNA replication, messenger transcription and RNA, genetic code, ribosomes and protein synthesis.
Cell membranes: chemical composition, The fluid mosaic model. Intrinsic and extrinsic proteins. Permeability and active transport. Ionic channels. Intercellular junctions: zonula occludens, zonula adherens and desmosomes.
Cytoplasmic and secretory pathway, The endoplasmic reticulum, Origin and sorting of secretory and membrane proteins. Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes, peroxisomes, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis.
Structure of mitochondria, Probable origin of mitochondria and plastids, DNA in mitochondria, Notes on energy metabolism: respiration.
The cytoskeleton: Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
The nucleus of eukaryotes, nuclear envelope and nuclear pores, histones and nucleosomes. Euchromatin and heterochromatin. The nucleolus. Chromosome structure.
The cell cycle: the interphase (phases G1, S and G2), Cell division. Haploid, diploid and polyploid cells. Mitosis in animal cells. Meiosis. Phases and sub-phases of meiosis. The meaning of meiosis and crossing over. Recombination.

Histology
Epithelial tissue. General characteristics. Coating epithelia. Classification and functions. The basal lamina.
Connective tissue. The different connective tissues: general characteristics and specific characteristics of the different connective tissues. The connective proper. Classification of connectives. Extracellular matrix. Connective cells and their function.
Blood and signs of cellular immunology. The plasma: composition and functions. Erythrocytes and white blood cells: morphological and functional characteristics.
Bone tissue. Spongy bone and compact bone. Microscopic structure of the bone: the osteone. Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.
Muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle tissue. Structure and ultrastructure of muscle fiber. Myofibrils and myofilaments: the sarcomere. Muscle contraction. Heart muscle tissue.
Nervous tissue. The central and peripheral nervous system. Morphology of the neuron. Notes on nerve impulse conduction. The synapse. Neurotransmitters. Neuroglia.

Cytology
Essential Cell Biology, Bruce Alberts, Karen Hopkin, Alexander D. Johnson, David Morgan, Martin Raff. Garland Science. Last edition
Histology
Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, Anthony Mescher. Lange. Last edition

1.Euclidean Geometry; rudiments of history of Greek Mathematics. Ruler and compass constructions. The classical problems. Euclid's Elements.
2. The V Postulate's problem: Posidonius attempt. Equivalent Postulates: Playfair, Wallis, transitivity of parallelism. Saccheri's work. Saccheri's Quadrilaterals. The three hyposes. Saccheri-Lagrange's Theorem and the exclusion of obtuse angle hypothesis. The birth of Non-Euclidean Geometry in Bolyai and Lobatchewaki.
3. Symmetries of the plane: Isometries of the plane and their type. Characterization of an isometry by the image of three points not on a line, Chasles' Theorem. Discrete groups of isometries. Rosettes, Friezes and Wallpaper groups. The Theorem of addiction of the angles. Leonardo's Theorem and the classification of finite groups of isometries. Sketch of the classification of the Frieze groups. Crystallographic restriction's Theorem and the classification of wallpaper groups.
4. Gauss' Geometry; The geometry on the Sphere. Locally euclidean geometries. Uniformly discontinuous groups of isometries. The Torus, Mobius band, Klein bottle. Classification of uniforly discontinuous groups of isometries. Sketch of the proof of the Theorem of classification of locally euclidean geometries
5. Moduli of geometries on the torus and hyperbolic geometry: Similar geometries. Similar geometries on the Torus. The modular figure. Poincaré upper plane model.Lines and distance. What was repugnant to Saccheri and that was not for Aristotle.

R. Trudeau: "La rivoluzione non Euclidea" Bollati Boringhieri
V. Nikulin, I. Shafarevich "Geometries and groups" Springer ed.

Introduction: hazard and risk, historical perspective;
General concepts: Earth Science; energy and causes of natural hazards; managing, modelling and describing natural disasters; forecasting.
Analysis, physical understanding and social impact of the natural disasters in Earth science: earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, landslides, hurricanes, floods, drought, climate changes, sea level changes.
Synthesis: towards a general and shared vision to mitigate natural disasters.

material provided by the teacher

Overview of geomorphology. description and classification of landslides. Examples of landslides and interactions with linear and large infrastructures. Hazard and risk.
Overview of geotechnics. strength characteristics of granular and cohesive soils. principle of effective stress. influence of pore pressure in slope stability. lateral earth pressure and retaining structures.
overview of structural geology and geomechanics. quantitative description of discontinuities in rock masses (isrm). stereographic projections. geomechanical classification of rock mass (hoek, barton, bieniawski). geological strength index, gsi.
methods for slope investigation and monitoring. investigation techniques (boreholes, penetrometric tests, geophysics, etc.) and applications in different landslides typologies. laboratory tests. instruments for slope monitoring (inclinometers, piezometers, topography, etc.). examples of investigation planning.
slope stability analysis. soils slopes: overview of limit equilibrium methods (janbu, bishop, etc.). the infinite slope model. rock slope stability analysis: two and three dimensional wedge slide.
stabilization works: types and design criteria. choice of the most appropriate type of intervention. landslide mitigation: reinforcement measures and reduction of risks. retaining structures (walls, pile sheets, etc.). example of a wall stability analysis. drainage works: example of trench drain design. examples of “soil bioengineering” works.

Manuals and articles provided

Other books:
Colombo-Colleselli: Elementi di Geotecnica. Zanichelli
Lancellotta (2004). Geotecnica. Zanichelli
International Society for Rock Mechanics: Suggested Methods for the
Quantitative description of discontinuities in Rock Masses
Bromhead E.N: The Stability of Slopes. Blachie and Son ltd R.

Part I: The igneous process. geochemical characteristics of magmas as petrogenetic indicators. trace elements and isotopic distribution in magmas. magma melting and diversity. magmatic series. geochemical features and eruptive style in the main petrogenetic provinces. mid-ocean ridge volcanism, subduction-related igneous activity and granitoid rocks. orogenesis and magmatism: the meditteranean province.


Part II: the metamorphic process: lithological types and the main metamorphic facies; gradient of metamorphism and geodynamic settings. the orogenic and subduction-zone metamorphism.the contact metamorphism; migmatites and partial melting processes. mineral growth and rock fabrics: pre-, syn- , post-kinematic crystallization. metamorphic thermobarometry and reconstruction of the pressure-temperature-time (p-t-t) paths in polyphase metamorphism. orogeny and metamorphism: regional examples.



Part III: Main isotopic dating methods used in different geodynamic settings with the aim to understand potential and limits of each method. theory and applications of the following methods: k/ar, ar/ar, rb/sr, u-th/pb, sm/nd. radiation damage methods, as fission tracks and luminescence, particularly useful in thermochronometric reconstruction.

Part I

J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey



Part II

Bucher & Fry - Petrology Of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer



Part III

Faure, T. M. Mensing – Isotopes. Principles And Applications. Wiley, 2005

Part I: The igneous process. geochemical characteristics of magmas as petrogenetic indicators. trace elements and isotopic distribution in magmas. magma melting and diversity. magmatic series. geochemical features and eruptive style in the main petrogenetic provinces. mid-ocean ridge volcanism, subduction-related igneous activity and granitoid rocks. orogenesis and magmatism: the meditteranean province.

Part II: the metamorphic process: lithological types and the main metamorphic facies; gradient of metamorphism and geodynamic settings. The orogenic and subduction-zone metamorphism.the contact metamorphism; migmatites and partial melting processes. mineral growth and rock fabrics: pre-, syn- , post-kinematic crystallization. Metamorphic thermobarometry and reconstruction of the pressure-temperature-time (P-T-t) paths in polyphase metamorphism: regional examples.

Part III: Main isotopic dating methods used in different geodynamic settings with the aim to understand potential and limits of each method. theory and applications of the following methods: k/ar, ar/ar, rb/sr, u-th/pb, sm/nd. radiation damage methods, as fission tracks and luminescence, particularly useful in thermochronometric reconstruction.

Part I
J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey

Parte II
Bucher & Fry - Petrology Of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer

Parte III
Faure, T. M. Mensing – Isotopes. Principles And Applications. Wiley, 2005

Part I: The igneous process. geochemical characteristics of magmas as petrogenetic indicators. trace elements and isotopic distribution in magmas. magma melting and diversity. magmatic series. geochemical features and eruptive style in the main petrogenetic provinces. mid-ocean ridge volcanism, subduction-related igneous activity and granitoid rocks. orogenesis and magmatism: the meditteranean province.

Part II: the metamorphic process: lithological types and the main metamorphic facies; gradient of metamorphism and geodynamic settings. the orogenic and subduction-zone metamorphism.the contact metamorphism; migmatites and partial melting processes. mineral growth and rock fabrics: pre-, syn- , post-kinematic crystallization. metamorphic thermobarometry and reconstruction of the pressure-temperature-time (p-t-t) paths in polyphase metamorphism. orogeny and metamorphism: regional examples.

Part III: Main isotopic dating methods used in different geodynamic settings with the aim to understand potential and limits of each method. theory and applications of the following methods: k/ar, ar/ar, rb/sr, u-th/pb, sm/nd. radiation damage methods, as fission tracks and luminescence, particularly useful in thermochronometric reconstruction.

Part I
J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey

Part II
Bucher & Fry - Petrology Of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer

Part III
Faure, T. M. Mensing – Isotopes. Principles And Applications. Wiley, 2005

Introduction to mineral resources, environmental sustainability and energy, the role of mineral resources for the development of human society, principles of ore deposits, classification and geology of ore deposits, quarries and mines, environmental mineralogy. Case studies: pigments, metals, cement and concrete, zeolites, ceramics, materials for cultural heritage, seminars.

VARIOUS MATERIAL PROVIDED BY THE TEACHER AND ALSO
SE Kesler e AC Simon (2015). Mineral resources, economics and the environment. Cambridge University press. 433 pp.
Ugo Bardi (2011) La terra svuotata. Editori Riuniti, 295 pp.
G. Tanelli (2009) Georisorse e ambiente. Aracne. 280 pp.

