Molecular and Cell Biophysics. Amino acids, protein structure, hemoglobin, myoglobin, enzymes, enzyme catalysis, enzyme activation, enzyme inhibition, carbohydrates, glycolysis, Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, lactate biosynthesis, alcoholic fermentation, lipids, beta-oxidation, amino acid and protein catabolism, urea cycle. The cell compartimentation, The energy of living organisms. Tissues organization. Membrane dynamic structure, functions and dynamics of cell plasma membranes. Junctions, channels, receptors. Permeability, diffusion, osmosys, tonicity. Plasma membrane transport systems: facilitate, primary and secondary active transport. Endocytosis-exocytosis. Ion transport.

Biophysics of Homeostatic Systems: central nervous system and autonomous nervous system. Electrical properties of the cell plasma membrane, genesis of the transplasma membrane potential, excitability, resting membrane potential, electrotonic and action potential. Propagation and transmission of electric signals. Synapses. Neuronal plasticity. Somatic and autonomous reflex arc. Sensory physiology. Hormones. Cell communication, general properties of the endocrine system, chemical structure and release of hormones. Hormone signal transduction.

MAIN TEXTBOOK: D.U. SILVERTHORN Human Physiology 2010 Pearson Education inc

BOOKS FOR DEEPENING KNOWLEDGE: (AVAILABLE IN THE SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY) HILL R, WYSE G, ANDERSON M FISIOLOGIA ANIMALE 2006 ZANICHELLI; RANDALL D. ET AL., FISIOLOGIA ANIMALE ZANICHELLI; CASELLA C. E TAGLIETTI V. PRINCIPI DI FISIOLOGIA ED. LA GOLIARDICA PAVESE; BERNE R.M. E LEVY M.N. PRINCIPI DI FISIOLOGIA CASA EDITRICE AMBROSIANA.

Physiology of organs and systems: muscle system. Skeletal, smooth, cardiac muscle. Mechanic of the skeletal muscle contraction. Myogram. Refractory period. Tetanic contraction. Control of the muscle contraction. Fatigue. Sense Organs. Cardiovascular system. Electrical properties of the heart, potentials of pacemaker cells and working myocardium, the heart as a pump. Intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of the heart cardiac output. Vascular system, flux, artery pressure and its regulation. The blood. Properties, globular resistance, blood distribution to tissues. Coagulation. Respiratory system. Respiratory mechanic, ventilation, exchange and transport of gases, ph regulation, regulation of ventilation. Basis of gastro-intestinal physiology. Renal system. Glomerular filtration, reassorbtion, secretion, excretion. Hormone regulation of the renal function. Digestive system. Motility, secretion, digestion, absorption of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.

MAIN TEXTBOOK: D.U. SILVERTHORN Human Physiology 2010 Pearson Education inc

BOOKS FOR DEEPENING KNOWLEDGE: (AVAILABLE IN THE SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY) HILL R, WYSE G, ANDERSON M FISIOLOGIA ANIMALE 2006 ZANICHELLI; RANDALL D. ET AL., FISIOLOGIA ANIMALE ZANICHELLI; CASELLA C. E TAGLIETTI V. PRINCIPI DI FISIOLOGIA ED. LA GOLIARDICA PAVESE; BERNE R.M. E LEVY M.N. PRINCIPI DI FISIOLOGIA CASA EDITRICE AMBROSIANA.

Discrete signals and systems. Operations between sequences. Scale changes. Digital transforms. Filtering. Linear system analysis. Optimum filters. Digital estimators and performance. Prediction. Spectral estimators. Applications of telemedicine. Digital health systems.
Laboratory of numerical examples by MatLab platform.

G. Giunta, Slides of Signal Processing for Biomedical Engineering, edition 2015.
TAMAL BOSE, FRANCOIS MEYER, "DIGITAL SIGNAL AND IMAGE PROCESSING", DECEMBER 2003, WILEY PUBL.
A.V. OPPENHEIM, R.W. SHAFER, J.R. BUCK, "DISCRETE-TIME SIGNAL PROCESSING", PRENTICE-HALL, UPPER SADDLE RIVER, NJ (USA), 1999.
B. Fong, A.C.M. Fong, C.K. Li, Telemedicine Technologies, Wiley, 2011.

