Program of the course of "Physics of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere"
prof. Carlo Scotto
Most of the topics are dealt in the book by G.W. Prölss ("Physics of the Earth's Space Environment", ed. Springer). Reference is made to the paragraphs of this book. The remaining topics are reported in the distributed Lesson Notes. The relevant detailed bibliography is shown in them.
Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of the topics covered.

1. Notions of magneto-ionospheric plasma physics
Plasma frequency, Debye distance and Debye-Hückel potential, plasma conditions, free mean path, phase refraction index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and in the absence of magnetic field, cold plasma (Lesson notes). (P. 232, § 7.3.1, § 7.3.2, § 7.3.3). Energy of the electromagnetic field (Lesson notes). Motion of electric charges in a magnetic field: gyration motion, the magnetic moment as an adiabatic invariant, motion where grad(B) is parallel to B, bounce motion (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, pp. 220-228), gradient drift motion (§ 5.3.2, pp. 228-229), neutral shift drift, drift E x B and plasma conductivity in the absence of collisions, drift under the action of external forces (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, § 5.3.3 pp. 219-233).

2. The interplanetary medium.
The solar corona and the solar wind (§ 6.1 and 6.1.1, pp. 278-282, including all the references). Large-scale solar wind structure and on the ecliptic plane (§ 6.1.6). The interplanetary magnetic field: observations and physical characteristics (§ 6.2.1, pp. 300-304). The heliosferic current sheet (§ 6.2.4). Segment structure of the polar component of B (§ 6.2.5). Alfven's theorem (Appendix A.14, pp.484-487).

3. Magnetosphere
The geomagnetic field near the Earth (§ 5.2). Curvature drift (p. 233). Total drift (p. 234-235). Composed motion of charge carriers (§ 5.3.4). Particle populations in the internal magnetosphere: radiation belts, ring current, plasmashere (§ 5.4).
The distant geomagnetic field: configuration and classification, currents on the diurnal side of the magnetopause, reflection of the particles and formation of the current, system of currents in the geomagnetic tail (§ 5.5). Particle population in the external magnetosphere: magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer (§ 5.6). Formation of bow shock and the magnetosheat (§ 6.4 introduction and § 6.4.1, pp. 325-328).

4. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, gas radiation attenuation, energy deposition in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth ionosphere: historical outline, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and disappearance of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in E region and in region F2 region (§ 3.2; introduction of chap 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3). Ionosphere morphology: the cusps on the ionogram trace and the ionospheric regions (Lesson notes). Regular variations of the ionosphere: layers E and F1 (Lesson notes). Irregular variations of the ionosphere: F2 layer (Lesson notes). Sporadic E layer(Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for regions E and F: F1 layer (Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for region D (Lesson notes). Refraction index for radio waves with collisions and in the absence of a magnetic field; interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index: absorption ( Lesson notes). Solar flares and short waves fadeout (Lesson notes). Additional notes on the F1 layer (Lesson notes). Additional notes on layer E (Lesson notes).

5. Magnetoionic theory
Introduction. Constitutive equations for a cold plasma with collisions and in the presence of a magnetic field (Lesson notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, neglecting collisions and considering the Earth's magnetic field: Appleton-Hartree equation (Lesson notes). Continuity of nf in X = 1. The zeros of the collisionless Appleton-Hartree equation: longitudinal, transverse and general propagation case (Lesson notes). Polarization: continuity in X = 1 in the general case and in the case of longitudinal propagation. Polarization in case of longitudinal propagation: dependence on the sign of YL. Polarization in general conditions, for X = 1 (Lesson Notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, considering collisions and the earth's magnetic field. Mention upon the polarization in the collisional case. Curves of mi(X) with collisions: importance of the Booker rule (Lesson notes). Conditions of reflection and ionograms, ordinary, extraordinary trace. Ray Z (Lesson Notes). Examples of ionograms (Lesson notes).
As indicated in the lesson notes, the material of this teaching unit can be found at: Ratcliffe, J. A. (1959), The magneto-Ionic Theory and its Applications to the Ionosphere, Cambridge University Press.

6. Absorption and dissipation of solar wind energy
Topology of the high polar atmosphere (§ 7.1). Electric fields, and plasma convection (§ 7.2). Conductivity and currents in the polar ionosphere (§ 7.3). Polar auroras: energy dissipation of the auroral particles, origin of the auroral particles, diffuse and discrete aurora(§ 7. 4). Solar Wind Dynamo (§ 7.6.1), open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.2), plasma convection in the open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.3), open magnetosphere with tail (§ 7.6.4), mention upon the reconnection (part of § 7.6. 5) Birkeland currents in regions 1 and 2 (§ 7.6.6).

7. Geospheric storms
Magnetic storms: regular variation, equatorial electroject, magnetic activity at low, high and medium latitudes, geomagnetic indexes (§ 8.1). Magnetic substorms: growth and expansion phase, Alvfèn waves and their role (§ 8.3). Ionospheric storms: negative and positive storms (§ 8.5).

1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Lecture Notes

first part

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

The environment of celestial bodies; the Solar System; the shape and size of the Earth; the main motions of the Earth (rotation and revolution); the long-term movements of the Earth; the Earth-Moon system.
Orientation; time and its measure; the representation of the earth's surface; the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude), the reading of topographic maps.
The shapes of the relief and the modeling of the terrestrial relief; the marine hydrosphere, the continental hydrosphere, the cryosphere; the atmosphere; the climate.
The materials of the Earth: the minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle.
The evolution of the Earth.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the principles of cell biology and tissue organization. Acquisition of conscious judgment autonomy with reference to: evaluation, interpretation and contextualization of photographs acquired with microscopic techniques. Ability to communicate effectively and with the correct terminology;
Applied skills: The basic knowledge acquired through the study of cytology will allow students to apply them to the study of tissues. In addition, students will be able to recognize and comment on a preparation or photograph acquired with a microscopic instrument. Finally, this knowledge will allow students to understand the disciplinary insights that will be carried out in the following years.

Cytology.
Cell theory. Methods of studying the cell: the microscope.
Macromolecules: The main carbohydrates of biological interest and their polymers. Notes on glycolysis. The main lipids of biological interest. Amino acids and proteins. Notes on the structure and function of proteins. Enzymes.
Nucleic acids. DNA and RNA structure. DNA replication, messenger transcription and RNA, genetic code, ribosomes and protein synthesis.
Cell membranes: chemical composition, The fluid mosaic model. Intrinsic and extrinsic proteins. Permeability and active transport. Ionic channels. Intercellular junctions: zonula occludens, zonula adherens and desmosomes.
Cytoplasmic and secretory pathway, The endoplasmic reticulum, Origin and sorting of secretory and membrane proteins. Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes, peroxisomes, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis.
Structure of mitochondria, Probable origin of mitochondria and plastids, DNA in mitochondria, Notes on energy metabolism: respiration.
The cytoskeleton: Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
The nucleus of eukaryotes, nuclear envelope and nuclear pores, histones and nucleosomes. Euchromatin and heterochromatin. The nucleolus. Chromosome structure.
The cell cycle: the interphase (phases G1, S and G2), Cell division. Haploid, diploid and polyploid cells. Mitosis in animal cells. Meiosis. Phases and sub-phases of meiosis. The meaning of meiosis and crossing over. Recombination.

Histology
Epithelial tissue. General characteristics. Coating epithelia. Classification and functions. The basal lamina.
Connective tissue. The different connective tissues: general characteristics and specific characteristics of the different connective tissues. The connective proper. Classification of connectives. Extracellular matrix. Connective cells and their function.
Blood and signs of cellular immunology. The plasma: composition and functions. Erythrocytes and white blood cells: morphological and functional characteristics.
Bone tissue. Spongy bone and compact bone. Microscopic structure of the bone: the osteone. Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.
Muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle tissue. Structure and ultrastructure of muscle fiber. Myofibrils and myofilaments: the sarcomere. Muscle contraction. Heart muscle tissue.
Nervous tissue. The central and peripheral nervous system. Morphology of the neuron. Notes on nerve impulse conduction. The synapse. Neurotransmitters. Neuroglia.

Cytology
Essential Cell Biology, Bruce Alberts, Karen Hopkin, Alexander D. Johnson, David Morgan, Martin Raff. Garland Science. Last edition
Histology
Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, Anthony Mescher. Lange. Last edition

The course ‘GIS Elements and Introduction to Spatial Analysis of Data’ is structured along two integrated modules. The Module 1 taught by Prof. Borrelli is structured along a broad thematic spectrum of practical and theoretical GIS topics. The Module 2 taught by Dott. Reitano combines didactics, study cases and the development of a cartographic GIS mapping.

Course content and milestones:

– Introduction to GIS and software installation
– Quantum GIS 3.x: Getting familiar with our Open Source GIS interface.
– Vector and raster data exploration.
– GIS data source and georeferencing
– Database and data management
– Vector data editor
– GIS mapping
– CARG - Geologic and geotematic maps
– Geoprocessing: Vectors
– Geoprocessing: Raster
– Introduction to Remote Sensing data
– GIS applications using Remote Sensing data
– Field data collection, GPS and 3D modelling
– Introduction to GIS modelling
– Individual/group mapping projects

Students will be provided with lecture materials and slides before class. The relevant parts of the textbooks or web material that need to be studied will be communicated during the lectures. The reference textbooks are all Open Source and available online or on Moodle.

- QGIS User Guide -
- QGIS Training Manual -
- QGIS - Manuale utente in ambiente Windows

Introduction to mineral resources, environmental sustainability and energy, the role of mineral resources for the development of human society, principles of ore deposits, classification and geology of ore deposits, quarries and mines, environmental mineralogy. Case studies: pigments, metals, cement and concrete, zeolites, ceramics, materials for cultural heritage, seminars.

VARIOUS MATERIAL PROVIDED BY THE TEACHER AND ALSO
SE Kesler e AC Simon (2015). Mineral resources, economics and the environment. Cambridge University press. 433 pp.
Ugo Bardi (2011) La terra svuotata. Editori Riuniti, 295 pp.
G. Tanelli (2009) Georisorse e ambiente. Aracne. 280 pp.

Physical properties of minerals, mineral separation, principles of spectroscopy, X-rays: emission and absorption, X-ray diffraction, vibrational (Raman, FTIR) spectroscopies, electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), WDS microanalysis (EMPA), case studies, practicals, seminars.

A.F. Gualtieri (2018). Introduzione alle tecniche analitiche strumentali, Ed. Libreria Universitaria.
Dyar, Gunter, Tasa (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America. 708 pp. Disponibili versioni PDF e iPad.
Hutchison (1974). Laboratory handbook of petrographic techniques. Wiley, 527.

The course aims to introduce students to the teaching of mathematics in first and second grade secondary schools, through a historical-epistemological approach to the basic concepts of elementary mathematics (arithmetic, geometry, algebra, probability, functions). In particular: the teaching of mathematics and its evolution; numerical systems; Euclid's axioms and postulates; non-Euclidean and locally Euclidean geometries; geometric constructions with ruler and compass and mathematical machines; elements of history of infinitesimal calculus. Outline of national indications.

GIORGIO ISRAEL, ANA MILLÁN GASCA, Pensare in matematica, Zanichelli, 2012.
ANA MILLÁN GASCA, All'inizio fu lo scriba, Mimesis, 2004
ENRICO GIUSTI, Analisi matematica 1, Bollati Boringhieri, 2002

Teaching mathematics with the help of a computer: GeoGebra and Mathematica softwares.
Commands for numerical and symbolic calculus, graphics visualization, parametric surfaces and curves with animations in changing parameters.
Solving problems: triangle's properties in Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry with examples, approximation of pi and other irrational numbers, solutions of equations and inequalities, systems of equations, defining and visualizing geometrical loci, function integral and derivatives, approximation of surface area.