Water chemistry. Gas-water-rock interaction (dissolution, leaching, mixing, redox processes, adsorption, precipitation, base exchange). Groundwater classification using Piper, Schoeller, Chada and Stiff diagrams. Chemical equilibria and speciation. Dissolved gases. Ancient and modern groundwater dating using 14C, 3H and CFC methods. Environmental isotopes in hydrogeology ---- Water sampling (springs and streams) in Valle della Caffarella area (Roma) and in situ analyses (T, pH, EC, TDS). Laboratory determination of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3- NO2-, SiO2, PO43- concentration. Data elaboration and modelling using PHREEQC code. Relationships between chemical facies of groundwater and geological setting of Roma area.

C.A.J. Appelo, Dieke Postma Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution, CRC Press Second Edition, 2005, ISBN 9780415364218

The course is intended to provide students with the tools and methods for the study of rocks-forming minerals. After a recall of the basic concepts of structural and morphological crystallography, the most important minerals in geological environments, in particular, the silicates, will be studied from the point of view of their systematic and crystal-chemical aspects. The use of natural materials in industry, technology and in cultural heritage will be also treated. The basic elements of modern techniques for the analysis of minerals and for the use of quantitative data in mineralogy will be given.

Klein c. (2004). Mineralogia. Zanichelli.
Deer W.A., Howie R.A. & Zussman Jj. (1994). Introduzione ai minerali che costituiscono le rocce. Zanichelli.
Mottana A. (1989). Fondamenti di mineralogia geologica. Zanichelli.

And eventually also:
Dyar M.D. e Gunter M. (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America.
Putnis A. (1992). Introduction to Mineral Sciences. Cambridge University Press.

Introduction, chordates, basal vertebrates: 3h
"Agnatha" and the origin of lower jaw: 3h
Chondrychtyes and e osteichthyes: 3h
Sarcopterygians and the origin of tetrapods: 3h
Amphibia: 3h
Anapsida: 3h
Diapsida: 3h
Dinosauria: 3h
Pterosauria vs. Aves: 3h
Sinapsida: 3h
Mesozoic mammals-Metatheria: 3h
Afrotheria and Xenartra: 3h
Boreoeutheria: 3h
Laurasiatheria: 3h
Euarchontoglires: 3h
Primates: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Benton M.J. (2005) - Vertebrate Palaeontology. Blackwell Publishing, 472 pp.
and recent, updated editions.

Additional references to be discussed during the classes will be selected among the most recent and/or controversial.

The materials of the Earth: minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle, the magmatic rocks, the sedimentary rocks, the metamorphic rocks, the bedding and the deformation of the rocks.
Volcanic phenomena: magma and volcanic activity, the main types of eruptions, shape of volcanic buildings, products of volcanic activity, the geographic distribution of volcanoes, volcanoes and man (the volcanic risk).
Seismic phenomena: the theory of elastic rebound, the seismic cycle, types of seismic waves and their propagation and registration, the force of an earthquake (scales of intensity and magnitude), the geographic distribution of earthquakes, the seismic activity and the man (seismic risk)
Plate tectonics: the internal structure of the Earth, the structure of the crust, the Earth's magnetic field, Earth’s internal heat, the convective mantle, from the hypothesis of the drift of the continents to the formulation of the theory of plate tectonics.
The Earth as an integrated system: interaction between the different systems of the planet (biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, cryosphere), the earth's atmosphere, climate and meteorological phenomena, renewable and non-renewable natural resources.
Field trip in Caffarella Valley
Field trip in the city of Rome

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

TEACHING MATHEMATICS WITH THE HELP OF A COMPUTER: GEOGEBRA AND MATHEMATICA SOFTWARES.
COMMANDS FOR NUMERICAL AND SYMBOLIC CALCULUS, GRAPHICS VISUALIZATION, PARAMETRIC SURFACES AND CURVES WITH ANIMATIONS IN CHANGING PARAMETERS.
SOLVING PROBLEMS: TRIANGLE'S PROPERTIES IN EUCLIDEAN AND NON-EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY WITH EXAMPLES, APPROXIMATION OF PI AND OTHER IRRATIONAL NUMBERS, SOLUTIONS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES, SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS, DEFINING AND VISUALIZING GEOMETRICAL LOCI, FUNCTION INTEGRAL AND DERIVATIVES, APPROXIMATION OF SURFACE AREA.

LIST OF PROBLEMS GIVEN IN CLASS WITH VISUALIZATION AND SOLUTIONS WITH THE HELP OF SOFTWARE MATHEMATICA OR GEOGEBRA.

the course touches on basic algebraic topics:
divisibility, Euclid's algorithm,
continuous fractions, Fibonacci numbers,
combinatorics, straightedge and compass construction, cardinality, lattices and Boole Algebras.

testi consigliati (non da acquistare)
Baldoni, Ciliberto, Piacentini: Aritmetica, crittografia e codici
Papick, Algebra Connections
Materiale e dispense online

Module 1. From common knowledge to scientific knowledge. The indicators of scientific knowledge; the contribution of formal education to the image of science; scientific communication.
Module 2. Physics education, a research fieldOrigin and development of research in physics education in Italy; the constructivist paradigm; concepts and misconceptions; research on mental representations; conceptual change models; the conceptual nuclei of Physics.
Module 3. Scientific teaching in secondary school Design the curriculum of Physics in the different orders and in the various study addresses; the teaching / learning process; orientation teaching and laboratory teaching as a didactic methodological approach; from content to programming by skills; training orientation.
Module 4. The role of the "laboratory" in learning Physics Integration between theory and experimental verification; from observation of the phenomenon to the construction of the model; the different ways of "doing laboratory"; design of work units identifying the most appropriate experimental activities (demonstration; in the classroom with poor materials, in the instrumental laboratory, simulated through multimedia aids); implementation of laboratory operational skills for experiment management.
Module 5. Flexible and modular design of content / knowledge, teaching methodologies and learning environments Core foundations of Physics; analysis and planning of didactic courses that respond to verticality criteria (evolution of concepts coherent and appropriate to students' cognitive development) and transversality (integration of Physics with other disciplines); simulations of teaching methodologies such as: dialogue lesson, microteaching, co-planning, peer-to-peer evaluation, cooperative learning activities, group work.
Module 6. Learning evaluation of learning Modes and tools used in the various stages of monitoring, measurement, verification, evaluation and self-evaluation of learning; identification of learning contexts capable of developing and detecting skills; the National Evaluation System (SNV).
Module 7. Modern and Contemporary Physics The role of modern and contemporary Physics in school curricula: what content / paths to propose that guarantee students a real understanding of them. The new State Exam and the role of Physics in the second written test in scientific high schools. Instrumental laboratory. Five instrumental laboratories of three hours each in the months of March, April and May.

Students can take advantage of the following teaching material on the Platform of the Department of Mathematics and Physics: Power-pointrelative presentations to the contents of the lessons, research articles, work material (texts to be analyzed taken from textbooks, articles of scientific dissemination, original memories , “tutorial” cards, videos, applets, cards for group work, grids for assessing learning, web-sites).

ESSENTIAL BIBLIOGRAFY
Arons Arnold B. 1992, Guida all'insegnamento della fisica, Zanichelli•P. Guidoni, M. Arcà 2000 –Guardare per sistemi e guardare per variabili –l’educazione scientifica di base -AIF Editore•Vicentini M., Mayer M. (a cura di) (1999). Didattica della Fisica, Loescher Editore.•Grimellini Tomasini N., Segré G. (a cura di) (1991). Conoscenze scientifiche: le rappresentazioni mentali degli studenti, La Nuova Italia, Firenze.•La fisica secondo il PSSC, 25 film del Physical Science Study-Zanichelli•F. Bocci, Manuale per il laboratorio di fisica: introduzione all’analisi dei dati sperimentali -Zanichell

1. Introduction to the Course, Earth Physics and the Environment

2. Introduction to Matlab, matrices and vectors, functions

3. Recall to Fourier series and transform. Transfer function, causality, dispersion.

4. Matlab Exercise, Pulse Response

5. Sampling theorem, aliasing, analytical signal, signal energy

6. Matlab Exercise, Fourier Transform, FFT

7. Time series

8. Matlab Exercise, Least Squares problem and Data fitting

9. Introduction to Climate Change

10. Exercise on a time series (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere)

11. Earthquakes and propagation of waves

12. Exercise on a time series (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere)

13. Maxwell equations, constitutive relations

14. Exercise on a time series (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere)

15. Low frequency and high frequency electromagnetic measurements

16. Exercise on Earthquake location

17. Relation between electrical parameters and hydraulic parameters: electrical conductivity and hydraulic permeability

18. Exercise on Earthquake location

19. Hydrodynamic dispersion equation

20. Exercise on the diffusion of a pollutant

D. C. Champeney, Fourier Transform and their applications, Academic Press.

A. R. Von Hippel, Dielectric and Waves, John Wiley & Sons.

The course program includes the presentation and discussion of the following topics:
Definition and types of urban systems. Natural hazards and risks of urban areas. Role of geological conditions, influence of natural factors and geographical conditions on the development of urban areas. Risk, hazard, exposed value and vulnerability in urban areas, and their evolution in time. Methodology for collection, normalization and processing of drilling data. Issues and real cases applications.

Geologia di Roma “Vol L” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (1995).
La geologia di Roma dal centro storico alla periferia “Vol LXXX” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (2008).
U. Ventriglia – Geologia del territorio del Comune di Roma, a cura dell’Amministrazione Provinciale di Roma, (2002).
G. Gisotti – Ambiente urbano. – Dario Flaccovio Editore, Palermo (2007).