Introduction to the Biomedical Engineering in general and to this course in particular. Acquisition of biomedical signals. The Movement Analysis Lab. Kinematics, Kinetics and Electrophysiology of human movement. Statistical analysis: descriptive statistics, inferential statistics. Design and realization of a 3 components force plate. Biolab3 iPED: an integrated wireless system to evaluate athlete performances during cycling

• BRONZINO - BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, TAYLOR AND FRANCIS GROUP

• ONLINE TUTORIALS ON moodle2 web platform

Biomaterials (I module)
A.A. 2016/2017


1. Introduction
History of biomaterials. Definition of biomaterials. Biocompatibility. Sterilization, prevention of infection. Classification of Biomaterials

2. Material properties
Mechanical properties: Young's modulus; Stress–strain curves of different types of materials. Dynamic fatigue failure. Viscoelasticity. Hardness. Thermal Properties.

3. Organic Chemistry
The Origins of Organic Chemistry. Principles of Atomic Structure. Bond Formation: The Octet Rule. Ionic and covalent Bonding. Electronegativity and Bond Polarity. Lewis Structures. Multiple Bonding. Resonance. Pi Bonding. Hybridization and geometry. Bond rotation. Structure and properties of Hydrocarbons: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons. Intermolecular Forces. Functional groups. Structure and properties of organic compounds: Halogenated compounds; Alcohols; Thiols; Ethers; Amines; Aldehydes; Ketones; Carboxylic acids. Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases. Condensation reaction of Acids with Alcohols: Esters. Condensation reaction of carboxylic acid and ammonia or an amine: Amides. Stereochemistry.

4. Polymers
Definition. Classification of polymers. Characteristics and properties of polymeric materials: Degree of Polymerization; Molecular Weight; Degree of Polydispersity; Reticulation degree; Glass transition temperature; Melting temperature. Condensation polymers: Polyamides; Polyesters; Polyurethanes. Disadvantages of condensation polymers. Addition Polymers: Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC); polymethacrylate (PMA); Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA); Hydrogels; Teflon (TFPE). Stereochemistry of polymers. The physical state of the polymers: Crystalline Polymers, Semi-Crystalline Polymers, Amorphous Polymers. Fibers. Elastomers: Natural Rubber, Synthetic rubbers, Silicones. Behavior of polymers as a function of temperature: thermoplastic polymers, thermosetting polymers. Thermoplastic polymers with high resistance: Polyacetals, Polysulfones, Polycarbonates. Biodegradable polymers.

5. Metallic biomaterials
Structure, Properties and Applications. Types and Composition of Stainless Steels. Cobalt-based alloys: CoCrMo and CoNiCrMo alloy. Ti and Ti-based alloys (Ti6Al4V). Shape–memory alloys: Ni–Ti alloy. Corrosion of metallic implants.

6. Ceramic biomaterials
Physical Properties. Sintering. Use of ceramic materials. Bioinert ceramics: alumina, zirconia and pyrolytic carbon. Bioactive ceramics: hydroxyapatite (HA), bioglasses or glass-ceramics. bioresorbable ceramics: tricalcium phosphate (TCP).

7. Hip prostheses
Characteristics of hip prostheses and biomaterials used. Cementless and Cemented hip prostheses. Stress-shielding. Bone cement.

8. Heart Valve Implants
The Functions of the Heart and natural Heart valves. Valvular heart disease. Mechanical valves: Caged ball valve, Monoleaflet mechanical valve, Bileaflet mechanical valve. Bioprosthetic valves: Porcine bioprosthetic valves, Pericardial bioprosthetic valves, Stentless Bioprostheses, Percutaneous Bioprostheses. Selecting the Optimal Prosthesis in the Individual Patient.

9. Vascular Prostheses
Arterial disease: stenosis and aneurysm. Ideal characteristics of a graft. Implants of biological origin and implants of synthetic origin. Materials used in synthetic Implants. Porosity/permeability and Compliance of synthetic vascular prostheses.

10. Ophthalmic implants
Contact lenses and intraocular lenses. General Properties of Materials of Relevance to Contact Lenses. Hard contact lenses. Soft contact lenses. Biomimetic lenses. Materials used for intraocular lenses.