List of problems given in class concerning visualization and solutions with the help of software Mathematica or GeoGebra.

1. Introduction to the Course, Earth Physics and the Environment

2. Introduction to Python, matrices and vectors, functions

3. Recall to Fourier series and transform. Transfer function, causality, dispersion.

4. Python Exercise, Pulse Response

5. Sampling theorem, aliasing, analytical signal, signal energy

6. Python Exercise, Fourier Transform, FFT

7. Time series

8. Python Exercise, Least Squares problem and Data fitting

9. Introduction to Climate Change

10. Exercise on a time series (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere)

11. Earthquakes and propagation of waves

12. Exercise on a time series (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere)

13. Maxwell equations, constitutive relations

14. Exercise on a time series (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere)

15. Low frequency and high frequency electromagnetic measurements

16. Exercise on Earthquake location

17. Relation between electrical parameters and hydraulic parameters: electrical conductivity and hydraulic permeability

• J. Gaskill, Linear systems, Fourier transforms, and optics, Wiley.

• A. R. Von Hippel, Dielectric and Waves, John Wiley & Sons.

• F. W. Taylor, Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.

Introduction: 3h
Hadean: 3h
Archaean: 3h
Proterozoic: 3h
Cambrian: 3h
Ordovician: 3h
Silurian: 3h
Devonian: 3h
Carboniferous: 3h
Permian: 3h
Triassic: 3h
Giurassic: 3h
Cretaceous: 3h
Paleogene: 3h
Neogene: 3h
Quaternary: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Earth System History, 4a edizione, S.M. STANLEY, J.A. LUCZAJ (2014)

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

Matrix calculus and linear systems; matrix factorization (eigenvalues, eigenvectors); rigid rototranslations and associated matrix; least squares method and polynomial regression.
Complex numbers and trigonometric functions; phasors.
Introduction to signal analysis; definition of a linear time-invariant system; convolution theorem.
Vector calculus; representation in polar, spherical and curvilinear coordinates.
Wave propagation; standing waves.
Fourier series and transform; Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem.
Introduction to Matlab programming and exercise on the topics covered in the theory lessons.

Program of the course of "Physics of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere"
prof. Carlo Scotto
Most of the topics are dealt in the book by G.W. Prölss ("Physics of the Earth's Space Environment", ed. Springer). Reference is made to the paragraphs of this book. The remaining topics are reported in the distributed Lesson Notes. The relevant detailed bibliography is shown in them.
Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of the topics covered.

1. Notions of magneto-ionospheric plasma physics
Plasma frequency, Debye distance and Debye-Hückel potential, plasma conditions, free mean path, phase refraction index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and in the absence of magnetic field, cold plasma (Lesson notes). (P. 232, § 7.3.1, § 7.3.2, § 7.3.3). Energy of the electromagnetic field (Lesson notes). Motion of electric charges in a magnetic field: gyration motion, the magnetic moment as an adiabatic invariant, motion where grad(B) is parallel to B, bounce motion (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, pp. 220-228), gradient drift motion (§ 5.3.2, pp. 228-229), neutral shift drift, drift E x B and plasma conductivity in the absence of collisions, drift under the action of external forces (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, § 5.3.3 pp. 219-233).

2. The interplanetary medium.
The solar corona and the solar wind (§ 6.1 and 6.1.1, pp. 278-282, including all the references). Large-scale solar wind structure and on the ecliptic plane (§ 6.1.6). The interplanetary magnetic field: observations and physical characteristics (§ 6.2.1, pp. 300-304). The heliosferic current sheet (§ 6.2.4). Segment structure of the polar component of B (§ 6.2.5). Alfven's theorem (Appendix A.14, pp.484-487).

3. Magnetosphere
The geomagnetic field near the Earth (§ 5.2). Curvature drift (p. 233). Total drift (p. 234-235). Composed motion of charge carriers (§ 5.3.4). Particle populations in the internal magnetosphere: radiation belts, ring current, plasmashere (§ 5.4).
The distant geomagnetic field: configuration and classification, currents on the diurnal side of the magnetopause, reflection of the particles and formation of the current, system of currents in the geomagnetic tail (§ 5.5). Particle population in the external magnetosphere: magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer (§ 5.6). Formation of bow shock and the magnetosheat (§ 6.4 introduction and § 6.4.1, pp. 325-328).

4. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, gas radiation attenuation, energy deposition in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth ionosphere: historical outline, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and disappearance of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in E region and in region F2 region (§ 3.2; introduction of chap 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3). Ionosphere morphology: the cusps on the ionogram trace and the ionospheric regions (Lesson notes). Regular variations of the ionosphere: layers E and F1 (Lesson notes). Irregular variations of the ionosphere: F2 layer (Lesson notes). Sporadic E layer(Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for regions E and F: F1 layer (Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for region D (Lesson notes). Refraction index for radio waves with collisions and in the absence of a magnetic field; interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index: absorption ( Lesson notes). Solar flares and short waves fadeout (Lesson notes). Additional notes on the F1 layer (Lesson notes). Additional notes on layer E (Lesson notes).

5. Magnetoionic theory
Introduction. Constitutive equations for a cold plasma with collisions and in the presence of a magnetic field (Lesson notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, neglecting collisions and considering the Earth's magnetic field: Appleton-Hartree equation (Lesson notes). Continuity of nf in X = 1. The zeros of the collisionless Appleton-Hartree equation: longitudinal, transverse and general propagation case (Lesson notes). Polarization: continuity in X = 1 in the general case and in the case of longitudinal propagation. Polarization in case of longitudinal propagation: dependence on the sign of YL. Polarization in general conditions, for X = 1 (Lesson Notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, considering collisions and the earth's magnetic field. Mention upon the polarization in the collisional case. Curves of mi(X) with collisions: importance of the Booker rule (Lesson notes). Conditions of reflection and ionograms, ordinary, extraordinary trace. Ray Z (Lesson Notes). Examples of ionograms (Lesson notes).
As indicated in the lesson notes, the material of this teaching unit can be found at: Ratcliffe, J. A. (1959), The magneto-Ionic Theory and its Applications to the Ionosphere, Cambridge University Press.

6. Absorption and dissipation of solar wind energy
Topology of the high polar atmosphere (§ 7.1). Electric fields, and plasma convection (§ 7.2). Conductivity and currents in the polar ionosphere (§ 7.3). Polar auroras: energy dissipation of the auroral particles, origin of the auroral particles, diffuse and discrete aurora(§ 7. 4). Solar Wind Dynamo (§ 7.6.1), open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.2), plasma convection in the open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.3), open magnetosphere with tail (§ 7.6.4), mention upon the reconnection (part of § 7.6. 5) Birkeland currents in regions 1 and 2 (§ 7.6.6).

7. Geospheric storms
Magnetic storms: regular variation, equatorial electroject, magnetic activity at low, high and medium latitudes, geomagnetic indexes (§ 8.1). Magnetic substorms: growth and expansion phase, Alvfèn waves and their role (§ 8.3). Ionospheric storms: negative and positive storms (§ 8.5).

1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Lecture Notes

first part

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

The course program includes the presentation and discussion of the following topics:
Definition and types of urban systems. Natural hazards and risks of urban areas. Role of geological conditions, influence of natural factors and geographical conditions on the development of urban areas. Risk, hazard, exposed value and vulnerability in urban areas, and their evolution in time. Methodology for collection, normalization and processing of drilling data. Issues and real cases applications.

Geologia di Roma “Vol L” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (1995).
La geologia di Roma dal centro storico alla periferia “Vol LXXX” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (2008).
U. Ventriglia – Geologia del territorio del Comune di Roma, a cura dell’Amministrazione Provinciale di Roma, (2002).
G. Gisotti – Ambiente urbano. – Dario Flaccovio Editore, Palermo (2007).

Physical properties of minerals, mineral separation, principles of spectroscopy, X-rays: emission and absorption, X-ray diffraction, vibrational (Raman, FTIR) spectroscopies, electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), WDS microanalysis (EMPA), case studies, practicals, seminars.

A.F. Gualtieri (2018). Introduzione alle tecniche analitiche strumentali, Ed. Libreria Universitaria.
Dyar, Gunter, Tasa (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America. 708 pp. Disponibili versioni PDF e iPad.
Hutchison (1974). Laboratory handbook of petrographic techniques. Wiley, 527.

The environment of celestial bodies; the Solar System; the shape and size of the Earth; the main motions of the Earth (rotation and revolution); the long-term movements of the Earth; the Earth-Moon system.
Orientation; time and its measure; the representation of the earth's surface; the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude), the reading of topographic maps.
The shapes of the relief and the modeling of the terrestrial relief; the marine hydrosphere, the continental hydrosphere, the cryosphere; the atmosphere; the climate.
The materials of the Earth: the minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle.
The evolution of the Earth.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the principles of cell biology and tissue organization. Acquisition of conscious judgment autonomy with reference to: evaluation, interpretation and contextualization of photographs acquired with microscopic techniques. Ability to communicate effectively and with the correct terminology;
Applied skills: The basic knowledge acquired through the study of cytology will allow students to apply them to the study of tissues. In addition, students will be able to recognize and comment on a preparation or photograph acquired with a microscopic instrument. Finally, this knowledge will allow students to understand the disciplinary insights that will be carried out in the following years.

Cytology.
Cell theory. Methods of studying the cell: the microscope.
Macromolecules: The main carbohydrates of biological interest and their polymers. Notes on glycolysis. The main lipids of biological interest. Amino acids and proteins. Notes on the structure and function of proteins. Enzymes.
Nucleic acids. DNA and RNA structure. DNA replication, messenger transcription and RNA, genetic code, ribosomes and protein synthesis.
Cell membranes: chemical composition, The fluid mosaic model. Intrinsic and extrinsic proteins. Permeability and active transport. Ionic channels. Intercellular junctions: zonula occludens, zonula adherens and desmosomes.
Cytoplasmic and secretory pathway, The endoplasmic reticulum, Origin and sorting of secretory and membrane proteins. Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes, peroxisomes, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis.
Structure of mitochondria, Probable origin of mitochondria and plastids, DNA in mitochondria, Notes on energy metabolism: respiration.
The cytoskeleton: Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
The nucleus of eukaryotes, nuclear envelope and nuclear pores, histones and nucleosomes. Euchromatin and heterochromatin. The nucleolus. Chromosome structure.
The cell cycle: the interphase (phases G1, S and G2), Cell division. Haploid, diploid and polyploid cells. Mitosis in animal cells. Meiosis. Phases and sub-phases of meiosis. The meaning of meiosis and crossing over. Recombination.

Histology
Epithelial tissue. General characteristics. Coating epithelia. Classification and functions. The basal lamina.
Connective tissue. The different connective tissues: general characteristics and specific characteristics of the different connective tissues. The connective proper. Classification of connectives. Extracellular matrix. Connective cells and their function.
Blood and signs of cellular immunology. The plasma: composition and functions. Erythrocytes and white blood cells: morphological and functional characteristics.
Bone tissue. Spongy bone and compact bone. Microscopic structure of the bone: the osteone. Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.
Muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle tissue. Structure and ultrastructure of muscle fiber. Myofibrils and myofilaments: the sarcomere. Muscle contraction. Heart muscle tissue.
Nervous tissue. The central and peripheral nervous system. Morphology of the neuron. Notes on nerve impulse conduction. The synapse. Neurotransmitters. Neuroglia.