Part I – INTRODUCTION
• Introduction to geology of oil exloration
• The role of seismic and well data in oil exploration
• The reflection seismic

Part II – SEISMIC ACQUISITION
• Seismic acquisition, onshore and offshore, 2D and 3D.
• Seismic source and receiver
• Geometry of reflection seismic profiles

Part III – SEISMIC PROCESSING
• Introduction
• Fundamentals of seismic processing
• Processing in time and depth domain

Part IV – WELLS AND LOGS
• Introduction
• Well logs: depth and resolution, Caliper log, Gamma Ray log, Sonic Log, Density log, Neutron Log, porosity and lithology
• Interpretation and correlation of well logs
• Checkshot (CS), Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP) and synthetic seismograms

Part V – 2D and 3D SEISMIC INTERPRETATION
• Fundamentals of seismic interpretation
• Introduction to seismic sequence stratigraphy
• Acustic models and seismic facies
• Interpretation of seismic horizons and faults
• Building of structural maps
• Use of seismic attributes
• Integration of seismic well data
• Elements of time-depth conversion

- Practical seismic interpretation by Michael E. Bradley (Editor)
- Interpretation of Three-Dimensional Seismic Data, by Alistair R. Brown. Society of Exploration Geophysicists
- Basic Well Log Analysis, by Steven Henderson and Neil Hurley, AAPG Methods in Exploration Series 16

Introduction and purpose of balanced geological sections. Main techniques used in the past. Fundamentals of deep geological sections. Ramp-fault geometry. Stratigraphic Separation Diagrams. Cutoff Lines (intersections between faults and stratigraphic contacts). Fault Branching. Projection to depth of geological data. Dip domain analysis. Fault-related folding: fault-bend folding; fault-propagation folding. Thick skin versus thin skin tectonics. Restoring a geological section. Angular versus sinuous restoration. Transversal and longitudinal sections. The contribution of fracture patterns in the preparation of a deep section. The role played by compaction and erosion. Section admissibility. Balancing techniques used by commercial software and introduction to their use. The role of fractures in reservoir permeability. Methods to infer fracturing conditions produced by the tectonic evolution of geological structures by the numerical modeling of their tie/space evolution and comparison with analogues.

N.B. Woodward, S.E. Boyer, J. Suppe (1989)- Balanced Geological Cross-Sections: an essential technique in geological research and exploration. - American Geophysical Union. R.C.

Physical properties of minerals, mineral separation, principles of spectroscopy, X-rays: emission and absorption, X-ray diffraction, vibrational (Raman, FTIR) spectroscopies, electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), WDS microanalysis (EMPA), case studies, practicals, seminars.

A.F. GUALTIERI INTRODUZIONE ALLE TECNICHE ANALITICHE STRUMENTALI, ED. LIBRERIA UNIVERSITARIA
Dyar, Gunter, Tasa (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America. 708 pp. Disponibili versioni PDF e iPad.
Hutchison (1974) Laboratory handbook of petrographic techniques. Wiley, 527.

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the principles of cell biology and tissue organization. Acquisition of conscious judgment autonomy with reference to: evaluation, interpretation and contextualization of photographs acquired with microscopic techniques. Ability to communicate effectively and with the correct terminology;
Applied skills: The basic knowledge acquired through the study of cytology will allow students to apply them to the study of tissues. In addition, students will be able to recognize and comment on a preparation or photograph acquired with a microscopic instrument. Finally, this knowledge will allow students to understand the disciplinary insights that will be carried out in the following years.

Cytology.
Cell theory. Methods of studying the cell: the microscope.
Macromolecules: The main carbohydrates of biological interest and their polymers. Notes on glycolysis. The main lipids of biological interest. Amino acids and proteins. Notes on the structure and function of proteins. Enzymes.
Nucleic acids. DNA and RNA structure. DNA replication, messenger transcription and RNA, genetic code, ribosomes and protein synthesis.
Cell membranes: chemical composition, The fluid mosaic model. Intrinsic and extrinsic proteins. Permeability and active transport. Ionic channels. Intercellular junctions: zonula occludens, zonula adherens and desmosomes.
Cytoplasmic and secretory pathway, The endoplasmic reticulum, Origin and sorting of secretory and membrane proteins. Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes, peroxisomes, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis.
Structure of mitochondria, Probable origin of mitochondria and plastids, DNA in mitochondria, Notes on energy metabolism: respiration.
The cytoskeleton: Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
The nucleus of eukaryotes, nuclear envelope and nuclear pores, histones and nucleosomes. Euchromatin and heterochromatin. The nucleolus. Chromosome structure.
The cell cycle: the interphase (phases G1, S and G2), Cell division. Haploid, diploid and polyploid cells. Mitosis in animal cells. Meiosis. Phases and sub-phases of meiosis. The meaning of meiosis and crossing over. Recombination.

Histology
Epithelial tissue. General characteristics. Coating epithelia. Classification and functions. The basal lamina.
Connective tissue. The different connective tissues: general characteristics and specific characteristics of the different connective tissues. The connective proper. Classification of connectives. Extracellular matrix. Connective cells and their function.
Blood and signs of cellular immunology. The plasma: composition and functions. Erythrocytes and white blood cells: morphological and functional characteristics.
Bone tissue. Spongy bone and compact bone. Microscopic structure of the bone: the osteone. Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.
Muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle tissue. Structure and ultrastructure of muscle fiber. Myofibrils and myofilaments: the sarcomere. Muscle contraction. Heart muscle tissue.
Nervous tissue. The central and peripheral nervous system. Morphology of the neuron. Notes on nerve impulse conduction. The synapse. Neurotransmitters. Neuroglia.

Cytology
Essential Cell Biology, Bruce Alberts, Karen Hopkin, Alexander D. Johnson, David Morgan, Martin Raff. Garland Science. Last edition
Histology
Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, Anthony Mescher. Lange. Last edition

The environment of celestial bodies; the Solar System; the shape and size of the Earth; the main motions of the Earth (rotation and revolution); the long-term movements of the Earth; the Earth-Moon system.
Orientation; time and its measure; the representation of the earth's surface; the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude), the reading of topographic maps.
The shapes of the relief and the modeling of the terrestrial relief; the marine hydrosphere, the continental hydrosphere, the cryosphere; the atmosphere; the climate.
The materials of the Earth: the minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle.
The evolution of the Earth.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

1.Euclidean Geometry; rudiments of history of Greek Mathematics. Ruler and compass constructions. The classical problems. Euclid's Elements.
2. The V Postulate's problem: Posidonius attempt. Equivalent Postulates: Playfair, Wallis, transitivity of parallelism. Saccheri's work. Saccheri's Quadrilaterals. The three hyposes. Saccheri-Lagrange's Theorem and the exclusion of obtuse angle hypothesis. The birth of Non-Euclidean Geometry in Bolyai and Lobatchewaki.
3. Symmetries of the plane: Isometries of the plane and their type. Characterization of an isometry by the image of three points not on a line, Chasles' Theorem. Discrete groups of isometries. Rosettes, Friezes and Wallpaper groups. The Theorem of addiction of the angles. Leonardo's Theorem and the classification of finite groups of isometries. Sketch of the classification of the Frieze groups. Crystallographic restriction's Theorem and the classification of wallpaper groups.
4. Gauss' Geometry; The geometry on the Sphere. Locally euclidean geometries. Uniformly discontinuous groups of isometries. The Torus, Mobius band, Klein bottle. Classification of uniforly discontinuous groups of isometries. Sketch of the proof of the Theorem of classification of locally euclidean geometries
5. Moduli of geometries on the torus and hyperbolic geometry: Similar geometries. Similar geometries on the Torus. The modular figure. Poincaré upper plane model.Lines and distance. What was repugnant to Saccheri and that was not for Aristotle.

R. Trudeau: "La rivoluzione non Euclidea" Bollati Boringhieri
V. Nikulin, I. Shafarevich "Geometries and groups" Springer ed.

Introduction to mineral resources, environmental sustainability and energy, the role of mineral resources for the development of human society, principles of ore deposits, classification and geology of ore deposits, quarries and mines, environmental mineralogy. Case studies: pigments, metals, cement and concrete, zeolites, ceramics, materials for cultural heritage, seminars.

VARIOUS MATERIAL PROVIDED BY THE TEACHER AND ALSO
SE Kesler e AC Simon (2015). Mineral resources, economics and the environment. Cambridge University press. 433 pp.
Ugo Bardi (2011) La terra svuotata. Editori Riuniti, 295 pp.
G. Tanelli (2009) Georisorse e ambiente. Aracne. 280 pp.

Water chemistry. Gas-water-rock interaction (dissolution, leaching, mixing, redox processes, adsorption, precipitation, base exchange). Groundwater classification using Piper, Schoeller, Chada and Stiff diagrams. Chemical equilibria and speciation. Dissolved gases. Ancient and modern groundwater dating using 14C, 3H and CFC methods. Environmental isotopes in hydrogeology ---- Water sampling (springs and streams) in Valle della Caffarella area (Roma) and in situ analyses (T, pH, EC, TDS). Laboratory determination of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3- NO2-, SiO2, PO43- concentration. Data elaboration and modelling using PHREEQC code. Relationships between chemical facies of groundwater and geological setting of Roma area.

C.A.J. Appelo, Dieke Postma Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution, CRC Press Second Edition, 2005, ISBN 9780415364218

The course is intended to provide students with the tools and methods for the study of rocks-forming minerals. After a recall of the basic concepts of structural and morphological crystallography, the most important minerals in geological environments, in particular, the silicates, will be studied from the point of view of their systematic and crystal-chemical aspects. The use of natural materials in industry, technology and in cultural heritage will be also treated. The basic elements of modern techniques for the analysis of minerals and for the use of quantitative data in mineralogy will be given.

Klein c. (2004). Mineralogia. Zanichelli.
Deer W.A., Howie R.A. & Zussman Jj. (1994). Introduzione ai minerali che costituiscono le rocce. Zanichelli.
Mottana A. (1989). Fondamenti di mineralogia geologica. Zanichelli.

And eventually also:
Dyar M.D. e Gunter M. (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America.
Putnis A. (1992). Introduction to Mineral Sciences. Cambridge University Press.

Introduction, chordates, basal vertebrates: 3h
"Agnatha" and the origin of lower jaw: 3h
Chondrychtyes and e osteichthyes: 3h
Sarcopterygians and the origin of tetrapods: 3h
Amphibia: 3h
Anapsida: 3h
Diapsida: 3h
Dinosauria: 3h
Pterosauria vs. Aves: 3h
Sinapsida: 3h
Mesozoic mammals-Metatheria: 3h
Afrotheria and Xenartra: 3h
Boreoeutheria: 3h
Laurasiatheria: 3h
Euarchontoglires: 3h
Primates: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Benton M.J. (2005) - Vertebrate Palaeontology. Blackwell Publishing, 472 pp.
and recent, updated editions.