11. Tissue response to implants
Cellular Response to Implants: Ceramics, metals and polymers. Systemic Effects by Implants. Blood Compatibility.

"Biomaterials An introducion”
Joon Park and R.S. Lakes Third Edition (Springer)

“Biomaterials”
Véronique Migonney (Wiley)

Biomaterials (II module)
A.A. 2016/2017

1. Surface modification of biomaterials
Covalent coatings: Plasma treatment, Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), Physical vapor deposition
(PVD), Radiation grafting/photografting, Self-assembled monolayer (SAM), Chemical grafting,
Biological modification (biomolecule immobilization).
Noncovalent coatings: Solution coatings, Langmuir-Blodgett films, Surface-modifying additives.
Surface modification methods with no overcoat: Ion bean implantation, Plasma treatment,
Conversion coatings. Patterning.

2. FT-IR Spectroscopy
Working Principle of IR Spectroscopy. Instrumentation. FT-IR Techniques: Transmission, Internal
Reflection Spectroscopy -Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR), External Reflection Spectroscopy-
Specular Reflection. Interpretation of IR Spectra.

3. Electron Microscopy: SEM and TEM
Introduction to Microscopy. Resolution. Electron-Matter Interactions. Working Principle of
Scanning Electron Microscope SEM and characteristics. Working Principle of Transmission Electron
Microscopy TEM and characteristics.

4. XPS X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Working Principle of XPS X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and applications.

5. Tissue engineering
Basic principles and applications of Tissue engineering.

"Biomaterials An introducion”
Joon Park and R.S. Lakes Third Edition (Springer)

“Biomaterials”
Véronique Migonney (Wiley)

The course aims to prepare students to the activities of a typical laboratory experimental research, on both design and practical aspects, in which the typical methods of biomedical engineering are applied, with particular reference to the arguments presented in the first module of the course. During teaching hours, the applicative concepts necessary to carry out laboratory work will be provided, with particular reference to the following topics:

• The electronics equipment of an experimental laboratory.
• Systems and sensor for the acquisitions and measure of biomedical data and signals: sensors for human movement analysis and for electrophysiological signals, signal conditioning and acquisition systems.
• Experimental protocols for the acquisition of data: from the sensor to the digitization and storage on a computer.
• The organization of the acquisition phase of biomedical data and signals.
• The virtual instrumentation for the management of the experimental data: fundamentals of Labview.
• The data collection, the biomedical signal elaboration and the statistical analysis.

• BRONZINO - BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK, TAYLOR AND FRANCIS GROUP

• ONLINE TUTORIALS ON moodle2 web platform

Introduction to the course. Biomedical signals: Electroencephalography (EEG), Electromyography (EMG), Electrocardiography (ECG). Basic Elements of Signal Processing: representation in the Fourier domain, filtering, artifacts and noise rejection. Spectral estimation: non-parametric and parametric techniques. Time-frequency analysis: Short Time Fourier Transform and Spectrogram, Wavelet and Scalogram. Matlab Labs.

L. Sornmo, P. Laguna. Bioelectrical signal processing in cardiac and neurological applications. Elsevier Academic Press. 2005.
Materials on-line (notes, exercises, solutions. Download from Moodle).

NEURAL ENGINEERING AA 2016-2017

BASICS OF NEURAL ENGINEERING
- INTRODUCTION TO NEURAL ENGINEERING, DEFINITIONS, FIELDS OF APPLICATION, PAST AND PRESENT TECHNOLOGIES.
- FOCUS OF THE COURSE: RECORDING FROM THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, STIMULATING THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, EXTRACTING FEATURES, DEFINING MODELS
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PART 1 - FROM ANATOMY TO FUNCTION: NEURON MODELS
- BASICS OF ANATOMY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, BASICS OF ACTIVITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, NEURAL CELL STRUCTURE, NEURAL CELL FUNCTIONING, RESTING POTENTIAL, ACTION POTENTIAL GENERATION AND PROPAGATION
- PASSIVE NEURON MODELS
- ACTIVE NEURON MODELS: IF, H-H, FH-N