Cytology
Essential Cell Biology, Bruce Alberts, Karen Hopkin, Alexander D. Johnson, David Morgan, Martin Raff. Garland Science. Last edition
Histology
Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, Anthony Mescher. Lange. Last edition

Introduction: hazard and risk, historical perspective;
General concepts: Earth Science; energy and causes of natural hazards; managing, modelling and describing natural disasters; forecasting.
Analysis, physical understanding and social impact of the natural disasters in Earth science: earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, landslides, hurricanes, floods, drought, climate changes, sea level changes.
Synthesis: towards a general and shared vision to mitigate natural disasters.

Patrick L. Abbott (2017) Natural Disasters. McGraw-Hill, 556 pp.

Introduction to mineral resources, environmental sustainability and energy, the role of mineral resources for the development of human society, principles of ore deposits, classification and geology of ore deposits, quarries and mines, environmental mineralogy. Case studies: pigments, metals, cement and concrete, zeolites, ceramics, materials for cultural heritage, seminars.

VARIOUS MATERIAL PROVIDED BY THE TEACHER AND ALSO
SE Kesler e AC Simon (2015). Mineral resources, economics and the environment. Cambridge University press. 433 pp.
Ugo Bardi (2011) La terra svuotata. Editori Riuniti, 295 pp.
G. Tanelli (2009) Georisorse e ambiente. Aracne. 280 pp.

Introduction, chordates, basal vertebrates: 3h
"Agnatha" and the origin of lower jaw: 3h
Chondrychtyes and e osteichthyes: 3h
Sarcopterygians and the origin of tetrapods: 3h
Amphibia: 3h
Anapsida: 3h
Diapsida: 3h
Dinosauria: 3h
Pterosauria vs. Aves: 3h
Sinapsida: 3h
Mesozoic mammals-Metatheria: 3h
Afrotheria and Xenartra: 3h
Boreoeutheria: 3h
Laurasiatheria: 3h
Euarchontoglires: 3h
Primates: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Benton M.J. (2014) - Vertebrate Palaeontology. Blackwell Publishing

Additional references to be discussed during the classes will be selected among the most recent and/or controversial.

The materials of the Earth: minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle, the magmatic rocks, the sedimentary rocks, the metamorphic rocks, the bedding and the deformation of the rocks.
Volcanic phenomena: magma and volcanic activity, the main types of eruptions, shape of volcanic buildings, products of volcanic activity, the geographic distribution of volcanoes, volcanoes and man (the volcanic risk).
Seismic phenomena: the theory of elastic rebound, the seismic cycle, types of seismic waves and their propagation and registration, the force of an earthquake (scales of intensity and magnitude), the geographic distribution of earthquakes, the seismic activity and the man (seismic risk)
Plate tectonics: the internal structure of the Earth, the structure of the crust, the Earth's magnetic field, Earth’s internal heat, the convective mantle, from the hypothesis of the drift of the continents to the formulation of the theory of plate tectonics.
The Earth as an integrated system: interaction between the different systems of the planet (biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, cryosphere), the earth's atmosphere, climate and meteorological phenomena, renewable and non-renewable natural resources.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

The course aims to introduce students to the teaching of mathematics in first and second grade secondary schools, through a historical-epistemological approach to the basic concepts of elementary mathematics (arithmetic, geometry, algebra, probability, functions). In particular: the teaching of mathematics and its evolution; numerical systems; Euclid's axioms and postulates; non-Euclidean and locally Euclidean geometries; geometric constructions with ruler and compass and mathematical machines; elements of history of infinitesimal calculus. Outline of national indications.

GIORGIO ISRAEL, ANA MILLÁN GASCA, Pensare in matematica, Zanichelli, 2012.
ANA MILLÁN GASCA, All'inizio fu lo scriba, Mimesis, 2004
ENRICO GIUSTI, Analisi matematica 1, Bollati Boringhieri, 2002

Teaching mathematics with the help of a computer: GeoGebra and Mathematica softwares.
Commands for numerical and symbolic calculus, graphics visualization, parametric surfaces and curves with animations in changing parameters.
Solving problems: triangle's properties in Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry with examples, approximation of pi and other irrational numbers, solutions of equations and inequalities, systems of equations, defining and visualizing geometrical loci, function integral and derivatives, approximation of surface area.

List of problems given in class concerning visualization and solutions with the help of software Mathematica or GeoGebra.

1. Introduction to the Course, Earth Physics and the Environment

2. Introduction to Python, matrices and vectors, functions

3. Recall to Fourier series and transform. Transfer function, causality, dispersion.

4. Python Exercise, Pulse Response

5. Sampling theorem, aliasing, analytical signal, signal energy

6. Python Exercise, Fourier Transform, FFT

7. Time series

8. Python Exercise, Least Squares problem and Data fitting

9. Introduction to Climate Change

10. Exercise on a time series (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere)

11. Earthquakes and propagation of waves

12. Exercise on a time series (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere)

13. Maxwell equations, constitutive relations

14. Exercise on a time series (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere)

15. Low frequency and high frequency electromagnetic measurements

16. Exercise on Earthquake location

17. Relation between electrical parameters and hydraulic parameters: electrical conductivity and hydraulic permeability

• J. Gaskill, Linear systems, Fourier transforms, and optics, Wiley.

• A. R. Von Hippel, Dielectric and Waves, John Wiley & Sons.

• F. W. Taylor, Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.

The metamorphic process and the controlling factors; metamorphic gradients and geodynamic setting. Metamorphic rocks: structure, classification, chemical compositional classes. Metamorphic grade, index minerals and the main metamorphic facies. Mineralogical assemblage and metamorphic paragenesis. Phase diagrams, AFM and ACF projections. Mineral growth and deformation: criteria for pre-, syn- and post-kinematic crystallization. Thermobarometry: basic concepts, assumptions and limits; the main geothermometers and geobarometers; uncertainty associated with thermodynamic calibration and analytical uncertainty, "geological" error; classical thermometry; multi-equilibrium thermobarometry; inverse and forward modelling thermobarometry; introducing the main software for thermodynamic modeling. Orogenesis and metamorphism: regional examples. Exercises: reconstruction of pressure-temperature-time-strain (P-T-t-d) paths in polyphase metamorphism rocks

J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey

Bucher & Grapes - Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer

Part one: the igneous process
Use of main element geochemistry to model the origin and development of various types of magma. Binary Harker diagrams. Mass balance calculations. Partial melting, crystal fractionation and assimilation modeling. Geothermobarometers. Trace element geochemistry. Incompatibility and compatibility. Differentiation modeling use trace element partitioning. The use of isotopes(Rb / Sr, Sm / Nd, U / Pb) ) to understand the origin, age and development of various types of magma. Geochemical data processing. Magmatic activity in different tectonic environment, with emphasis on mid-ocean ridges and oceanic and continental subduction zones and on the origin of magmas in the mediterranean area.

Part two: the metamorphic process
The metamorphic process and the controlling factors; gradients of metamorphism and geodynamic setting. Metamorphic rocks: structure, classification, chemical compositional classes. Metamorphic grade, index minerals and the main metamorphic facies. Mineralogical assemblage and metamorphic paragenesis. Phase diagrams, AFM and ACF projections. Mineral growth and deformation: criteria for pre-, syn- and post-kinematic crystallization. Thermobarometry: basic concepts, assumptions and limits; the main geothermometers and geobarometers; uncertainty associated with thermodynamic calibration and analytical uncertainty, "geological" error; classical thermometry; multi-equilibrium thermobarometry; inverse and forward modelling thermobarometry; introducing the main software for thermodynamic modeling. Orogenesis and metamorphism: regional examples. Exercises: reconstruction of pressure-temperature-time-strain (P-T-t-d) paths in polyphase metamorphism rocks

Part I
J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey
Rollinsons H., 1993. Using geochemical data: evaluation, presentation, interpretation. Longman Scientific & Techinal

Part II
Bucher & Fry - Petrology Of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer

History of climatology, international organizations, Global warming: reality and negation
The climate system: atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere
Climate variability, climate change, anthropocene
The cryosphere: glaciers, permafrost, ice sheet, sea ice
The climate system and its natural and anthropogenic perturbations: Variation of the relative position of the continents, astronomical, greenhouse gases, aerosols, volcanic eruptions, solar activity, land use variations, meteorite impacts,
Sea Level rise
The paleoclimate: reconstruction of climate change in the past (ice cores, speleothems, marine cores, etc.).
Points of no return "Tipping Point"
Extreme events
Climate Models
Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
Climate change simulations for the 21st century
Impacts of Climate Change: cryosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere.
The economic costs of climate change
Technological innovation for a decarbonised society

Pdf and copies of recent specialistic scientific publications given by the teacher

Program of the course of "Physics of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere"
prof. Carlo Scotto
Most of the topics are dealt in the book by G.W. Prölss ("Physics of the Earth's Space Environment", ed. Springer). Reference is made to the paragraphs of this book. The remaining topics are reported in the distributed Lesson Notes. The relevant detailed bibliography is shown in them.
Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of the topics covered.

1. Notions of magneto-ionospheric plasma physics
Plasma frequency, Debye distance and Debye-Hückel potential, plasma conditions, free mean path, phase refraction index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and in the absence of magnetic field, cold plasma (Lesson notes). (P. 232, § 7.3.1, § 7.3.2, § 7.3.3). Energy of the electromagnetic field (Lesson notes). Motion of electric charges in a magnetic field: gyration motion, the magnetic moment as an adiabatic invariant, motion where grad(B) is parallel to B, bounce motion (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, pp. 220-228), gradient drift motion (§ 5.3.2, pp. 228-229), neutral shift drift, drift E x B and plasma conductivity in the absence of collisions, drift under the action of external forces (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, § 5.3.3 pp. 219-233).

2. The interplanetary medium.
The solar corona and the solar wind (§ 6.1 and 6.1.1, pp. 278-282, including all the references). Large-scale solar wind structure and on the ecliptic plane (§ 6.1.6). The interplanetary magnetic field: observations and physical characteristics (§ 6.2.1, pp. 300-304). The heliosferic current sheet (§ 6.2.4). Segment structure of the polar component of B (§ 6.2.5). Alfven's theorem (Appendix A.14, pp.484-487).

3. Magnetosphere
The geomagnetic field near the Earth (§ 5.2). Curvature drift (p. 233). Total drift (p. 234-235). Composed motion of charge carriers (§ 5.3.4). Particle populations in the internal magnetosphere: radiation belts, ring current, plasmashere (§ 5.4).
The distant geomagnetic field: configuration and classification, currents on the diurnal side of the magnetopause, reflection of the particles and formation of the current, system of currents in the geomagnetic tail (§ 5.5). Particle population in the external magnetosphere: magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer (§ 5.6). Formation of bow shock and the magnetosheat (§ 6.4 introduction and § 6.4.1, pp. 325-328).

4. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, gas radiation attenuation, energy deposition in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth ionosphere: historical outline, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and disappearance of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in E region and in region F2 region (§ 3.2; introduction of chap 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3). Ionosphere morphology: the cusps on the ionogram trace and the ionospheric regions (Lesson notes). Regular variations of the ionosphere: layers E and F1 (Lesson notes). Irregular variations of the ionosphere: F2 layer (Lesson notes). Sporadic E layer(Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for regions E and F: F1 layer (Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for region D (Lesson notes). Refraction index for radio waves with collisions and in the absence of a magnetic field; interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index: absorption ( Lesson notes). Solar flares and short waves fadeout (Lesson notes). Additional notes on the F1 layer (Lesson notes). Additional notes on layer E (Lesson notes).