Additional references to be discussed during the classes will be selected among the most recent and/or controversial.

The materials of the Earth: minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle, the magmatic rocks, the sedimentary rocks, the metamorphic rocks, the bedding and the deformation of the rocks.
Volcanic phenomena: magma and volcanic activity, the main types of eruptions, shape of volcanic buildings, products of volcanic activity, the geographic distribution of volcanoes, volcanoes and man (the volcanic risk).
Seismic phenomena: the theory of elastic rebound, the seismic cycle, types of seismic waves and their propagation and registration, the force of an earthquake (scales of intensity and magnitude), the geographic distribution of earthquakes, the seismic activity and the man (seismic risk)
Plate tectonics: the internal structure of the Earth, the structure of the crust, the Earth's magnetic field, Earth’s internal heat, the convective mantle, from the hypothesis of the drift of the continents to the formulation of the theory of plate tectonics.
The Earth as an integrated system: interaction between the different systems of the planet (biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, cryosphere), the earth's atmosphere, climate and meteorological phenomena, renewable and non-renewable natural resources.
Field trip in Caffarella Valley
Field trip in the city of Rome

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

TEACHING MATHEMATICS WITH THE HELP OF A COMPUTER: GEOGEBRA AND MATHEMATICA SOFTWARES.
COMMANDS FOR NUMERICAL AND SYMBOLIC CALCULUS, GRAPHICS VISUALIZATION, PARAMETRIC SURFACES AND CURVES WITH ANIMATIONS IN CHANGING PARAMETERS.
SOLVING PROBLEMS: TRIANGLE'S PROPERTIES IN EUCLIDEAN AND NON-EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY WITH EXAMPLES, APPROXIMATION OF PI AND OTHER IRRATIONAL NUMBERS, SOLUTIONS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES, SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS, DEFINING AND VISUALIZING GEOMETRICAL LOCI, FUNCTION INTEGRAL AND DERIVATIVES, APPROXIMATION OF SURFACE AREA.

LIST OF PROBLEMS GIVEN IN CLASS WITH VISUALIZATION AND SOLUTIONS WITH THE HELP OF SOFTWARE MATHEMATICA OR GEOGEBRA.

the course touches on basic algebraic topics:
divisibility, Euclid's algorithm,
continuous fractions, Fibonacci numbers,
combinatorics, straightedge and compass construction, cardinality, lattices and Boole Algebras.

testi consigliati (non da acquistare)
Baldoni, Ciliberto, Piacentini: Aritmetica, crittografia e codici
Papick, Algebra Connections
Materiale e dispense online

Module 1. From common knowledge to scientific knowledge. The indicators of scientific knowledge; the contribution of formal education to the image of science; scientific communication.
Module 2. Physics education, a research fieldOrigin and development of research in physics education in Italy; the constructivist paradigm; concepts and misconceptions; research on mental representations; conceptual change models; the conceptual nuclei of Physics.
Module 3. Scientific teaching in secondary school Design the curriculum of Physics in the different orders and in the various study addresses; the teaching / learning process; orientation teaching and laboratory teaching as a didactic methodological approach; from content to programming by skills; training orientation.
Module 4. The role of the "laboratory" in learning Physics Integration between theory and experimental verification; from observation of the phenomenon to the construction of the model; the different ways of "doing laboratory"; design of work units identifying the most appropriate experimental activities (demonstration; in the classroom with poor materials, in the instrumental laboratory, simulated through multimedia aids); implementation of laboratory operational skills for experiment management.
Module 5. Flexible and modular design of content / knowledge, teaching methodologies and learning environments Core foundations of Physics; analysis and planning of didactic courses that respond to verticality criteria (evolution of concepts coherent and appropriate to students' cognitive development) and transversality (integration of Physics with other disciplines); simulations of teaching methodologies such as: dialogue lesson, microteaching, co-planning, peer-to-peer evaluation, cooperative learning activities, group work.
Module 6. Learning evaluation of learning Modes and tools used in the various stages of monitoring, measurement, verification, evaluation and self-evaluation of learning; identification of learning contexts capable of developing and detecting skills; the National Evaluation System (SNV).
Module 7. Modern and Contemporary Physics The role of modern and contemporary Physics in school curricula: what content / paths to propose that guarantee students a real understanding of them. The new State Exam and the role of Physics in the second written test in scientific high schools. Instrumental laboratory. Five instrumental laboratories of three hours each in the months of March, April and May.

Students can take advantage of the following teaching material on the Platform of the Department of Mathematics and Physics: Power-pointrelative presentations to the contents of the lessons, research articles, work material (texts to be analyzed taken from textbooks, articles of scientific dissemination, original memories , “tutorial” cards, videos, applets, cards for group work, grids for assessing learning, web-sites).

ESSENTIAL BIBLIOGRAFY
Arons Arnold B. 1992, Guida all'insegnamento della fisica, Zanichelli•P. Guidoni, M. Arcà 2000 –Guardare per sistemi e guardare per variabili –l’educazione scientifica di base -AIF Editore•Vicentini M., Mayer M. (a cura di) (1999). Didattica della Fisica, Loescher Editore.•Grimellini Tomasini N., Segré G. (a cura di) (1991). Conoscenze scientifiche: le rappresentazioni mentali degli studenti, La Nuova Italia, Firenze.•La fisica secondo il PSSC, 25 film del Physical Science Study-Zanichelli•F. Bocci, Manuale per il laboratorio di fisica: introduzione all’analisi dei dati sperimentali -Zanichell

EACH LESSON WILL ILLUSTRATE THE CLIMATES AND THE ENVIRONMENTS WHICH CHARACTERIZED THE EARTH SINCE HADEAN TO HOLOCENE.
Hadean and Archean: 3h
Proterozoic: 3h
Cambrian: 3h
Ordovician: 3h
Silurian: 3h
Devonian: 3h
Carboniferous: 3h
Permian: 3h
Triassic: 3h
Giurassic: 3h
Cretaceous: 3h
Paleogene: 3h
Neogene: 3h
Quaternary: 3h
Further insights: causes and dinamics of climate change, main floral and faunal turnovers, supplementary data on palaeogeography, topics selected by the students: 6h

STANLEY S.S. (2009) - EARTH SYSTEM HISTORY. FREEMAN AND COMPANY, NEW YORK, 551 PP.

ELMI S. & BABIN C. (2006) – HISTOIRE DE LA TERRE. DUNOD, PARIS, 239 PP.
ANDERSON D.E., GOUDIE A.S., PARKER A.G. (2007) - GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTS THROUGH THE QUATERNARY. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, OXFORD, 359 PP.
GORNITZ V. (ED.)(2009) – ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PALEOCLIMATOLOGY AND ANCIENT ENVIRONMENTS. SPRINGER (REFERENCE BOOK).
SELDEN P. & NUDDS J. (2012) – EVOLUTION OF FOSSIL ECOSYSTEMS. MANSON PUBLISHING, 2ND EDITION

Additional references to be discussed during the classes will be selected among the most recent and/or controversial.

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

Introduction to the course. Introduction to Matlab 1. Matricial Calculation; search for main components (eigenvalues, eigenvectors, ...).
Introduction to Matlab 2: rows, columns, matrix, figure, vectors, import data, ... Tensors; rigid rototranslations and associated matrix.
Rotation of a seismic signal to derive the radial and transverse component. Complex numbers and trigonometric functions. Polar representation. Phasor. Matlab exercise: representation in Cartesian-polar-spherical coordinates. Vector calculation. Waves. Stationary waves.
Signal analysis: linear time-invariant system, Convolution theorem.
Exercise on the impulse and step response. Fourier series. Fourier transform. Exercise on Fourier Analysis of mechanical waves. Solution of the wave equation in the frequency domain. Exercise: delay and phase.
Cross Correlation - Filtering of data in time and frequency domain.

Mathematical modelling for Earth sciences. Xin She Yang. Dunedin.

Program of the course of "Physics of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere"
prof. Carlo Scotto
Most of the topics are dealt in the book by G.W. Prölss ("Physics of the Earth's Space Environment", ed. Springer). Reference is made to the paragraphs of this book. The remaining topics are reported in the distributed Lesson Notes. The relevant detailed bibliography is shown in them.
Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of the topics covered.

1. Notions of magneto-ionospheric plasma physics
Plasma frequency, Debye distance and Debye-Hückel potential, plasma conditions, free mean path, phase refraction index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and in the absence of magnetic field, cold plasma (Lesson notes). (P. 232, § 7.3.1, § 7.3.2, § 7.3.3). Energy of the electromagnetic field (Lesson notes). Motion of electric charges in a magnetic field: gyration motion, the magnetic moment as an adiabatic invariant, motion where grad(B) is parallel to B, bounce motion (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, pp. 220-228), gradient drift motion (§ 5.3.2, pp. 228-229), neutral shift drift, drift E x B and plasma conductivity in the absence of collisions, drift under the action of external forces (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, § 5.3.3 pp. 219-233).

2. The interplanetary medium.
The solar corona and the solar wind (§ 6.1 and 6.1.1, pp. 278-282, including all the references). Large-scale solar wind structure and on the ecliptic plane (§ 6.1.6). The interplanetary magnetic field: observations and physical characteristics (§ 6.2.1, pp. 300-304). The heliosferic current sheet (§ 6.2.4). Segment structure of the polar component of B (§ 6.2.5). Alfven's theorem (Appendix A.14, pp.484-487).

3. Magnetosphere
The geomagnetic field near the Earth (§ 5.2). Curvature drift (p. 233). Total drift (p. 234-235). Composed motion of charge carriers (§ 5.3.4). Particle populations in the internal magnetosphere: radiation belts, ring current, plasmashere (§ 5.4).
The distant geomagnetic field: configuration and classification, currents on the diurnal side of the magnetopause, reflection of the particles and formation of the current, system of currents in the geomagnetic tail (§ 5.5). Particle population in the external magnetosphere: magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer (§ 5.6). Formation of bow shock and the magnetosheat (§ 6.4 introduction and § 6.4.1, pp. 325-328).

4. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, gas radiation attenuation, energy deposition in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth ionosphere: historical outline, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and disappearance of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in E region and in region F2 region (§ 3.2; introduction of chap 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3). Ionosphere morphology: the cusps on the ionogram trace and the ionospheric regions (Lesson notes). Regular variations of the ionosphere: layers E and F1 (Lesson notes). Irregular variations of the ionosphere: F2 layer (Lesson notes). Sporadic E layer(Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for regions E and F: F1 layer (Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for region D (Lesson notes). Refraction index for radio waves with collisions and in the absence of a magnetic field; interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index: absorption ( Lesson notes). Solar flares and short waves fadeout (Lesson notes). Additional notes on the F1 layer (Lesson notes). Additional notes on layer E (Lesson notes).

5. Magnetoionic theory
Introduction. Constitutive equations for a cold plasma with collisions and in the presence of a magnetic field (Lesson notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, neglecting collisions and considering the Earth's magnetic field: Appleton-Hartree equation (Lesson notes). Continuity of nf in X = 1. The zeros of the collisionless Appleton-Hartree equation: longitudinal, transverse and general propagation case (Lesson notes). Polarization: continuity in X = 1 in the general case and in the case of longitudinal propagation. Polarization in case of longitudinal propagation: dependence on the sign of YL. Polarization in general conditions, for X = 1 (Lesson Notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, considering collisions and the earth's magnetic field. Mention upon the polarization in the collisional case. Curves of mi(X) with collisions: importance of the Booker rule (Lesson notes). Conditions of reflection and ionograms, ordinary, extraordinary trace. Ray Z (Lesson Notes). Examples of ionograms (Lesson notes).
As indicated in the lesson notes, the material of this teaching unit can be found at: Ratcliffe, J. A. (1959), The magneto-Ionic Theory and its Applications to the Ionosphere, Cambridge University Press.

6. Absorption and dissipation of solar wind energy
Topology of the high polar atmosphere (§ 7.1). Electric fields, and plasma convection (§ 7.2). Conductivity and currents in the polar ionosphere (§ 7.3). Polar auroras: energy dissipation of the auroral particles, origin of the auroral particles, diffuse and discrete aurora(§ 7. 4). Solar Wind Dynamo (§ 7.6.1), open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.2), plasma convection in the open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.3), open magnetosphere with tail (§ 7.6.4), mention upon the reconnection (part of § 7.6. 5) Birkeland currents in regions 1 and 2 (§ 7.6.6).

7. Geospheric storms
Magnetic storms: regular variation, equatorial electroject, magnetic activity at low, high and medium latitudes, geomagnetic indexes (§ 8.1). Magnetic substorms: growth and expansion phase, Alvfèn waves and their role (§ 8.3). Ionospheric storms: negative and positive storms (§ 8.5).

1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Lecture Notes

1 Solar System Part
- Overall description of the Solar System, mass and angular momentum distribution, astrophysical variables.
- Overall description of planets, their main characteristics ; description of planetary satellites systems and of minor bodies of the Solar System.
- Terrestrial planets: main characteristics and evolutive processes of planetary surfaces.
- Terrestrial planets: thermal history, impact cratering processes, volcanism, tectonics.Comparative planetology.
- Meteorites and minor bodies; radiometric dating and clues for the formation of the Solar System.
- Giant planets
- Planetary satellites
- Internal structure of planets, different evolution of terrestrial and giant planets.
- Planetary atmospheres
2 Extrasolar Planets Part
- Historical Introduction
- Exo planets Indirect discovery methods
- Exo planets Direct discovery methods
- Exo Planets Characteristics
- Physics of extrasolar Planets
- Characterization and results
- Which Life?
- Habitability and Habitable Zone
- The search for life
3 Common Part
- Introduction to the Planetary formation Theory

- There is no official text of the course. A suggested text is the following: Imke de Pater and Jack J. Lissauer, Planetary Sciences, Cambridge University Press. During the course several scientific review papers will be suggested by the lecturers.

The course program includes the presentation and discussion of the following topics:
Definition and types of urban systems. Natural hazards and risks of urban areas. Role of geological conditions, influence of natural factors and geographical conditions on the development of urban areas. Risk, hazard, exposed value and vulnerability in urban areas, and their evolution in time. Methodology for collection, normalization and processing of drilling data. Issues and real cases applications.

Geologia di Roma “Vol L” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (1995).
La geologia di Roma dal centro storico alla periferia “Vol LXXX” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (2008).
U. Ventriglia – Geologia del territorio del Comune di Roma, a cura dell’Amministrazione Provinciale di Roma, (2002).
G. Gisotti – Ambiente urbano. – Dario Flaccovio Editore, Palermo (2007).

- PHYSICAL AND INDEX PROPETIES OF SOILS; SOIL CLASSIFICATION; ATTERBERG LIMITS;
- PERMEABILITY OF SOILS; DARCY’S LAW; LABORATORY PERMEABILITY TESTS;
- STRESSES (TOTAL AND EFFETTIVE) IN SOILS;
- COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOIL; ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION TEST; LOAD-DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS;
- SHEAR STREANGTH OF SOIL; MOHR’S THEORY OF FAILURE; DIRECT SHEAR TEST; TRIAXIAL TEST;
- STABILITY OF SLOPES; INFINITY SLOPES; METHOD OF SLICES (BISHOP’S SIMPLIFIED METHOD);
- CLASSIFICATION AND INDEX PROPERTIES OF ROCKS;
- ROCK STRENGTH AND FAILURE CRITERIA;
- APPLICATIONS OF ROCK MECHANICS TO ROCK SLOPE ENGINEERING.

LAMBE T.W. & WHITMANN R.W., SOIL MECHANICS, J. WILEY & SONS, LONDON
LANCELLOTTA R., GEOTECNICA, ZANICHELLI, BOLOGNA.
COLOSELLI COLOMBO. ELEMENTI DI GEOTECNICA. ZANICHELLI. BOLOGNA
INTRODUCTION TO ROCK MECHANICS. R.E. GOODMAN.
VARIOUS MATERIAL PROVIDED BY THE TEACHER.

Environmental data computerization and storage management. Geospatial analysis and elaboration with the open source “QGIS” and the libraries: GDAL/OGR, SAGA, GRASS. GIS data download from Web (e.g. Italian and American geological survey, aerospace agencies – NASA, ESA, JAXA- JRC-European Union), WMS and Webgis (international, national and regional).
Base data processing in raster, vector and tabular format, join attribute tables and geoprocessing. Geoferencing and cartography. Elaboration of digital model of terrain (contours, slope, shade etc). Gis & remote sensing. Geomorphological analysis and drawing of geological map (basic, advanced instruments and cad in Qgis). Use of relational DBMS (Postgis, spatialLite) for the processing of lithological and hydrogeological data in depth. Geologic profile elaboration (midvatten & inkscape).Data distribution and sharing on the Web (e.g. Geoserver, Geonode, OSM). Qgis and Python (PyQgis) to formulate scripts in geology. Qgis and R for geostatistical analysis. Interpolation. Exercises (using existing actual data) and theory regarding the spatial susceptibility of landslides activation, GIS applied to seismic microzonation, hydrogeology, vulcanology, real-time environmental disaster data mining (e.g. JRC-EU), Risk management and GIS-based decision support. Printed and digital layout of results (2D map and 3D geological models with video of 3D model).

Course material (ppt) and scientific articles provided by the professor, web learning
Books for further detailed studies (optional)
1. Mario A. Gomarasca – Basics of geomatics – Springer 2009
2. Noti V. “GIS Open Source per Geologia e Ambiente”, Ed. Flaccovio (2014)

Part I – INTRODUCTION
• Introduction to geology of oil exloration
• The role of seismic and well data in oil exploration
• The reflection seismic

Part II – SEISMIC ACQUISITION
• Seismic acquisition, onshore and offshore, 2D and 3D.
• Seismic source and receiver
• Geometry of reflection seismic profiles

Part III – SEISMIC PROCESSING
• Introduction
• Fundamentals of seismic processing
• Processing in time and depth domain

Part IV – WELLS AND LOGS
• Introduction
• Well logs: depth and resolution, Caliper log, Gamma Ray log, Sonic Log, Density log, Neutron Log, porosity and lithology
• Interpretation and correlation of well logs
• Checkshot (CS), Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP) and synthetic seismograms

Part V – 2D and 3D SEISMIC INTERPRETATION
• Fundamentals of seismic interpretation
• Introduction to seismic sequence stratigraphy
• Acustic models and seismic facies
• Interpretation of seismic horizons and faults
• Building of structural maps
• Use of seismic attributes
• Integration of seismic well data
• Elements of time-depth conversion

- Practical seismic interpretation by Michael E. Bradley (Editor)
- Interpretation of Three-Dimensional Seismic Data, by Alistair R. Brown. Society of Exploration Geophysicists
- Basic Well Log Analysis, by Steven Henderson and Neil Hurley, AAPG Methods in Exploration Series 16

Introduction and purpose of balanced geological sections. Main techniques used in the past. Fundamentals of deep geological sections. Ramp-fault geometry. Stratigraphic Separation Diagrams. Cutoff Lines (intersections between faults and stratigraphic contacts). Fault Branching. Projection to depth of geological data. Dip domain analysis. Fault-related folding: fault-bend folding; fault-propagation folding. Thick skin versus thin skin tectonics. Restoring a geological section. Angular versus sinuous restoration. Transversal and longitudinal sections. The contribution of fracture patterns in the preparation of a deep section. The role played by compaction and erosion. Section admissibility. Balancing techniques used by commercial software and introduction to their use. The role of fractures in reservoir permeability. Methods to infer fracturing conditions produced by the tectonic evolution of geological structures by the numerical modeling of their tie/space evolution and comparison with analogues.

N.B. Woodward, S.E. Boyer, J. Suppe (1989)- Balanced Geological Cross-Sections: an essential technique in geological research and exploration. - American Geophysical Union. R.C.