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PART 2 - INTERFACING AND RECORDING DATA FROM THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
- OBTAINING INFORMATION FROM THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: BIOELECTRODES, TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS FOR TRANSFORMING ION CURRENTS INTO ELECTRONIC CURRENTS
- NEURAL RECORDING: MICROELECTRODES
- BIOPOTENTIALS: BASICS OF ELECTROMYOGRAPHY
- BIOPOTENTIALS: BASICS OF ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY
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PART 3 – EXTRACTING INFORMATION FROM THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
- SPIKE DETECTION
- SPIKE SORTING
- ACTIVITY 1: SPIKE DETECTION AND SORTING FROM NEURAL SIGNALS
- ACTIVITY 2: NEURAL SYSTEM - MODEL IDENTIFICATION - Muscle Synergies
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PART 4: STIMULATING THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
- STIMULATING THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: DIFFERENT SOLUTIONS FOR ARTIFICALLY ACTIVATING THE NEURAL CELLS – BASICS OF TMS, TACS, TDCS, DBS, NMES.
- NMES-FES. TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS, NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES, APPLICATIONS.
- ACTIVITY 3: EMG ANALYSIS IN RESPONSE TO ELECTRICAL STIMULATION. M wave and H reflex
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Horch, K. W., & Dhillon, G. S. (Eds.). (2004). Neuroprosthetics: theory and practice (Vol. 2). World Scientific.



He, B. (Ed.). (2007). Neural engineering. Springer Science & Business Media.

Problem-based learning to introduce students to the recent advances in biomedical engineering, with a specific emphasis on the design of biomedical devices and systems in the diagnostic area. Students are exposed to the theory associated with the acquisition and recording of biomedical signals through dedicated circuits; use of multimeters, oscilloscopes, spectrum analyzers; sensing and transduction; filtering, conditioning, and amplification stages; A/D conversion, digitalization; post-recording processing. Lab activities in small groups to use virtual design and computational tools to design, propose and validate feasible solutions to real-world biomedical engineering problems of clinical and diagnostic relevance. The introduction covers the principles of formation, recording and basic processing of biological signals. The remaining sections describe diagnostic devices and methods of measurement used by them.

"Medical Electronic devices” by Marek Penhaker and Martin Imramovsky, available online on the moodle platform

• Fundamentals of light and matter
Light propagation in vacuum and through dielectric media, interference, diffraction, coherence. Polarization of light, optical activity and birefringence. Light sources and photons. Schrödinger equation in the box and in the Hydrogen atom. Quantized states in atoms and molecules. Electronic and vibrational states of a molecule. Stereoisomers.

• Basics of biology
Cellular structure and types; chemical building blocks; cellular processes: replication, biosynthesis and energy production; protein classification and function; organization of cells into tissues.

• Light-matter interactions
Interactions between light and a molecule; Einstein’s model of absorption and emission; interaction of light with a bulk matter; fate of excited states; electronic absorption spectroscopy; electronic luminescence spectroscopy; Raman spectroscopy; spectroscopy utilizing optical activity of chiral media; fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.

• Lasers
principles of lasers, classifications; biophotonic applications; radiometry; nonlinear optics; multiphoton absorption; time-resolved approaches; laser safety.

• Bioimaging
Overview of optical imaging; transmission microscopy; simple and compound microscope; numerical aperture and resolution; phase contrast microscopy; fluorescence microscopy; scanning microscopy; confocal microscopy; optical coherence tomography; spectral and time-resolved imaging; localized spectroscopy; fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging; fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM); coherent anti-stokes raman scattering (CARS).

• Flow cytometry
Components of a flow cytometer; optical response; fluorochromes for flow cytometry;
data manipulation and presentation; immunophenotyping; DNA analysis.

• Laser tweezers and laser scissors
Applications; principle of laser tweezer action; radiation pressure; gradient and scattering forces; design of a laser tweezer; laser scissor; optical stretcher.