5. Magnetoionic theory
Introduction. Constitutive equations for a cold plasma with collisions and in the presence of a magnetic field (Lesson notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, neglecting collisions and considering the Earth's magnetic field: Appleton-Hartree equation (Lesson notes). Continuity of nf in X = 1. The zeros of the collisionless Appleton-Hartree equation: longitudinal, transverse and general propagation case (Lesson notes). Polarization: continuity in X = 1 in the general case and in the case of longitudinal propagation. Polarization in case of longitudinal propagation: dependence on the sign of YL. Polarization in general conditions, for X = 1 (Lesson Notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, considering collisions and the earth's magnetic field. Mention upon the polarization in the collisional case. Curves of mi(X) with collisions: importance of the Booker rule (Lesson notes). Conditions of reflection and ionograms, ordinary, extraordinary trace. Ray Z (Lesson Notes). Examples of ionograms (Lesson notes).
As indicated in the lesson notes, the material of this teaching unit can be found at: Ratcliffe, J. A. (1959), The magneto-Ionic Theory and its Applications to the Ionosphere, Cambridge University Press.

6. Absorption and dissipation of solar wind energy
Topology of the high polar atmosphere (§ 7.1). Electric fields, and plasma convection (§ 7.2). Conductivity and currents in the polar ionosphere (§ 7.3). Polar auroras: energy dissipation of the auroral particles, origin of the auroral particles, diffuse and discrete aurora(§ 7. 4). Solar Wind Dynamo (§ 7.6.1), open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.2), plasma convection in the open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.3), open magnetosphere with tail (§ 7.6.4), mention upon the reconnection (part of § 7.6. 5) Birkeland currents in regions 1 and 2 (§ 7.6.6).

7. Geospheric storms
Magnetic storms: regular variation, equatorial electroject, magnetic activity at low, high and medium latitudes, geomagnetic indexes (§ 8.1). Magnetic substorms: growth and expansion phase, Alvfèn waves and their role (§ 8.3). Ionospheric storms: negative and positive storms (§ 8.5).

1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Lecture Notes

first part

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

The environment of celestial bodies; the Solar System; the shape and size of the Earth; the main motions of the Earth (rotation and revolution); the long-term movements of the Earth; the Earth-Moon system.
Orientation; time and its measure; the representation of the earth's surface; the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude), the reading of topographic maps.
The shapes of the relief and the modeling of the terrestrial relief; the marine hydrosphere, the continental hydrosphere, the cryosphere; the atmosphere; the climate.
The materials of the Earth: the minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle.
The evolution of the Earth.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the principles of cell biology and tissue organization. Acquisition of conscious judgment autonomy with reference to: evaluation, interpretation and contextualization of photographs acquired with microscopic techniques. Ability to communicate effectively and with the correct terminology;
Applied skills: The basic knowledge acquired through the study of cytology will allow students to apply them to the study of tissues. In addition, students will be able to recognize and comment on a preparation or photograph acquired with a microscopic instrument. Finally, this knowledge will allow students to understand the disciplinary insights that will be carried out in the following years.

Cytology.
Cell theory. Methods of studying the cell: the microscope.
Macromolecules: The main carbohydrates of biological interest and their polymers. Notes on glycolysis. The main lipids of biological interest. Amino acids and proteins. Notes on the structure and function of proteins. Enzymes.
Nucleic acids. DNA and RNA structure. DNA replication, messenger transcription and RNA, genetic code, ribosomes and protein synthesis.
Cell membranes: chemical composition, The fluid mosaic model. Intrinsic and extrinsic proteins. Permeability and active transport. Ionic channels. Intercellular junctions: zonula occludens, zonula adherens and desmosomes.
Cytoplasmic and secretory pathway, The endoplasmic reticulum, Origin and sorting of secretory and membrane proteins. Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes, peroxisomes, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis.
Structure of mitochondria, Probable origin of mitochondria and plastids, DNA in mitochondria, Notes on energy metabolism: respiration.
The cytoskeleton: Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
The nucleus of eukaryotes, nuclear envelope and nuclear pores, histones and nucleosomes. Euchromatin and heterochromatin. The nucleolus. Chromosome structure.
The cell cycle: the interphase (phases G1, S and G2), Cell division. Haploid, diploid and polyploid cells. Mitosis in animal cells. Meiosis. Phases and sub-phases of meiosis. The meaning of meiosis and crossing over. Recombination.

Histology
Epithelial tissue. General characteristics. Coating epithelia. Classification and functions. The basal lamina.
Connective tissue. The different connective tissues: general characteristics and specific characteristics of the different connective tissues. The connective proper. Classification of connectives. Extracellular matrix. Connective cells and their function.
Blood and signs of cellular immunology. The plasma: composition and functions. Erythrocytes and white blood cells: morphological and functional characteristics.
Bone tissue. Spongy bone and compact bone. Microscopic structure of the bone: the osteone. Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.
Muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle tissue. Structure and ultrastructure of muscle fiber. Myofibrils and myofilaments: the sarcomere. Muscle contraction. Heart muscle tissue.
Nervous tissue. The central and peripheral nervous system. Morphology of the neuron. Notes on nerve impulse conduction. The synapse. Neurotransmitters. Neuroglia.

Cytology
Essential Cell Biology, Bruce Alberts, Karen Hopkin, Alexander D. Johnson, David Morgan, Martin Raff. Garland Science. Last edition
Histology
Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, Anthony Mescher. Lange. Last edition

Introduction to mineral resources, environmental sustainability and energy, the role of mineral resources for the development of human society, principles of ore deposits, classification and geology of ore deposits, quarries and mines, environmental mineralogy. Case studies: pigments, metals, cement and concrete, zeolites, ceramics, materials for cultural heritage, seminars.

VARIOUS MATERIAL PROVIDED BY THE TEACHER AND ALSO
SE Kesler e AC Simon (2015). Mineral resources, economics and the environment. Cambridge University press. 433 pp.
Ugo Bardi (2011) La terra svuotata. Editori Riuniti, 295 pp.
G. Tanelli (2009) Georisorse e ambiente. Aracne. 280 pp.

Physical properties of minerals, mineral separation, principles of spectroscopy, X-rays: emission and absorption, X-ray diffraction, vibrational (Raman, FTIR) spectroscopies, electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), WDS microanalysis (EMPA), case studies, practicals, seminars.

A.F. Gualtieri (2018). Introduzione alle tecniche analitiche strumentali, Ed. Libreria Universitaria.
Dyar, Gunter, Tasa (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America. 708 pp. Disponibili versioni PDF e iPad.
Hutchison (1974). Laboratory handbook of petrographic techniques. Wiley, 527.

The course aims to introduce students to the teaching of mathematics in first and second grade secondary schools, through a historical-epistemological approach to the basic concepts of elementary mathematics (arithmetic, geometry, algebra, probability, functions). In particular: the teaching of mathematics and its evolution; numerical systems; Euclid's axioms and postulates; non-Euclidean and locally Euclidean geometries; geometric constructions with ruler and compass and mathematical machines; elements of history of infinitesimal calculus. Outline of national indications.

GIORGIO ISRAEL, ANA MILLÁN GASCA, Pensare in matematica, Zanichelli, 2012.
ANA MILLÁN GASCA, All'inizio fu lo scriba, Mimesis, 2004
ENRICO GIUSTI, Analisi matematica 1, Bollati Boringhieri, 2002

Teaching mathematics with the help of a computer: GeoGebra and Mathematica softwares.
Commands for numerical and symbolic calculus, graphics visualization, parametric surfaces and curves with animations in changing parameters.
Solving problems: triangle's properties in Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry with examples, approximation of pi and other irrational numbers, solutions of equations and inequalities, systems of equations, defining and visualizing geometrical loci, function integral and derivatives, approximation of surface area.

List of problems given in class concerning visualization and solutions with the help of software Mathematica or GeoGebra.

1. Introduction to the Course, Earth Physics and the Environment

2. Introduction to Python, matrices and vectors, functions

3. Recall to Fourier series and transform. Transfer function, causality, dispersion.

4. Python Exercise, Pulse Response

5. Sampling theorem, aliasing, analytical signal, signal energy

6. Python Exercise, Fourier Transform, FFT

7. Time series

8. Python Exercise, Least Squares problem and Data fitting

9. Introduction to Climate Change

10. Exercise on a time series (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere)

11. Earthquakes and propagation of waves

12. Exercise on a time series (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere)

13. Maxwell equations, constitutive relations

14. Exercise on a time series (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere)

15. Low frequency and high frequency electromagnetic measurements

16. Exercise on Earthquake location

17. Relation between electrical parameters and hydraulic parameters: electrical conductivity and hydraulic permeability

• J. Gaskill, Linear systems, Fourier transforms, and optics, Wiley.

• A. R. Von Hippel, Dielectric and Waves, John Wiley & Sons.

• F. W. Taylor, Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.

Introduction: 3h
Hadean: 3h
Archaean: 3h
Proterozoic: 3h
Cambrian: 3h
Ordovician: 3h
Silurian: 3h
Devonian: 3h
Carboniferous: 3h
Permian: 3h
Triassic: 3h
Giurassic: 3h
Cretaceous: 3h
Paleogene: 3h
Neogene: 3h
Quaternary: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Earth System History, 4a edizione, S.M. STANLEY, J.A. LUCZAJ (2014)

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

Matrix calculus and linear systems; matrix factorization (eigenvalues, eigenvectors); rigid rototranslations and associated matrix; least squares method and polynomial regression.
Complex numbers and trigonometric functions; phasors.
Introduction to signal analysis; definition of a linear time-invariant system; convolution theorem.
Vector calculus; representation in polar, spherical and curvilinear coordinates.
Wave propagation; standing waves.
Fourier series and transform; Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem.
Introduction to Matlab programming and exercise on the topics covered in the theory lessons.

Program of the course of "Physics of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere"
prof. Carlo Scotto
Most of the topics are dealt in the book by G.W. Prölss ("Physics of the Earth's Space Environment", ed. Springer). Reference is made to the paragraphs of this book. The remaining topics are reported in the distributed Lesson Notes. The relevant detailed bibliography is shown in them.
Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of the topics covered.

1. Notions of magneto-ionospheric plasma physics
Plasma frequency, Debye distance and Debye-Hückel potential, plasma conditions, free mean path, phase refraction index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and in the absence of magnetic field, cold plasma (Lesson notes). (P. 232, § 7.3.1, § 7.3.2, § 7.3.3). Energy of the electromagnetic field (Lesson notes). Motion of electric charges in a magnetic field: gyration motion, the magnetic moment as an adiabatic invariant, motion where grad(B) is parallel to B, bounce motion (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, pp. 220-228), gradient drift motion (§ 5.3.2, pp. 228-229), neutral shift drift, drift E x B and plasma conductivity in the absence of collisions, drift under the action of external forces (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, § 5.3.3 pp. 219-233).

2. The interplanetary medium.
The solar corona and the solar wind (§ 6.1 and 6.1.1, pp. 278-282, including all the references). Large-scale solar wind structure and on the ecliptic plane (§ 6.1.6). The interplanetary magnetic field: observations and physical characteristics (§ 6.2.1, pp. 300-304). The heliosferic current sheet (§ 6.2.4). Segment structure of the polar component of B (§ 6.2.5). Alfven's theorem (Appendix A.14, pp.484-487).

3. Magnetosphere
The geomagnetic field near the Earth (§ 5.2). Curvature drift (p. 233). Total drift (p. 234-235). Composed motion of charge carriers (§ 5.3.4). Particle populations in the internal magnetosphere: radiation belts, ring current, plasmashere (§ 5.4).
The distant geomagnetic field: configuration and classification, currents on the diurnal side of the magnetopause, reflection of the particles and formation of the current, system of currents in the geomagnetic tail (§ 5.5). Particle population in the external magnetosphere: magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer (§ 5.6). Formation of bow shock and the magnetosheat (§ 6.4 introduction and § 6.4.1, pp. 325-328).

4. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, gas radiation attenuation, energy deposition in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth ionosphere: historical outline, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and disappearance of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in E region and in region F2 region (§ 3.2; introduction of chap 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3). Ionosphere morphology: the cusps on the ionogram trace and the ionospheric regions (Lesson notes). Regular variations of the ionosphere: layers E and F1 (Lesson notes). Irregular variations of the ionosphere: F2 layer (Lesson notes). Sporadic E layer(Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for regions E and F: F1 layer (Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for region D (Lesson notes). Refraction index for radio waves with collisions and in the absence of a magnetic field; interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index: absorption ( Lesson notes). Solar flares and short waves fadeout (Lesson notes). Additional notes on the F1 layer (Lesson notes). Additional notes on layer E (Lesson notes).

5. Magnetoionic theory
Introduction. Constitutive equations for a cold plasma with collisions and in the presence of a magnetic field (Lesson notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, neglecting collisions and considering the Earth's magnetic field: Appleton-Hartree equation (Lesson notes). Continuity of nf in X = 1. The zeros of the collisionless Appleton-Hartree equation: longitudinal, transverse and general propagation case (Lesson notes). Polarization: continuity in X = 1 in the general case and in the case of longitudinal propagation. Polarization in case of longitudinal propagation: dependence on the sign of YL. Polarization in general conditions, for X = 1 (Lesson Notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, considering collisions and the earth's magnetic field. Mention upon the polarization in the collisional case. Curves of mi(X) with collisions: importance of the Booker rule (Lesson notes). Conditions of reflection and ionograms, ordinary, extraordinary trace. Ray Z (Lesson Notes). Examples of ionograms (Lesson notes).
As indicated in the lesson notes, the material of this teaching unit can be found at: Ratcliffe, J. A. (1959), The magneto-Ionic Theory and its Applications to the Ionosphere, Cambridge University Press.

6. Absorption and dissipation of solar wind energy
Topology of the high polar atmosphere (§ 7.1). Electric fields, and plasma convection (§ 7.2). Conductivity and currents in the polar ionosphere (§ 7.3). Polar auroras: energy dissipation of the auroral particles, origin of the auroral particles, diffuse and discrete aurora(§ 7. 4). Solar Wind Dynamo (§ 7.6.1), open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.2), plasma convection in the open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.3), open magnetosphere with tail (§ 7.6.4), mention upon the reconnection (part of § 7.6. 5) Birkeland currents in regions 1 and 2 (§ 7.6.6).

7. Geospheric storms
Magnetic storms: regular variation, equatorial electroject, magnetic activity at low, high and medium latitudes, geomagnetic indexes (§ 8.1). Magnetic substorms: growth and expansion phase, Alvfèn waves and their role (§ 8.3). Ionospheric storms: negative and positive storms (§ 8.5).

1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Lecture Notes

first part

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

The course program includes the presentation and discussion of the following topics:
Definition and types of urban systems. Natural hazards and risks of urban areas. Role of geological conditions, influence of natural factors and geographical conditions on the development of urban areas. Risk, hazard, exposed value and vulnerability in urban areas, and their evolution in time. Methodology for collection, normalization and processing of drilling data. Issues and real cases applications.

Geologia di Roma “Vol L” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (1995).
La geologia di Roma dal centro storico alla periferia “Vol LXXX” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (2008).
U. Ventriglia – Geologia del territorio del Comune di Roma, a cura dell’Amministrazione Provinciale di Roma, (2002).
G. Gisotti – Ambiente urbano. – Dario Flaccovio Editore, Palermo (2007).

Physical properties of minerals, mineral separation, principles of spectroscopy, X-rays: emission and absorption, X-ray diffraction, vibrational (Raman, FTIR) spectroscopies, electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), WDS microanalysis (EMPA), case studies, practicals, seminars.

A.F. Gualtieri (2018). Introduzione alle tecniche analitiche strumentali, Ed. Libreria Universitaria.
Dyar, Gunter, Tasa (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America. 708 pp. Disponibili versioni PDF e iPad.
Hutchison (1974). Laboratory handbook of petrographic techniques. Wiley, 527.

The environment of celestial bodies; the Solar System; the shape and size of the Earth; the main motions of the Earth (rotation and revolution); the long-term movements of the Earth; the Earth-Moon system.
Orientation; time and its measure; the representation of the earth's surface; the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude), the reading of topographic maps.
The shapes of the relief and the modeling of the terrestrial relief; the marine hydrosphere, the continental hydrosphere, the cryosphere; the atmosphere; the climate.
The materials of the Earth: the minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle.
The evolution of the Earth.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the principles of cell biology and tissue organization. Acquisition of conscious judgment autonomy with reference to: evaluation, interpretation and contextualization of photographs acquired with microscopic techniques. Ability to communicate effectively and with the correct terminology;
Applied skills: The basic knowledge acquired through the study of cytology will allow students to apply them to the study of tissues. In addition, students will be able to recognize and comment on a preparation or photograph acquired with a microscopic instrument. Finally, this knowledge will allow students to understand the disciplinary insights that will be carried out in the following years.

Cytology.
Cell theory. Methods of studying the cell: the microscope.
Macromolecules: The main carbohydrates of biological interest and their polymers. Notes on glycolysis. The main lipids of biological interest. Amino acids and proteins. Notes on the structure and function of proteins. Enzymes.
Nucleic acids. DNA and RNA structure. DNA replication, messenger transcription and RNA, genetic code, ribosomes and protein synthesis.
Cell membranes: chemical composition, The fluid mosaic model. Intrinsic and extrinsic proteins. Permeability and active transport. Ionic channels. Intercellular junctions: zonula occludens, zonula adherens and desmosomes.
Cytoplasmic and secretory pathway, The endoplasmic reticulum, Origin and sorting of secretory and membrane proteins. Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes, peroxisomes, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis.
Structure of mitochondria, Probable origin of mitochondria and plastids, DNA in mitochondria, Notes on energy metabolism: respiration.
The cytoskeleton: Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
The nucleus of eukaryotes, nuclear envelope and nuclear pores, histones and nucleosomes. Euchromatin and heterochromatin. The nucleolus. Chromosome structure.
The cell cycle: the interphase (phases G1, S and G2), Cell division. Haploid, diploid and polyploid cells. Mitosis in animal cells. Meiosis. Phases and sub-phases of meiosis. The meaning of meiosis and crossing over. Recombination.

Histology
Epithelial tissue. General characteristics. Coating epithelia. Classification and functions. The basal lamina.
Connective tissue. The different connective tissues: general characteristics and specific characteristics of the different connective tissues. The connective proper. Classification of connectives. Extracellular matrix. Connective cells and their function.
Blood and signs of cellular immunology. The plasma: composition and functions. Erythrocytes and white blood cells: morphological and functional characteristics.
Bone tissue. Spongy bone and compact bone. Microscopic structure of the bone: the osteone. Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.
Muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle tissue. Structure and ultrastructure of muscle fiber. Myofibrils and myofilaments: the sarcomere. Muscle contraction. Heart muscle tissue.
Nervous tissue. The central and peripheral nervous system. Morphology of the neuron. Notes on nerve impulse conduction. The synapse. Neurotransmitters. Neuroglia.

Cytology
Essential Cell Biology, Bruce Alberts, Karen Hopkin, Alexander D. Johnson, David Morgan, Martin Raff. Garland Science. Last edition
Histology
Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, Anthony Mescher. Lange. Last edition

Introduction: hazard and risk, historical perspective;
General concepts: Earth Science; energy and causes of natural hazards; managing, modelling and describing natural disasters; forecasting.
Analysis, physical understanding and social impact of the natural disasters in Earth science: earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, landslides, hurricanes, floods, drought, climate changes, sea level changes.
Synthesis: towards a general and shared vision to mitigate natural disasters.

Patrick L. Abbott (2017) Natural Disasters. McGraw-Hill, 556 pp.

Introduction to mineral resources, environmental sustainability and energy, the role of mineral resources for the development of human society, principles of ore deposits, classification and geology of ore deposits, quarries and mines, environmental mineralogy. Case studies: pigments, metals, cement and concrete, zeolites, ceramics, materials for cultural heritage, seminars.

VARIOUS MATERIAL PROVIDED BY THE TEACHER AND ALSO
SE Kesler e AC Simon (2015). Mineral resources, economics and the environment. Cambridge University press. 433 pp.
Ugo Bardi (2011) La terra svuotata. Editori Riuniti, 295 pp.
G. Tanelli (2009) Georisorse e ambiente. Aracne. 280 pp.

Introduction, chordates, basal vertebrates: 3h
"Agnatha" and the origin of lower jaw: 3h
Chondrychtyes and e osteichthyes: 3h
Sarcopterygians and the origin of tetrapods: 3h
Amphibia: 3h
Anapsida: 3h
Diapsida: 3h
Dinosauria: 3h
Pterosauria vs. Aves: 3h
Sinapsida: 3h
Mesozoic mammals-Metatheria: 3h
Afrotheria and Xenartra: 3h
Boreoeutheria: 3h
Laurasiatheria: 3h
Euarchontoglires: 3h
Primates: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Benton M.J. (2014) - Vertebrate Palaeontology. Blackwell Publishing

Additional references to be discussed during the classes will be selected among the most recent and/or controversial.

The materials of the Earth: minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle, the magmatic rocks, the sedimentary rocks, the metamorphic rocks, the bedding and the deformation of the rocks.
Volcanic phenomena: magma and volcanic activity, the main types of eruptions, shape of volcanic buildings, products of volcanic activity, the geographic distribution of volcanoes, volcanoes and man (the volcanic risk).
Seismic phenomena: the theory of elastic rebound, the seismic cycle, types of seismic waves and their propagation and registration, the force of an earthquake (scales of intensity and magnitude), the geographic distribution of earthquakes, the seismic activity and the man (seismic risk)
Plate tectonics: the internal structure of the Earth, the structure of the crust, the Earth's magnetic field, Earth’s internal heat, the convective mantle, from the hypothesis of the drift of the continents to the formulation of the theory of plate tectonics.
The Earth as an integrated system: interaction between the different systems of the planet (biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, cryosphere), the earth's atmosphere, climate and meteorological phenomena, renewable and non-renewable natural resources.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

The course aims to introduce students to the teaching of mathematics in first and second grade secondary schools, through a historical-epistemological approach to the basic concepts of elementary mathematics (arithmetic, geometry, algebra, probability, functions). In particular: the teaching of mathematics and its evolution; numerical systems; Euclid's axioms and postulates; non-Euclidean and locally Euclidean geometries; geometric constructions with ruler and compass and mathematical machines; elements of history of infinitesimal calculus. Outline of national indications.

GIORGIO ISRAEL, ANA MILLÁN GASCA, Pensare in matematica, Zanichelli, 2012.
ANA MILLÁN GASCA, All'inizio fu lo scriba, Mimesis, 2004
ENRICO GIUSTI, Analisi matematica 1, Bollati Boringhieri, 2002

Teaching mathematics with the help of a computer: GeoGebra and Mathematica softwares.
Commands for numerical and symbolic calculus, graphics visualization, parametric surfaces and curves with animations in changing parameters.
Solving problems: triangle's properties in Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry with examples, approximation of pi and other irrational numbers, solutions of equations and inequalities, systems of equations, defining and visualizing geometrical loci, function integral and derivatives, approximation of surface area.