Physical properties of minerals, mineral separation, principles of spectroscopy, X-rays: emission and absorption, X-ray diffraction, vibrational (Raman, FTIR) spectroscopies, electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), WDS microanalysis (EMPA), case studies, practicals, seminars.

A.F. GUALTIERI INTRODUZIONE ALLE TECNICHE ANALITICHE STRUMENTALI, ED. LIBRERIA UNIVERSITARIA
Dyar, Gunter, Tasa (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America. 708 pp. Disponibili versioni PDF e iPad.
Hutchison (1974) Laboratory handbook of petrographic techniques. Wiley, 527.

The environment of celestial bodies; the Solar System; the shape and size of the Earth; the main motions of the Earth (rotation and revolution); the long-term movements of the Earth; the Earth-Moon system.
Orientation; time and its measure; the representation of the earth's surface; the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude), the reading of topographic maps.
The shapes of the relief and the modeling of the terrestrial relief; the marine hydrosphere, the continental hydrosphere, the cryosphere; the atmosphere; the climate.
The materials of the Earth: the minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle.
The evolution of the Earth.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the principles of cell biology and tissue organization. Acquisition of conscious judgment autonomy with reference to: evaluation, interpretation and contextualization of photographs acquired with microscopic techniques. Ability to communicate effectively and with the correct terminology;
Applied skills: The basic knowledge acquired through the study of cytology will allow students to apply them to the study of tissues. In addition, students will be able to recognize and comment on a preparation or photograph acquired with a microscopic instrument. Finally, this knowledge will allow students to understand the disciplinary insights that will be carried out in the following years.

Cytology.
Cell theory. Methods of studying the cell: the microscope.
Macromolecules: The main carbohydrates of biological interest and their polymers. Notes on glycolysis. The main lipids of biological interest. Amino acids and proteins. Notes on the structure and function of proteins. Enzymes.
Nucleic acids. DNA and RNA structure. DNA replication, messenger transcription and RNA, genetic code, ribosomes and protein synthesis.
Cell membranes: chemical composition, The fluid mosaic model. Intrinsic and extrinsic proteins. Permeability and active transport. Ionic channels. Intercellular junctions: zonula occludens, zonula adherens and desmosomes.
Cytoplasmic and secretory pathway, The endoplasmic reticulum, Origin and sorting of secretory and membrane proteins. Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes, peroxisomes, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis.
Structure of mitochondria, Probable origin of mitochondria and plastids, DNA in mitochondria, Notes on energy metabolism: respiration.
The cytoskeleton: Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
The nucleus of eukaryotes, nuclear envelope and nuclear pores, histones and nucleosomes. Euchromatin and heterochromatin. The nucleolus. Chromosome structure.
The cell cycle: the interphase (phases G1, S and G2), Cell division. Haploid, diploid and polyploid cells. Mitosis in animal cells. Meiosis. Phases and sub-phases of meiosis. The meaning of meiosis and crossing over. Recombination.

Histology
Epithelial tissue. General characteristics. Coating epithelia. Classification and functions. The basal lamina.
Connective tissue. The different connective tissues: general characteristics and specific characteristics of the different connective tissues. The connective proper. Classification of connectives. Extracellular matrix. Connective cells and their function.
Blood and signs of cellular immunology. The plasma: composition and functions. Erythrocytes and white blood cells: morphological and functional characteristics.
Bone tissue. Spongy bone and compact bone. Microscopic structure of the bone: the osteone. Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.
Muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle tissue. Structure and ultrastructure of muscle fiber. Myofibrils and myofilaments: the sarcomere. Muscle contraction. Heart muscle tissue.
Nervous tissue. The central and peripheral nervous system. Morphology of the neuron. Notes on nerve impulse conduction. The synapse. Neurotransmitters. Neuroglia.

Cytology
Essential Cell Biology, Bruce Alberts, Karen Hopkin, Alexander D. Johnson, David Morgan, Martin Raff. Garland Science. Last edition
Histology
Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, Anthony Mescher. Lange. Last edition

1.Euclidean Geometry; rudiments of history of Greek Mathematics. Ruler and compass constructions. The classical problems. Euclid's Elements.
2. The V Postulate's problem: Posidonius attempt. Equivalent Postulates: Playfair, Wallis, transitivity of parallelism. Saccheri's work. Saccheri's Quadrilaterals. The three hyposes. Saccheri-Lagrange's Theorem and the exclusion of obtuse angle hypothesis. The birth of Non-Euclidean Geometry in Bolyai and Lobatchewaki.
3. Symmetries of the plane: Isometries of the plane and their type. Characterization of an isometry by the image of three points not on a line, Chasles' Theorem. Discrete groups of isometries. Rosettes, Friezes and Wallpaper groups. The Theorem of addiction of the angles. Leonardo's Theorem and the classification of finite groups of isometries. Sketch of the classification of the Frieze groups. Crystallographic restriction's Theorem and the classification of wallpaper groups.
4. Gauss' Geometry; The geometry on the Sphere. Locally euclidean geometries. Uniformly discontinuous groups of isometries. The Torus, Mobius band, Klein bottle. Classification of uniforly discontinuous groups of isometries. Sketch of the proof of the Theorem of classification of locally euclidean geometries
5. Moduli of geometries on the torus and hyperbolic geometry: Similar geometries. Similar geometries on the Torus. The modular figure. Poincaré upper plane model.Lines and distance. What was repugnant to Saccheri and that was not for Aristotle.

R. Trudeau: "La rivoluzione non Euclidea" Bollati Boringhieri
V. Nikulin, I. Shafarevich "Geometries and groups" Springer ed.

Introduction: hazard and risk, historical perspective;
General concepts: Earth Science; energy and causes of natural hazards; managing, modelling and describing natural disasters; forecasting.
Analysis, physical understanding and social impact of the natural disasters in Earth science: earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, landslides, hurricanes, floods, drought, climate changes, sea level changes.
Synthesis: towards a general and shared vision to mitigate natural disasters.

material provided by the teacher

Overview of geomorphology. description and classification of landslides. Examples of landslides and interactions with linear and large infrastructures. Hazard and risk.
Overview of geotechnics. strength characteristics of granular and cohesive soils. principle of effective stress. influence of pore pressure in slope stability. lateral earth pressure and retaining structures.
overview of structural geology and geomechanics. quantitative description of discontinuities in rock masses (isrm). stereographic projections. geomechanical classification of rock mass (hoek, barton, bieniawski). geological strength index, gsi.
methods for slope investigation and monitoring. investigation techniques (boreholes, penetrometric tests, geophysics, etc.) and applications in different landslides typologies. laboratory tests. instruments for slope monitoring (inclinometers, piezometers, topography, etc.). examples of investigation planning.
slope stability analysis. soils slopes: overview of limit equilibrium methods (janbu, bishop, etc.). the infinite slope model. rock slope stability analysis: two and three dimensional wedge slide.
stabilization works: types and design criteria. choice of the most appropriate type of intervention. landslide mitigation: reinforcement measures and reduction of risks. retaining structures (walls, pile sheets, etc.). example of a wall stability analysis. drainage works: example of trench drain design. examples of “soil bioengineering” works.

Manuals and articles provided

Other books:
Colombo-Colleselli: Elementi di Geotecnica. Zanichelli
Lancellotta (2004). Geotecnica. Zanichelli
International Society for Rock Mechanics: Suggested Methods for the
Quantitative description of discontinuities in Rock Masses
Bromhead E.N: The Stability of Slopes. Blachie and Son ltd R.

Part I: The igneous process. geochemical characteristics of magmas as petrogenetic indicators. trace elements and isotopic distribution in magmas. magma melting and diversity. magmatic series. geochemical features and eruptive style in the main petrogenetic provinces. mid-ocean ridge volcanism, subduction-related igneous activity and granitoid rocks. orogenesis and magmatism: the meditteranean province.


Part II: the metamorphic process: lithological types and the main metamorphic facies; gradient of metamorphism and geodynamic settings. the orogenic and subduction-zone metamorphism.the contact metamorphism; migmatites and partial melting processes. mineral growth and rock fabrics: pre-, syn- , post-kinematic crystallization. metamorphic thermobarometry and reconstruction of the pressure-temperature-time (p-t-t) paths in polyphase metamorphism. orogeny and metamorphism: regional examples.



Part III: Main isotopic dating methods used in different geodynamic settings with the aim to understand potential and limits of each method. theory and applications of the following methods: k/ar, ar/ar, rb/sr, u-th/pb, sm/nd. radiation damage methods, as fission tracks and luminescence, particularly useful in thermochronometric reconstruction.

Part I

J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey



Part II

Bucher & Fry - Petrology Of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer



Part III

Faure, T. M. Mensing – Isotopes. Principles And Applications. Wiley, 2005

Part I: The igneous process. geochemical characteristics of magmas as petrogenetic indicators. trace elements and isotopic distribution in magmas. magma melting and diversity. magmatic series. geochemical features and eruptive style in the main petrogenetic provinces. mid-ocean ridge volcanism, subduction-related igneous activity and granitoid rocks. orogenesis and magmatism: the meditteranean province.

Part II: the metamorphic process: lithological types and the main metamorphic facies; gradient of metamorphism and geodynamic settings. The orogenic and subduction-zone metamorphism.the contact metamorphism; migmatites and partial melting processes. mineral growth and rock fabrics: pre-, syn- , post-kinematic crystallization. Metamorphic thermobarometry and reconstruction of the pressure-temperature-time (P-T-t) paths in polyphase metamorphism: regional examples.

Part III: Main isotopic dating methods used in different geodynamic settings with the aim to understand potential and limits of each method. theory and applications of the following methods: k/ar, ar/ar, rb/sr, u-th/pb, sm/nd. radiation damage methods, as fission tracks and luminescence, particularly useful in thermochronometric reconstruction.

Part I
J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey

Parte II
Bucher & Fry - Petrology Of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer

Parte III
Faure, T. M. Mensing – Isotopes. Principles And Applications. Wiley, 2005

Part I: The igneous process. geochemical characteristics of magmas as petrogenetic indicators. trace elements and isotopic distribution in magmas. magma melting and diversity. magmatic series. geochemical features and eruptive style in the main petrogenetic provinces. mid-ocean ridge volcanism, subduction-related igneous activity and granitoid rocks. orogenesis and magmatism: the meditteranean province.