P. N. Prasad - Introduction to Biophotonics

INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE. REVIEW OF METROLOGY. MAIN PHYSICAL QUANTITIES IN BIOMEDICAL EQUIPMENT AND MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS. AN OVERVIEW OF MEASUREMENTS FOR DIAGNOSTICS. FUNDAMENTALS OF CELL BIOLOGY. CHARACTERISATION AND TESTING OF MEDICAL INSTRUMENTS FOR DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY. EQUIPMENT FOR OPERATING ROOM AND INTENSIVE CARE. PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES OF BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT. MEDICAL INFUSION PUMPS.
MEASUREMENTS FOR MECHANICAL VENTILATION CHARACTERIZATION AND TESTING. RESPIRATORY MECHANICS AND DIAGNOSTIC INSTRUMENTS. BASICS OF ANESTHESIA DELIVERY SYSTEMS. PULMONARY VENTILATORS. ULTRASONIC AND ELECTROSURGICAL DEVICES. SYSTEMS FOR EXTRACORPOREAL CIRCULATION. AN OVERVIEW ON DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING SYSTEMS IN HOSPITALS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAMS. AN OVERVIEW ON SYSTEMS AND INSTALLATIONS IN HOSPITALS. TEST METHODS FOR BIOMEDICAL EQUIPMENT AND INSTALLATIONS, AUDITS FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE. MANAGEMENT AND MAINTENANCE CRITERIA OF THE MEDICAL EQUIPMENT. GENERAL CRITERIA FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF A CLINICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT.

• NOTES AND PRESENTATIONS FROM THE COURSE.
• FRANCESCO PAOLO BRANCA “FONDAMENTI DI INGEGNERIA CLINICA - VOL. 1”, SPRINGER-VERLAG ITALIA 2000.
• FRANCESCO PAOLO BRANCA “FONDAMENTI DI INGEGNERIA CLINICA - VOL. 2”, SPRINGER-VERLAG ITALIA 2008.
• J.G. WEBSTER “MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION:APPLICATION AND DESIGN”, ED. WILEY AND SONS.

Medical dvices and systems: common operating principles and specs

Diagnostic medical devices - Medical imaging
X-Ray Imaging: operating principles and theory (x-ray production, x-ray detection); equipment, specs, technical considerations; patient dose; quality parameters; angiography
CT Imaging: operating principles and theory; image reconstruction; instrumentation, specs, technical considerations; quality parameters; contrast agents; current technology trends
US Imaging: operating principles and theory, instrumentation, procedures, specs, technical considerations; Doppler US
MR Imaging: MR theoryu and operating principles; image reconstruction; instruments, specs, technical considerations; pulse sequences; functional MRI (fMRI); current technology trends

Therapeutics medical devices - Minimally invasive surgery
Systems for angioplasty (balloon, stent): operating principles; procedures; equipment, specs, technical considerations

Therapeutics medical devices - Open surgery procedures and Functional substitution
Heart valve replacement: artificial heart valves, biological heart valves; operating principles; procedures; instrumentation; specifications.

- Slides, handouts, exercises, available online on Roma Tre Moodle platform.
- Readings from:
Medical devices and human engineering (Biomedical Engineering Handbook - Volume III)
Biomedical Signals, Imaging, and Informatics (Biomedical Engineering Handbook - Volume IV)

Fundamentals of electromagnetic field theory. Interaction between the electromagnetic field and natural materials at the microscopic and macroscopic level. Polarization and magnetization of atoms and molecules. Local field and interaction field. Electric and magnetic polarizability of atoms and molecules. Macroscopic constitutive relations. Anisotropy. Bi-anisotropy and chirality. Local and non-local material response. Reciprocal and non-reciprocal material response.
Artificial electromagnetic materials and metamaterials. Anomalous interaction between electromagnetic field and artificial matter. Negative index materials. Electric and magnetic polarizability of artificial atoms and molecules. Macroscopic response of artificial electromagnetic materials. Metamaterials applications. Miniaturization and electromagnetic invisibility. Transmission line metamaterials. Metasurfaces.
Guided propagation of electromagnetic fields. Decomposition of the electromagnetic field in guiding structures. Rectangular, circular, and co-axial waveguides. Parallel-plate waveguides. Microstrip waveguides. Dielectric waveguides. Surface plasmon polaritons.
Electromagnetic imaging and sensing. Regular lens and diffraction limit. Superlenses. Hyperlenses. Near-field-scanning optical microscope (NSOM). Aperture and apertureless NSOM tips. Advanced imaging with partially cloaked tips. Electromagnetic sensors. Biological sensors.

Notes provided by the lecturer.