List of problems given in class concerning visualization and solutions with the help of software Mathematica or GeoGebra.

1. Introduction to the Course, Earth Physics and the Environment

2. Introduction to Python, matrices and vectors, functions

3. Recall to Fourier series and transform. Transfer function, causality, dispersion.

4. Python Exercise, Pulse Response

5. Sampling theorem, aliasing, analytical signal, signal energy

6. Python Exercise, Fourier Transform, FFT

7. Time series

8. Python Exercise, Least Squares problem and Data fitting

9. Introduction to Climate Change

10. Exercise on a time series (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere)

11. Earthquakes and propagation of waves

12. Exercise on a time series (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere)

13. Maxwell equations, constitutive relations

14. Exercise on a time series (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere)

15. Low frequency and high frequency electromagnetic measurements

16. Exercise on Earthquake location

17. Relation between electrical parameters and hydraulic parameters: electrical conductivity and hydraulic permeability

• J. Gaskill, Linear systems, Fourier transforms, and optics, Wiley.

• A. R. Von Hippel, Dielectric and Waves, John Wiley & Sons.

• F. W. Taylor, Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.

The metamorphic process and the controlling factors; metamorphic gradients and geodynamic setting. Metamorphic rocks: structure, classification, chemical compositional classes. Metamorphic grade, index minerals and the main metamorphic facies. Mineralogical assemblage and metamorphic paragenesis. Phase diagrams, AFM and ACF projections. Mineral growth and deformation: criteria for pre-, syn- and post-kinematic crystallization. Thermobarometry: basic concepts, assumptions and limits; the main geothermometers and geobarometers; uncertainty associated with thermodynamic calibration and analytical uncertainty, "geological" error; classical thermometry; multi-equilibrium thermobarometry; inverse and forward modelling thermobarometry; introducing the main software for thermodynamic modeling. Orogenesis and metamorphism: regional examples. Exercises: reconstruction of pressure-temperature-time-strain (P-T-t-d) paths in polyphase metamorphism rocks

J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey

Bucher & Grapes - Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer

Part one: the igneous process
Use of main element geochemistry to model the origin and development of various types of magma. Binary Harker diagrams. Mass balance calculations. Partial melting, crystal fractionation and assimilation modeling. Geothermobarometers. Trace element geochemistry. Incompatibility and compatibility. Differentiation modeling use trace element partitioning. The use of isotopes(Rb / Sr, Sm / Nd, U / Pb) ) to understand the origin, age and development of various types of magma. Geochemical data processing. Magmatic activity in different tectonic environment, with emphasis on mid-ocean ridges and oceanic and continental subduction zones and on the origin of magmas in the mediterranean area.

Part two: the metamorphic process
The metamorphic process and the controlling factors; gradients of metamorphism and geodynamic setting. Metamorphic rocks: structure, classification, chemical compositional classes. Metamorphic grade, index minerals and the main metamorphic facies. Mineralogical assemblage and metamorphic paragenesis. Phase diagrams, AFM and ACF projections. Mineral growth and deformation: criteria for pre-, syn- and post-kinematic crystallization. Thermobarometry: basic concepts, assumptions and limits; the main geothermometers and geobarometers; uncertainty associated with thermodynamic calibration and analytical uncertainty, "geological" error; classical thermometry; multi-equilibrium thermobarometry; inverse and forward modelling thermobarometry; introducing the main software for thermodynamic modeling. Orogenesis and metamorphism: regional examples. Exercises: reconstruction of pressure-temperature-time-strain (P-T-t-d) paths in polyphase metamorphism rocks

Part I
J. D. Winter - An Introduction To Igneous And Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey
Rollinsons H., 1993. Using geochemical data: evaluation, presentation, interpretation. Longman Scientific & Techinal

Part II
Bucher & Fry - Petrology Of Metamorphic Rocks. Springer

History of climatology, international organizations, Global warming: reality and negation
The climate system: atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere
Climate variability, climate change, anthropocene
The cryosphere: glaciers, permafrost, ice sheet, sea ice
The climate system and its natural and anthropogenic perturbations: Variation of the relative position of the continents, astronomical, greenhouse gases, aerosols, volcanic eruptions, solar activity, land use variations, meteorite impacts,
Sea Level rise
The paleoclimate: reconstruction of climate change in the past (ice cores, speleothems, marine cores, etc.).
Points of no return "Tipping Point"
Extreme events
Climate Models
Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
Climate change simulations for the 21st century
Impacts of Climate Change: cryosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere.
The economic costs of climate change
Technological innovation for a decarbonised society

Pdf and copies of recent specialistic scientific publications given by the teacher

Program of the course of "Physics of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere"
prof. Carlo Scotto
Most of the topics are dealt in the book by G.W. Prölss ("Physics of the Earth's Space Environment", ed. Springer). Reference is made to the paragraphs of this book. The remaining topics are reported in the distributed Lesson Notes. The relevant detailed bibliography is shown in them.
Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of the topics covered.

1. Notions of magneto-ionospheric plasma physics
Plasma frequency, Debye distance and Debye-Hückel potential, plasma conditions, free mean path, phase refraction index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and in the absence of magnetic field, cold plasma (Lesson notes). (P. 232, § 7.3.1, § 7.3.2, § 7.3.3). Energy of the electromagnetic field (Lesson notes). Motion of electric charges in a magnetic field: gyration motion, the magnetic moment as an adiabatic invariant, motion where grad(B) is parallel to B, bounce motion (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, pp. 220-228), gradient drift motion (§ 5.3.2, pp. 228-229), neutral shift drift, drift E x B and plasma conductivity in the absence of collisions, drift under the action of external forces (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, § 5.3.3 pp. 219-233).

2. The interplanetary medium.
The solar corona and the solar wind (§ 6.1 and 6.1.1, pp. 278-282, including all the references). Large-scale solar wind structure and on the ecliptic plane (§ 6.1.6). The interplanetary magnetic field: observations and physical characteristics (§ 6.2.1, pp. 300-304). The heliosferic current sheet (§ 6.2.4). Segment structure of the polar component of B (§ 6.2.5). Alfven's theorem (Appendix A.14, pp.484-487).

3. Magnetosphere
The geomagnetic field near the Earth (§ 5.2). Curvature drift (p. 233). Total drift (p. 234-235). Composed motion of charge carriers (§ 5.3.4). Particle populations in the internal magnetosphere: radiation belts, ring current, plasmashere (§ 5.4).
The distant geomagnetic field: configuration and classification, currents on the diurnal side of the magnetopause, reflection of the particles and formation of the current, system of currents in the geomagnetic tail (§ 5.5). Particle population in the external magnetosphere: magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer (§ 5.6). Formation of bow shock and the magnetosheat (§ 6.4 introduction and § 6.4.1, pp. 325-328).

4. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, gas radiation attenuation, energy deposition in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth ionosphere: historical outline, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and disappearance of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in E region and in region F2 region (§ 3.2; introduction of chap 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3). Ionosphere morphology: the cusps on the ionogram trace and the ionospheric regions (Lesson notes). Regular variations of the ionosphere: layers E and F1 (Lesson notes). Irregular variations of the ionosphere: F2 layer (Lesson notes). Sporadic E layer(Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for regions E and F: F1 layer (Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for region D (Lesson notes). Refraction index for radio waves with collisions and in the absence of a magnetic field; interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index: absorption ( Lesson notes). Solar flares and short waves fadeout (Lesson notes). Additional notes on the F1 layer (Lesson notes). Additional notes on layer E (Lesson notes).

5. Magnetoionic theory
Introduction. Constitutive equations for a cold plasma with collisions and in the presence of a magnetic field (Lesson notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, neglecting collisions and considering the Earth's magnetic field: Appleton-Hartree equation (Lesson notes). Continuity of nf in X = 1. The zeros of the collisionless Appleton-Hartree equation: longitudinal, transverse and general propagation case (Lesson notes). Polarization: continuity in X = 1 in the general case and in the case of longitudinal propagation. Polarization in case of longitudinal propagation: dependence on the sign of YL. Polarization in general conditions, for X = 1 (Lesson Notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, considering collisions and the earth's magnetic field. Mention upon the polarization in the collisional case. Curves of mi(X) with collisions: importance of the Booker rule (Lesson notes). Conditions of reflection and ionograms, ordinary, extraordinary trace. Ray Z (Lesson Notes). Examples of ionograms (Lesson notes).
As indicated in the lesson notes, the material of this teaching unit can be found at: Ratcliffe, J. A. (1959), The magneto-Ionic Theory and its Applications to the Ionosphere, Cambridge University Press.

6. Absorption and dissipation of solar wind energy
Topology of the high polar atmosphere (§ 7.1). Electric fields, and plasma convection (§ 7.2). Conductivity and currents in the polar ionosphere (§ 7.3). Polar auroras: energy dissipation of the auroral particles, origin of the auroral particles, diffuse and discrete aurora(§ 7. 4). Solar Wind Dynamo (§ 7.6.1), open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.2), plasma convection in the open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.3), open magnetosphere with tail (§ 7.6.4), mention upon the reconnection (part of § 7.6. 5) Birkeland currents in regions 1 and 2 (§ 7.6.6).

7. Geospheric storms
Magnetic storms: regular variation, equatorial electroject, magnetic activity at low, high and medium latitudes, geomagnetic indexes (§ 8.1). Magnetic substorms: growth and expansion phase, Alvfèn waves and their role (§ 8.3). Ionospheric storms: negative and positive storms (§ 8.5).

1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Lecture Notes

first part

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

Physical properties of minerals, mineral separation, principles of spectroscopy, X-rays: emission and absorption, X-ray diffraction, vibrational (Raman, FTIR) spectroscopies, electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), WDS microanalysis (EMPA), case studies, practicals, seminars.

A.F. Gualtieri (2018). Introduzione alle tecniche analitiche strumentali, Ed. Libreria Universitaria.
Dyar, Gunter, Tasa (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America. 708 pp. Disponibili versioni PDF e iPad.
Hutchison (1974). Laboratory handbook of petrographic techniques. Wiley, 527.

The environment of celestial bodies; the Solar System; the shape and size of the Earth; the main motions of the Earth (rotation and revolution); the long-term movements of the Earth; the Earth-Moon system.
Orientation; time and its measure; the representation of the earth's surface; the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude), the reading of topographic maps.
The shapes of the relief and the modeling of the terrestrial relief; the marine hydrosphere, the continental hydrosphere, the cryosphere; the atmosphere; the climate.
The materials of the Earth: the minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle.
The evolution of the Earth.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the principles of cell biology and tissue organization. Acquisition of conscious judgment autonomy with reference to: evaluation, interpretation and contextualization of photographs acquired with microscopic techniques. Ability to communicate effectively and with the correct terminology;
Applied skills: The basic knowledge acquired through the study of cytology will allow students to apply them to the study of tissues. In addition, students will be able to recognize and comment on a preparation or photograph acquired with a microscopic instrument. Finally, this knowledge will allow students to understand the disciplinary insights that will be carried out in the following years.