Part II: the metamorphic process: lithological types and the main metamorphic facies; gradient of metamorphism and geodynamic settings. the orogenic and subduction-zone metamorphism.the contact metamorphism; migmatites and partial melting processes. mineral growth and rock fabrics: pre-, syn- , post-kinematic crystallization. metamorphic thermobarometry and reconstruction of the pressure-temperature-time (p-t-t) paths in polyphase metamorphism. orogeny and metamorphism: regional examples.

Part III: Main isotopic dating methods used in different geodynamic settings with the aim to understand potential and limits of each method. theory and applications of the following methods: k/ar, ar/ar, rb/sr, u-th/pb, sm/nd. radiation damage methods, as fission tracks and luminescence, particularly useful in thermochronometric reconstruction.

Part I
J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey

Part II
Bucher & Fry - Petrology Of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer

Part III
Faure, T. M. Mensing – Isotopes. Principles And Applications. Wiley, 2005

Introduction to mineral resources, environmental sustainability and energy, the role of mineral resources for the development of human society, principles of ore deposits, classification and geology of ore deposits, quarries and mines, environmental mineralogy. Case studies: pigments, metals, cement and concrete, zeolites, ceramics, materials for cultural heritage, seminars.

VARIOUS MATERIAL PROVIDED BY THE TEACHER AND ALSO
SE Kesler e AC Simon (2015). Mineral resources, economics and the environment. Cambridge University press. 433 pp.
Ugo Bardi (2011) La terra svuotata. Editori Riuniti, 295 pp.
G. Tanelli (2009) Georisorse e ambiente. Aracne. 280 pp.

Water chemistry. Gas-water-rock interaction (dissolution, leaching, mixing, redox processes, adsorption, precipitation, base exchange). Groundwater classification using Piper, Schoeller, Chada and Stiff diagrams. Chemical equilibria and speciation. Dissolved gases. Ancient and modern groundwater dating using 14C, 3H and CFC methods. Environmental isotopes in hydrogeology ---- Water sampling (springs and streams) in Valle della Caffarella area (Roma) and in situ analyses (T, pH, EC, TDS). Laboratory determination of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3- NO2-, SiO2, PO43- concentration. Data elaboration and modelling using PHREEQC code. Relationships between chemical facies of groundwater and geological setting of Roma area.

C.A.J. Appelo, Dieke Postma Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution, CRC Press Second Edition, 2005, ISBN 9780415364218

The course is intended to provide students with the tools and methods for the study of rocks-forming minerals. After a recall of the basic concepts of structural and morphological crystallography, the most important minerals in geological environments, in particular, the silicates, will be studied from the point of view of their systematic and crystal-chemical aspects. The use of natural materials in industry, technology and in cultural heritage will be also treated. The basic elements of modern techniques for the analysis of minerals and for the use of quantitative data in mineralogy will be given.

Klein c. (2004). Mineralogia. Zanichelli.
Deer W.A., Howie R.A. & Zussman Jj. (1994). Introduzione ai minerali che costituiscono le rocce. Zanichelli.
Mottana A. (1989). Fondamenti di mineralogia geologica. Zanichelli.

And eventually also:
Dyar M.D. e Gunter M. (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America.
Putnis A. (1992). Introduction to Mineral Sciences. Cambridge University Press.

Introduction, chordates, basal vertebrates: 3h
"Agnatha" and the origin of lower jaw: 3h
Chondrychtyes and e osteichthyes: 3h
Sarcopterygians and the origin of tetrapods: 3h
Amphibia: 3h
Anapsida: 3h
Diapsida: 3h
Dinosauria: 3h
Pterosauria vs. Aves: 3h
Sinapsida: 3h
Mesozoic mammals-Metatheria: 3h
Afrotheria and Xenartra: 3h
Boreoeutheria: 3h
Laurasiatheria: 3h
Euarchontoglires: 3h
Primates: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Benton M.J. (2005) - Vertebrate Palaeontology. Blackwell Publishing, 472 pp.
and recent, updated editions.

Additional references to be discussed during the classes will be selected among the most recent and/or controversial.

The materials of the Earth: minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle, the magmatic rocks, the sedimentary rocks, the metamorphic rocks, the bedding and the deformation of the rocks.
Volcanic phenomena: magma and volcanic activity, the main types of eruptions, shape of volcanic buildings, products of volcanic activity, the geographic distribution of volcanoes, volcanoes and man (the volcanic risk).
Seismic phenomena: the theory of elastic rebound, the seismic cycle, types of seismic waves and their propagation and registration, the force of an earthquake (scales of intensity and magnitude), the geographic distribution of earthquakes, the seismic activity and the man (seismic risk)
Plate tectonics: the internal structure of the Earth, the structure of the crust, the Earth's magnetic field, Earth’s internal heat, the convective mantle, from the hypothesis of the drift of the continents to the formulation of the theory of plate tectonics.
The Earth as an integrated system: interaction between the different systems of the planet (biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, cryosphere), the earth's atmosphere, climate and meteorological phenomena, renewable and non-renewable natural resources.
Field trip in Caffarella Valley
Field trip in the city of Rome

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

TEACHING MATHEMATICS WITH THE HELP OF A COMPUTER: GEOGEBRA AND MATHEMATICA SOFTWARES.
COMMANDS FOR NUMERICAL AND SYMBOLIC CALCULUS, GRAPHICS VISUALIZATION, PARAMETRIC SURFACES AND CURVES WITH ANIMATIONS IN CHANGING PARAMETERS.
SOLVING PROBLEMS: TRIANGLE'S PROPERTIES IN EUCLIDEAN AND NON-EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY WITH EXAMPLES, APPROXIMATION OF PI AND OTHER IRRATIONAL NUMBERS, SOLUTIONS OF EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES, SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS, DEFINING AND VISUALIZING GEOMETRICAL LOCI, FUNCTION INTEGRAL AND DERIVATIVES, APPROXIMATION OF SURFACE AREA.

LIST OF PROBLEMS GIVEN IN CLASS WITH VISUALIZATION AND SOLUTIONS WITH THE HELP OF SOFTWARE MATHEMATICA OR GEOGEBRA.

the course touches on basic algebraic topics:
divisibility, Euclid's algorithm,
continuous fractions, Fibonacci numbers,
combinatorics, straightedge and compass construction, cardinality, lattices and Boole Algebras.

testi consigliati (non da acquistare)
Baldoni, Ciliberto, Piacentini: Aritmetica, crittografia e codici
Papick, Algebra Connections
Materiale e dispense online

Module 1. From common knowledge to scientific knowledge. The indicators of scientific knowledge; the contribution of formal education to the image of science; scientific communication.
Module 2. Physics education, a research fieldOrigin and development of research in physics education in Italy; the constructivist paradigm; concepts and misconceptions; research on mental representations; conceptual change models; the conceptual nuclei of Physics.
Module 3. Scientific teaching in secondary school Design the curriculum of Physics in the different orders and in the various study addresses; the teaching / learning process; orientation teaching and laboratory teaching as a didactic methodological approach; from content to programming by skills; training orientation.
Module 4. The role of the "laboratory" in learning Physics Integration between theory and experimental verification; from observation of the phenomenon to the construction of the model; the different ways of "doing laboratory"; design of work units identifying the most appropriate experimental activities (demonstration; in the classroom with poor materials, in the instrumental laboratory, simulated through multimedia aids); implementation of laboratory operational skills for experiment management.
Module 5. Flexible and modular design of content / knowledge, teaching methodologies and learning environments Core foundations of Physics; analysis and planning of didactic courses that respond to verticality criteria (evolution of concepts coherent and appropriate to students' cognitive development) and transversality (integration of Physics with other disciplines); simulations of teaching methodologies such as: dialogue lesson, microteaching, co-planning, peer-to-peer evaluation, cooperative learning activities, group work.
Module 6. Learning evaluation of learning Modes and tools used in the various stages of monitoring, measurement, verification, evaluation and self-evaluation of learning; identification of learning contexts capable of developing and detecting skills; the National Evaluation System (SNV).
Module 7. Modern and Contemporary Physics The role of modern and contemporary Physics in school curricula: what content / paths to propose that guarantee students a real understanding of them. The new State Exam and the role of Physics in the second written test in scientific high schools. Instrumental laboratory. Five instrumental laboratories of three hours each in the months of March, April and May.

Students can take advantage of the following teaching material on the Platform of the Department of Mathematics and Physics: Power-pointrelative presentations to the contents of the lessons, research articles, work material (texts to be analyzed taken from textbooks, articles of scientific dissemination, original memories , “tutorial” cards, videos, applets, cards for group work, grids for assessing learning, web-sites).

ESSENTIAL BIBLIOGRAFY
Arons Arnold B. 1992, Guida all'insegnamento della fisica, Zanichelli•P. Guidoni, M. Arcà 2000 –Guardare per sistemi e guardare per variabili –l’educazione scientifica di base -AIF Editore•Vicentini M., Mayer M. (a cura di) (1999). Didattica della Fisica, Loescher Editore.•Grimellini Tomasini N., Segré G. (a cura di) (1991). Conoscenze scientifiche: le rappresentazioni mentali degli studenti, La Nuova Italia, Firenze.•La fisica secondo il PSSC, 25 film del Physical Science Study-Zanichelli•F. Bocci, Manuale per il laboratorio di fisica: introduzione all’analisi dei dati sperimentali -Zanichell

1. Introduction to the Course, Earth Physics and the Environment

2. Introduction to Matlab, matrices and vectors, functions

3. Recall to Fourier series and transform. Transfer function, causality, dispersion.

4. Matlab Exercise, Pulse Response

5. Sampling theorem, aliasing, analytical signal, signal energy

6. Matlab Exercise, Fourier Transform, FFT

7. Time series

8. Matlab Exercise, Least Squares problem and Data fitting

9. Introduction to Climate Change

10. Exercise on a time series (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere)

11. Earthquakes and propagation of waves

12. Exercise on a time series (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere)

13. Maxwell equations, constitutive relations

14. Exercise on a time series (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere)

15. Low frequency and high frequency electromagnetic measurements

16. Exercise on Earthquake location

17. Relation between electrical parameters and hydraulic parameters: electrical conductivity and hydraulic permeability

18. Exercise on Earthquake location

19. Hydrodynamic dispersion equation

20. Exercise on the diffusion of a pollutant

D. C. Champeney, Fourier Transform and their applications, Academic Press.

A. R. Von Hippel, Dielectric and Waves, John Wiley & Sons.

The course aims to provide students with the theoretical and experimental concepts for understanding the earthquake generation through the seismological and geodetic studies of the seismic source and the crustal deformation associated with the seismic cycle, with particular attention to the seismicity of our peninsula.
It will also deal with issues related to microzonation, seismic hazard and its application in seismic codes and regulations, as well as practical experiments for the acquisition and analysis of seismic and geodetic data.