Cytology.
Cell theory. Methods of studying the cell: the microscope.
Macromolecules: The main carbohydrates of biological interest and their polymers. Notes on glycolysis. The main lipids of biological interest. Amino acids and proteins. Notes on the structure and function of proteins. Enzymes.
Nucleic acids. DNA and RNA structure. DNA replication, messenger transcription and RNA, genetic code, ribosomes and protein synthesis.
Cell membranes: chemical composition, The fluid mosaic model. Intrinsic and extrinsic proteins. Permeability and active transport. Ionic channels. Intercellular junctions: zonula occludens, zonula adherens and desmosomes.
Cytoplasmic and secretory pathway, The endoplasmic reticulum, Origin and sorting of secretory and membrane proteins. Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes, peroxisomes, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis.
Structure of mitochondria, Probable origin of mitochondria and plastids, DNA in mitochondria, Notes on energy metabolism: respiration.
The cytoskeleton: Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
The nucleus of eukaryotes, nuclear envelope and nuclear pores, histones and nucleosomes. Euchromatin and heterochromatin. The nucleolus. Chromosome structure.
The cell cycle: the interphase (phases G1, S and G2), Cell division. Haploid, diploid and polyploid cells. Mitosis in animal cells. Meiosis. Phases and sub-phases of meiosis. The meaning of meiosis and crossing over. Recombination.

Histology
Epithelial tissue. General characteristics. Coating epithelia. Classification and functions. The basal lamina.
Connective tissue. The different connective tissues: general characteristics and specific characteristics of the different connective tissues. The connective proper. Classification of connectives. Extracellular matrix. Connective cells and their function.
Blood and signs of cellular immunology. The plasma: composition and functions. Erythrocytes and white blood cells: morphological and functional characteristics.
Bone tissue. Spongy bone and compact bone. Microscopic structure of the bone: the osteone. Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.
Muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle tissue. Structure and ultrastructure of muscle fiber. Myofibrils and myofilaments: the sarcomere. Muscle contraction. Heart muscle tissue.
Nervous tissue. The central and peripheral nervous system. Morphology of the neuron. Notes on nerve impulse conduction. The synapse. Neurotransmitters. Neuroglia.

Cytology
Essential Cell Biology, Bruce Alberts, Karen Hopkin, Alexander D. Johnson, David Morgan, Martin Raff. Garland Science. Last edition
Histology
Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, Anthony Mescher. Lange. Last edition

Introduction to mineral resources, environmental sustainability and energy, the role of mineral resources for the development of human society, principles of ore deposits, classification and geology of ore deposits, quarries and mines, environmental mineralogy. Case studies: pigments, metals, cement and concrete, zeolites, ceramics, materials for cultural heritage, seminars.

VARIOUS MATERIAL PROVIDED BY THE TEACHER AND ALSO
SE Kesler e AC Simon (2015). Mineral resources, economics and the environment. Cambridge University press. 433 pp.
Ugo Bardi (2011) La terra svuotata. Editori Riuniti, 295 pp.
G. Tanelli (2009) Georisorse e ambiente. Aracne. 280 pp.

The course aims to introduce students to the teaching of mathematics in first and second grade secondary schools, through a historical-epistemological approach to the basic concepts of elementary mathematics (arithmetic, geometry, algebra, probability, functions). In particular: the teaching of mathematics and its evolution; numerical systems; Euclid's axioms and postulates; non-Euclidean and locally Euclidean geometries; geometric constructions with ruler and compass and mathematical machines; elements of history of infinitesimal calculus. Outline of national indications.

GIORGIO ISRAEL, ANA MILLÁN GASCA, Pensare in matematica, Zanichelli, 2012.
ANA MILLÁN GASCA, All'inizio fu lo scriba, Mimesis, 2004
ENRICO GIUSTI, Analisi matematica 1, Bollati Boringhieri, 2002

Teaching mathematics with the help of a computer: GeoGebra and Mathematica softwares.
Commands for numerical and symbolic calculus, graphics visualization, parametric surfaces and curves with animations in changing parameters.
Solving problems: triangle's properties in Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry with examples, approximation of pi and other irrational numbers, solutions of equations and inequalities, systems of equations, defining and visualizing geometrical loci, function integral and derivatives, approximation of surface area.

List of problems given in class concerning visualization and solutions with the help of software Mathematica or GeoGebra.

1. Introduction to the Course, Earth Physics and the Environment

2. Introduction to Python, matrices and vectors, functions

3. Recall to Fourier series and transform. Transfer function, causality, dispersion.

4. Python Exercise, Pulse Response

5. Sampling theorem, aliasing, analytical signal, signal energy

6. Python Exercise, Fourier Transform, FFT

7. Time series

8. Python Exercise, Least Squares problem and Data fitting

9. Introduction to Climate Change

10. Exercise on a time series (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere)

11. Earthquakes and propagation of waves

12. Exercise on a time series (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere)

13. Maxwell equations, constitutive relations

14. Exercise on a time series (CO2 concentration in the atmosphere)

15. Low frequency and high frequency electromagnetic measurements

16. Exercise on Earthquake location

17. Relation between electrical parameters and hydraulic parameters: electrical conductivity and hydraulic permeability

• J. Gaskill, Linear systems, Fourier transforms, and optics, Wiley.

• A. R. Von Hippel, Dielectric and Waves, John Wiley & Sons.

• F. W. Taylor, Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.

Introduction: 3h
Hadean: 3h
Archaean: 3h
Proterozoic: 3h
Cambrian: 3h
Ordovician: 3h
Silurian: 3h
Devonian: 3h
Carboniferous: 3h
Permian: 3h
Triassic: 3h
Giurassic: 3h
Cretaceous: 3h
Paleogene: 3h
Neogene: 3h
Quaternary: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Earth System History, 4a edizione, S.M. STANLEY, J.A. LUCZAJ (2014)

Microfacies definition. Sampling techniques, sample preparations and instruments used for the microfacies analysis (4h).
Microfacies components: grains, matrix, cement (genesis and palaeoenvironmental interpretation) (4h).
Lithoclasts classification. Grain size and texture. Classifications of carbonate rocks (16h).
Examples of microfacies interpretation: qualitative and quantitative methods (applications of multivariate analysis) (6h).
Bioclasts classification: identification of the main taxonomic groups observed in thin sections (14h).
Geochemical analyses (stable isotopes, trace elements, Strontium isotopes) used for microfacies analysis (2h).
Use of the Gamma-ray analysis in microfacies analysis (2h).

Teacher handouts relating to the lessons

Matrix calculus and linear systems; matrix factorization (eigenvalues, eigenvectors); rigid rototranslations and associated matrix; least squares method and polynomial regression.
Complex numbers and trigonometric functions; phasors.
Introduction to signal analysis; definition of a linear time-invariant system; convolution theorem.
Vector calculus; representation in polar, spherical and curvilinear coordinates.
Wave propagation; standing waves.
Fourier series and transform; Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem.
Introduction to Matlab programming and exercise on the topics covered in the theory lessons.

Program of the course of "Physics of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere"
prof. Carlo Scotto
Most of the topics are dealt in the book by G.W. Prölss ("Physics of the Earth's Space Environment", ed. Springer). Reference is made to the paragraphs of this book. The remaining topics are reported in the distributed Lesson Notes. The relevant detailed bibliography is shown in them.
Introduction: purpose of the course and presentation of the topics covered.

1. Notions of magneto-ionospheric plasma physics
Plasma frequency, Debye distance and Debye-Hückel potential, plasma conditions, free mean path, phase refraction index for radio waves in a plasma without collisions and in the absence of magnetic field, cold plasma (Lesson notes). (P. 232, § 7.3.1, § 7.3.2, § 7.3.3). Energy of the electromagnetic field (Lesson notes). Motion of electric charges in a magnetic field: gyration motion, the magnetic moment as an adiabatic invariant, motion where grad(B) is parallel to B, bounce motion (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, pp. 220-228), gradient drift motion (§ 5.3.2, pp. 228-229), neutral shift drift, drift E x B and plasma conductivity in the absence of collisions, drift under the action of external forces (§ 5.3.1, § 5.3.2, § 5.3.3 pp. 219-233).

2. The interplanetary medium.
The solar corona and the solar wind (§ 6.1 and 6.1.1, pp. 278-282, including all the references). Large-scale solar wind structure and on the ecliptic plane (§ 6.1.6). The interplanetary magnetic field: observations and physical characteristics (§ 6.2.1, pp. 300-304). The heliosferic current sheet (§ 6.2.4). Segment structure of the polar component of B (§ 6.2.5). Alfven's theorem (Appendix A.14, pp.484-487).

3. Magnetosphere
The geomagnetic field near the Earth (§ 5.2). Curvature drift (p. 233). Total drift (p. 234-235). Composed motion of charge carriers (§ 5.3.4). Particle populations in the internal magnetosphere: radiation belts, ring current, plasmashere (§ 5.4).
The distant geomagnetic field: configuration and classification, currents on the diurnal side of the magnetopause, reflection of the particles and formation of the current, system of currents in the geomagnetic tail (§ 5.5). Particle population in the external magnetosphere: magnetotail plasma sheet, magnetotail lobe plasma, magnetospheric boundary layer (§ 5.6). Formation of bow shock and the magnetosheat (§ 6.4 introduction and § 6.4.1, pp. 325-328).

4. Ionosphere
Absorption processes, gas radiation attenuation, energy deposition in the upper atmosphere: Chapman function. Earth ionosphere: historical outline, vertical profile of electron density, ionospheric temperature, production and disappearance of ionization, ionospheric regions, electronic equilibrium, vertical profile of electron density in E region and in region F2 region (§ 3.2; introduction of chap 4, § 4.1, § 4.2, § 4.3). Ionosphere morphology: the cusps on the ionogram trace and the ionospheric regions (Lesson notes). Regular variations of the ionosphere: layers E and F1 (Lesson notes). Irregular variations of the ionosphere: F2 layer (Lesson notes). Sporadic E layer(Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for regions E and F: F1 layer (Lesson notes). Simplified photochemical model for region D (Lesson notes). Refraction index for radio waves with collisions and in the absence of a magnetic field; interpretation of the imaginary part of the refractive index: absorption ( Lesson notes). Solar flares and short waves fadeout (Lesson notes). Additional notes on the F1 layer (Lesson notes). Additional notes on layer E (Lesson notes).

5. Magnetoionic theory
Introduction. Constitutive equations for a cold plasma with collisions and in the presence of a magnetic field (Lesson notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, neglecting collisions and considering the Earth's magnetic field: Appleton-Hartree equation (Lesson notes). Continuity of nf in X = 1. The zeros of the collisionless Appleton-Hartree equation: longitudinal, transverse and general propagation case (Lesson notes). Polarization: continuity in X = 1 in the general case and in the case of longitudinal propagation. Polarization in case of longitudinal propagation: dependence on the sign of YL. Polarization in general conditions, for X = 1 (Lesson Notes). Refractive index for radio waves in the ionosphere, considering collisions and the earth's magnetic field. Mention upon the polarization in the collisional case. Curves of mi(X) with collisions: importance of the Booker rule (Lesson notes). Conditions of reflection and ionograms, ordinary, extraordinary trace. Ray Z (Lesson Notes). Examples of ionograms (Lesson notes).
As indicated in the lesson notes, the material of this teaching unit can be found at: Ratcliffe, J. A. (1959), The magneto-Ionic Theory and its Applications to the Ionosphere, Cambridge University Press.

6. Absorption and dissipation of solar wind energy
Topology of the high polar atmosphere (§ 7.1). Electric fields, and plasma convection (§ 7.2). Conductivity and currents in the polar ionosphere (§ 7.3). Polar auroras: energy dissipation of the auroral particles, origin of the auroral particles, diffuse and discrete aurora(§ 7. 4). Solar Wind Dynamo (§ 7.6.1), open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.2), plasma convection in the open magnetosphere (§ 7.6.3), open magnetosphere with tail (§ 7.6.4), mention upon the reconnection (part of § 7.6. 5) Birkeland currents in regions 1 and 2 (§ 7.6.6).