Terremoti e onde. Metodi e pratica della sismologia moderna. Aldo Zollo e Antonio Emolo, Liguori Editore, 2011.
Introduction to Seismology, Earthquakes, and Earth Structure. Seth Stein and Michael Wysession, Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. Kramer, S.L., Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 1996.
Terremoto e rischio sismico. M.G. Ciaccio e G. Cultrera, Collana Fondamenti, Ed. Ediesse, 2014.

Part I: The igneous process. geochemical characteristics of magmas as petrogenetic indicators. trace elements and isotopic distribution in magmas. magma melting and diversity. magmatic series. geochemical features and eruptive style in the main petrogenetic provinces. mid-ocean ridge volcanism, subduction-related igneous activity and granitoid rocks. orogenesis and magmatism: the meditteranean province.


Part II: the metamorphic process: lithological types and the main metamorphic facies; gradient of metamorphism and geodynamic settings. the orogenic and subduction-zone metamorphism.the contact metamorphism; migmatites and partial melting processes. mineral growth and rock fabrics: pre-, syn- , post-kinematic crystallization. metamorphic thermobarometry and reconstruction of the pressure-temperature-time (p-t-t) paths in polyphase metamorphism. orogeny and metamorphism: regional examples.



Part III: Main isotopic dating methods used in different geodynamic settings with the aim to understand potential and limits of each method. theory and applications of the following methods: k/ar, ar/ar, rb/sr, u-th/pb, sm/nd. radiation damage methods, as fission tracks and luminescence, particularly useful in thermochronometric reconstruction.

Part I

J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey



Part II

Bucher & Fry - Petrology Of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer



Part III

Faure, T. M. Mensing – Isotopes. Principles And Applications. Wiley, 2005

Part I: The igneous process. geochemical characteristics of magmas as petrogenetic indicators. trace elements and isotopic distribution in magmas. magma melting and diversity. magmatic series. geochemical features and eruptive style in the main petrogenetic provinces. mid-ocean ridge volcanism, subduction-related igneous activity and granitoid rocks. orogenesis and magmatism: the meditteranean province.

Part II: the metamorphic process: lithological types and the main metamorphic facies; gradient of metamorphism and geodynamic settings. The orogenic and subduction-zone metamorphism.the contact metamorphism; migmatites and partial melting processes. mineral growth and rock fabrics: pre-, syn- , post-kinematic crystallization. Metamorphic thermobarometry and reconstruction of the pressure-temperature-time (P-T-t) paths in polyphase metamorphism: regional examples.

Part III: Main isotopic dating methods used in different geodynamic settings with the aim to understand potential and limits of each method. theory and applications of the following methods: k/ar, ar/ar, rb/sr, u-th/pb, sm/nd. radiation damage methods, as fission tracks and luminescence, particularly useful in thermochronometric reconstruction.

Part I
J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey

Parte II
Bucher & Fry - Petrology Of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer

Parte III
Faure, T. M. Mensing – Isotopes. Principles And Applications. Wiley, 2005

Part I: The igneous process. geochemical characteristics of magmas as petrogenetic indicators. trace elements and isotopic distribution in magmas. magma melting and diversity. magmatic series. geochemical features and eruptive style in the main petrogenetic provinces. mid-ocean ridge volcanism, subduction-related igneous activity and granitoid rocks. orogenesis and magmatism: the meditteranean province.

Part II: the metamorphic process: lithological types and the main metamorphic facies; gradient of metamorphism and geodynamic settings. the orogenic and subduction-zone metamorphism.the contact metamorphism; migmatites and partial melting processes. mineral growth and rock fabrics: pre-, syn- , post-kinematic crystallization. metamorphic thermobarometry and reconstruction of the pressure-temperature-time (p-t-t) paths in polyphase metamorphism. orogeny and metamorphism: regional examples.

Part III: Main isotopic dating methods used in different geodynamic settings with the aim to understand potential and limits of each method. theory and applications of the following methods: k/ar, ar/ar, rb/sr, u-th/pb, sm/nd. radiation damage methods, as fission tracks and luminescence, particularly useful in thermochronometric reconstruction.

Part I
J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey

Part II
Bucher & Fry - Petrology Of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer

Part III
Faure, T. M. Mensing – Isotopes. Principles And Applications. Wiley, 2005

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the principles of cell biology and tissue organization. Acquisition of conscious judgment autonomy with reference to: evaluation, interpretation and contextualization of photographs acquired with microscopic techniques. Ability to communicate effectively and with the correct terminology;
Applied skills: The basic knowledge acquired through the study of cytology will allow students to apply them to the study of tissues. In addition, students will be able to recognize and comment on a preparation or photograph acquired with a microscopic instrument. Finally, this knowledge will allow students to understand the disciplinary insights that will be carried out in the following years.

Cytology.
Cell theory. Methods of studying the cell: the microscope.
Macromolecules: The main carbohydrates of biological interest and their polymers. Notes on glycolysis. The main lipids of biological interest. Amino acids and proteins. Notes on the structure and function of proteins. Enzymes.
Nucleic acids. DNA and RNA structure. DNA replication, messenger transcription and RNA, genetic code, ribosomes and protein synthesis.
Cell membranes: chemical composition, The fluid mosaic model. Intrinsic and extrinsic proteins. Permeability and active transport. Ionic channels. Intercellular junctions: zonula occludens, zonula adherens and desmosomes.
Cytoplasmic and secretory pathway, The endoplasmic reticulum, Origin and sorting of secretory and membrane proteins. Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes, peroxisomes, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis.
Structure of mitochondria, Probable origin of mitochondria and plastids, DNA in mitochondria, Notes on energy metabolism: respiration.
The cytoskeleton: Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
The nucleus of eukaryotes, nuclear envelope and nuclear pores, histones and nucleosomes. Euchromatin and heterochromatin. The nucleolus. Chromosome structure.
The cell cycle: the interphase (phases G1, S and G2), Cell division. Haploid, diploid and polyploid cells. Mitosis in animal cells. Meiosis. Phases and sub-phases of meiosis. The meaning of meiosis and crossing over. Recombination.

Histology
Epithelial tissue. General characteristics. Coating epithelia. Classification and functions. The basal lamina.
Connective tissue. The different connective tissues: general characteristics and specific characteristics of the different connective tissues. The connective proper. Classification of connectives. Extracellular matrix. Connective cells and their function.
Blood and signs of cellular immunology. The plasma: composition and functions. Erythrocytes and white blood cells: morphological and functional characteristics.
Bone tissue. Spongy bone and compact bone. Microscopic structure of the bone: the osteone. Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.
Muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle tissue. Structure and ultrastructure of muscle fiber. Myofibrils and myofilaments: the sarcomere. Muscle contraction. Heart muscle tissue.
Nervous tissue. The central and peripheral nervous system. Morphology of the neuron. Notes on nerve impulse conduction. The synapse. Neurotransmitters. Neuroglia.

Cytology
Essential Cell Biology, Bruce Alberts, Karen Hopkin, Alexander D. Johnson, David Morgan, Martin Raff. Garland Science. Last edition
Histology
Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, Anthony Mescher. Lange. Last edition

The environment of celestial bodies; the Solar System; the shape and size of the Earth; the main motions of the Earth (rotation and revolution); the long-term movements of the Earth; the Earth-Moon system.
Orientation; time and its measure; the representation of the earth's surface; the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude), the reading of topographic maps.
The shapes of the relief and the modeling of the terrestrial relief; the marine hydrosphere, the continental hydrosphere, the cryosphere; the atmosphere; the climate.
The materials of the Earth: the minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle.
The evolution of the Earth.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

1.Euclidean Geometry; rudiments of history of Greek Mathematics. Ruler and compass constructions. The classical problems. Euclid's Elements.
2. The V Postulate's problem: Posidonius attempt. Equivalent Postulates: Playfair, Wallis, transitivity of parallelism. Saccheri's work. Saccheri's Quadrilaterals. The three hyposes. Saccheri-Lagrange's Theorem and the exclusion of obtuse angle hypothesis. The birth of Non-Euclidean Geometry in Bolyai and Lobatchewaki.
3. Symmetries of the plane: Isometries of the plane and their type. Characterization of an isometry by the image of three points not on a line, Chasles' Theorem. Discrete groups of isometries. Rosettes, Friezes and Wallpaper groups. The Theorem of addiction of the angles. Leonardo's Theorem and the classification of finite groups of isometries. Sketch of the classification of the Frieze groups. Crystallographic restriction's Theorem and the classification of wallpaper groups.
4. Gauss' Geometry; The geometry on the Sphere. Locally euclidean geometries. Uniformly discontinuous groups of isometries. The Torus, Mobius band, Klein bottle. Classification of uniforly discontinuous groups of isometries. Sketch of the proof of the Theorem of classification of locally euclidean geometries
5. Moduli of geometries on the torus and hyperbolic geometry: Similar geometries. Similar geometries on the Torus. The modular figure. Poincaré upper plane model.Lines and distance. What was repugnant to Saccheri and that was not for Aristotle.

R. Trudeau: "La rivoluzione non Euclidea" Bollati Boringhieri
V. Nikulin, I. Shafarevich "Geometries and groups" Springer ed.