7. Geospheric storms
Magnetic storms: regular variation, equatorial electroject, magnetic activity at low, high and medium latitudes, geomagnetic indexes (§ 8.1). Magnetic substorms: growth and expansion phase, Alvfèn waves and their role (§ 8.3). Ionospheric storms: negative and positive storms (§ 8.5).

1) G.W. Prölss "Physics of the Earth's Space Environment"
2) Lecture Notes

first part

Definition of climate (climatology and meteorology). The climate system (atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, Sun).
The solar radiation and the energy balance of the Earth (solar physics calls, laws of radiation, absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere).
Atmosphere and Climate (recalls of composition, structure and circulation of the atmosphere).
Clouds and aerosols (calls processes of condensation and cloud formation).
Ocean and climate (recalls composition, structure and ocean circulation).
Radiative transfer (calls of absorption, emission and radiative transfer of the atmosphere).
The greenhouse effect (the atmosphere as greenhouse gas emissions, the calculation of the energy balance, greenhouse models).
The ozone layer (ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphere, photochemical production of ozone, ozone measurements, "hole" ozone).
Climate observation with remote sensing (measurements from land, satellite measurements, infrared instruments, tools "limb viewing", applications of remote sensing to studies climate).
Climate sensitivity and climate change (changes astronomical, solar, atmospheric, oceanic and temperature fluctuations).
Atmosphere of other planets.
Climate and society.
Multidecadal variability of sea surface temperature (seminar Dr. Salvatore Marullo).
Lidar measurement of greenhouse gases (visit to the ENEA Frascati Research Center).



second part

Introduction to climate models. The conceptual path from observations to simulations. Dynamic and statistical approaches. Hierarchy of climate models and their components, types of models, the concept of parameter.
Models Power Budget (EBM). General structure of an EBM, EBM 0-dimensional, one-dimensional EBM, parameter in EBM, applications.
Radiative-convective models (RC) and models Intermediate Complexity (EMIC). Radiative-convective and radiative balance in climate models and implementation at intermediate complexity.
Global Climate Models (GCMs). Structure of a GCM, components and interactions, fundamental equations and their modeling. Activities and results of attribution. Validation of climate models.
Elements of regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
Scenarios and climate projections for the XXI century.
Analyze the climate and its changes from another point of view: neural network models and analysis of Granger causality. Details on techniques and results of attribution. Downscaling with neural network models.

F. W. Taylor (2005), Elementary Climate Physics, Oxford.
K. McGuffie & A. Henderson-Sellers (2014), The Climate Modelling Primer, 4th Edition, Wiley.

The course program includes the presentation and discussion of the following topics:
Definition and types of urban systems. Natural hazards and risks of urban areas. Role of geological conditions, influence of natural factors and geographical conditions on the development of urban areas. Risk, hazard, exposed value and vulnerability in urban areas, and their evolution in time. Methodology for collection, normalization and processing of drilling data. Issues and real cases applications.

Geologia di Roma “Vol L” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (1995).
La geologia di Roma dal centro storico alla periferia “Vol LXXX” Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d’Italia (2008).
U. Ventriglia – Geologia del territorio del Comune di Roma, a cura dell’Amministrazione Provinciale di Roma, (2002).
G. Gisotti – Ambiente urbano. – Dario Flaccovio Editore, Palermo (2007).

Physical properties of minerals, mineral separation, principles of spectroscopy, X-rays: emission and absorption, X-ray diffraction, vibrational (Raman, FTIR) spectroscopies, electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), WDS microanalysis (EMPA), case studies, practicals, seminars.

A.F. Gualtieri (2018). Introduzione alle tecniche analitiche strumentali, Ed. Libreria Universitaria.
Dyar, Gunter, Tasa (2008). Mineralogy and optical mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America. 708 pp. Disponibili versioni PDF e iPad.
Hutchison (1974). Laboratory handbook of petrographic techniques. Wiley, 527.

The environment of celestial bodies; the Solar System; the shape and size of the Earth; the main motions of the Earth (rotation and revolution); the long-term movements of the Earth; the Earth-Moon system.
Orientation; time and its measure; the representation of the earth's surface; the geographical coordinates (latitude and longitude), the reading of topographic maps.
The shapes of the relief and the modeling of the terrestrial relief; the marine hydrosphere, the continental hydrosphere, the cryosphere; the atmosphere; the climate.
The materials of the Earth: the minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle.
The evolution of the Earth.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

Knowledge and understanding: Knowledge of the principles of cell biology and tissue organization. Acquisition of conscious judgment autonomy with reference to: evaluation, interpretation and contextualization of photographs acquired with microscopic techniques. Ability to communicate effectively and with the correct terminology;
Applied skills: The basic knowledge acquired through the study of cytology will allow students to apply them to the study of tissues. In addition, students will be able to recognize and comment on a preparation or photograph acquired with a microscopic instrument. Finally, this knowledge will allow students to understand the disciplinary insights that will be carried out in the following years.

Cytology.
Cell theory. Methods of studying the cell: the microscope.
Macromolecules: The main carbohydrates of biological interest and their polymers. Notes on glycolysis. The main lipids of biological interest. Amino acids and proteins. Notes on the structure and function of proteins. Enzymes.
Nucleic acids. DNA and RNA structure. DNA replication, messenger transcription and RNA, genetic code, ribosomes and protein synthesis.
Cell membranes: chemical composition, The fluid mosaic model. Intrinsic and extrinsic proteins. Permeability and active transport. Ionic channels. Intercellular junctions: zonula occludens, zonula adherens and desmosomes.
Cytoplasmic and secretory pathway, The endoplasmic reticulum, Origin and sorting of secretory and membrane proteins. Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes, peroxisomes, endocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis.
Structure of mitochondria, Probable origin of mitochondria and plastids, DNA in mitochondria, Notes on energy metabolism: respiration.
The cytoskeleton: Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.
The nucleus of eukaryotes, nuclear envelope and nuclear pores, histones and nucleosomes. Euchromatin and heterochromatin. The nucleolus. Chromosome structure.
The cell cycle: the interphase (phases G1, S and G2), Cell division. Haploid, diploid and polyploid cells. Mitosis in animal cells. Meiosis. Phases and sub-phases of meiosis. The meaning of meiosis and crossing over. Recombination.

Histology
Epithelial tissue. General characteristics. Coating epithelia. Classification and functions. The basal lamina.
Connective tissue. The different connective tissues: general characteristics and specific characteristics of the different connective tissues. The connective proper. Classification of connectives. Extracellular matrix. Connective cells and their function.
Blood and signs of cellular immunology. The plasma: composition and functions. Erythrocytes and white blood cells: morphological and functional characteristics.
Bone tissue. Spongy bone and compact bone. Microscopic structure of the bone: the osteone. Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts.
Muscle tissue. Smooth muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle tissue. Structure and ultrastructure of muscle fiber. Myofibrils and myofilaments: the sarcomere. Muscle contraction. Heart muscle tissue.
Nervous tissue. The central and peripheral nervous system. Morphology of the neuron. Notes on nerve impulse conduction. The synapse. Neurotransmitters. Neuroglia.

Cytology
Essential Cell Biology, Bruce Alberts, Karen Hopkin, Alexander D. Johnson, David Morgan, Martin Raff. Garland Science. Last edition
Histology
Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, Anthony Mescher. Lange. Last edition

Introduction: hazard and risk, historical perspective;
General concepts: Earth Science; energy and causes of natural hazards; managing, modelling and describing natural disasters; forecasting.
Analysis, physical understanding and social impact of the natural disasters in Earth science: earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, landslides, hurricanes, floods, drought, climate changes, sea level changes.
Synthesis: towards a general and shared vision to mitigate natural disasters.

Patrick L. Abbott (2017) Natural Disasters. McGraw-Hill, 556 pp.

Introduction to mineral resources, environmental sustainability and energy, the role of mineral resources for the development of human society, principles of ore deposits, classification and geology of ore deposits, quarries and mines, environmental mineralogy. Case studies: pigments, metals, cement and concrete, zeolites, ceramics, materials for cultural heritage, seminars.

VARIOUS MATERIAL PROVIDED BY THE TEACHER AND ALSO
SE Kesler e AC Simon (2015). Mineral resources, economics and the environment. Cambridge University press. 433 pp.
Ugo Bardi (2011) La terra svuotata. Editori Riuniti, 295 pp.
G. Tanelli (2009) Georisorse e ambiente. Aracne. 280 pp.

Introduction, chordates, basal vertebrates: 3h
"Agnatha" and the origin of lower jaw: 3h
Chondrychtyes and e osteichthyes: 3h
Sarcopterygians and the origin of tetrapods: 3h
Amphibia: 3h
Anapsida: 3h
Diapsida: 3h
Dinosauria: 3h
Pterosauria vs. Aves: 3h
Sinapsida: 3h
Mesozoic mammals-Metatheria: 3h
Afrotheria and Xenartra: 3h
Boreoeutheria: 3h
Laurasiatheria: 3h
Euarchontoglires: 3h
Primates: 3h

The reference textbook is:
Benton M.J. (2014) - Vertebrate Palaeontology. Blackwell Publishing

Additional references to be discussed during the classes will be selected among the most recent and/or controversial.

The materials of the Earth: minerals, the lithogenetic processes, the lithogenetic cycle, the magmatic rocks, the sedimentary rocks, the metamorphic rocks, the bedding and the deformation of the rocks.
Volcanic phenomena: magma and volcanic activity, the main types of eruptions, shape of volcanic buildings, products of volcanic activity, the geographic distribution of volcanoes, volcanoes and man (the volcanic risk).
Seismic phenomena: the theory of elastic rebound, the seismic cycle, types of seismic waves and their propagation and registration, the force of an earthquake (scales of intensity and magnitude), the geographic distribution of earthquakes, the seismic activity and the man (seismic risk)
Plate tectonics: the internal structure of the Earth, the structure of the crust, the Earth's magnetic field, Earth’s internal heat, the convective mantle, from the hypothesis of the drift of the continents to the formulation of the theory of plate tectonics.
The Earth as an integrated system: interaction between the different systems of the planet (biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, cryosphere), the earth's atmosphere, climate and meteorological phenomena, renewable and non-renewable natural resources.

Capire la Terra
J.P. Grotzinger, T-H Jordan
(Terza edizione italiana condotta sulla settima edizione americana)

Il Globo Terrestre e la sua evoluzione
E. L. Palmieri e M. Parotto
Sesta Edizione (2008)

Educational material distributed during the course

The course aims to introduce students to the teaching of mathematics in first and second grade secondary schools, through a historical-epistemological approach to the basic concepts of elementary mathematics (arithmetic, geometry, algebra, probability, functions). In particular: the teaching of mathematics and its evolution; numerical systems; Euclid's axioms and postulates; non-Euclidean and locally Euclidean geometries; geometric constructions with ruler and compass and mathematical machines; elements of history of infinitesimal calculus. Outline of national indications.

GIORGIO ISRAEL, ANA MILLÁN GASCA, Pensare in matematica, Zanichelli, 2012.
ANA MILLÁN GASCA, All'inizio fu lo scriba, Mimesis, 2004
ENRICO GIUSTI, Analisi matematica 1, Bollati Boringhieri, 2002

Teaching mathematics with the help of a computer: GeoGebra and Mathematica softwares.
Commands for numerical and symbolic calculus, graphics visualization, parametric surfaces and curves with animations in changing parameters.
Solving problems: triangle's properties in Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry with examples, approximation of pi and other irrational numbers, solutions of equations and inequalities, systems of equations, defining and visualizing geometrical loci, function integral and derivatives, approximation of surface area.

List of problems given in class concerning visualization and solutions with the help of software Mathematica or GeoGebra.