USE OF EXCEL SOFTWARE: FORMATTING OF WORKSHEETS AND USE OF FUNCTIONS FOR REPRESENTATION AND DATA ANALYSIS. TABLES AND GRAPHICS. GRAPHICS OF LINEAR, QUADRATIC, CUBICS, TRIGONOMETRIC, EXPONENTIAL, LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS. LOGARITHMIC PLOT. NUMERICAL INTEGRAL. GRAPHIC METHODS FOR THE SOLUTION OF OPTICAL PROBLEMS: FERMAT PRINCIPLE (REFLECTION AND REFRACTION), PLANAR AND SPHERICAL MIRRORS , THIN LENSES, WAVE SUM. SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL REPRESENTATION OF THE WAVES.

The didactic materials is prepared by the teachers and loaded the web site the course.
Moodle, Teams

Use of excel software: formatting of worksheets and use of functions for representation and data analysis. Tables and Graphics. Graphics of linear, quadratic, cubics, trigonometrics, exponential, logarithmic functions. Logarithmic plot. Numerical integral. Graphic methods for the solution of optical problems: Fermat principle (reflection and refraction), planar and spherical mirrors, thin lenses, wave sum, spatial and temporal representation of the waves.

The didactic materials is prepared by the teachers and loaded the web site the course.
Moodle, Teams

Electromagnetic wave properties: wave propagation speed; plane wave, spherical wave, sinusoidal harmonic waves; frequency and wavelength of harmonic waves; amplitude of the electric and magnetic field in electromagnetic waves; energy carried by an e.m. and wave intensity. Definition of wavefront and optical ray. Classification of electromagnetic waves.
Conditions of validity and limits of the approximation of geometric optical optics.
Fermat's principle; concept of optical path; Snell's laws of reflection and refraction; total reflection. Dispersion of light in the prism; prismatic deviation angle; minimum deviation angle; thin prisms; dispersive power and Abbe's number of a medium; prisms with direct vision and achromatic prisms; prismatic power.
The formation of images in the approximation of geometric optics. Centered optical systems and their description as an ordered succession of diopters in refraction and / or reflection. Stigmatic and astigmatic optical systems. Light and power of an optical system.
Spherical mirrors and planes: law of conjugation, transversal enlargement; graphic construction of the image
Centered dioptric systems: Gauss approximation; the spherical diopter, the plane diopter, the thin and thick lenses, thin lens systems. Focal points and focal planes, Principal Points and Principal Planes, Nodal Points; the effective focal length, the focal length of the posterior vertex, the focal length of the anterior vertex; nominal power, equivalent power, Gulstrand formula, power of the posterior and anterior vertex; law of conjugation of Gauss and Newton, transversal magnification, longitudinal magnification; graphical construction of the image. Images of flat cylindrical lenses and prisms.

J. S. Walker: “Fondamenti di Fisica”
dispense del corso
Jurgen R. Meyer Arendt “Introduction to Classical and Modern
OPTICS” : Cap. 1 5

Numbers (naturali, integers, rationals, reals). Functions, their graphs. Injective, monotone, periodic functions. Composition and inversion of functions. Interpretation of the graph of a function. Elementary functions. Sequences and limits. Examples. Operations on limits, sum product and composition. Orders of magnitude. Some notable limits. Continuous functions. Differentiable functions. Geometric interpretation of the derivative. Derivative of elementary functions. Derivative of the product, sum, composition of functions. Second derivatives. Maxima and minima. Rolle and Lagrange theorems. Monotone functions. Theorem de l'Hopital. Taylor formula. Primitives and basic properties. Integration by parts and substitution. Rational functions. Riemann integrability. Differential equations. Vector spaces. Matrices and linear systems.

Marcellini-Sbordone: Elementi di Calcolo,
Marcellini-Sbordone: Esercitazioni di Matematica

Scientific method. The Atom. Chemical bond. Ionic bond. Covalent bond (VB). VSEPR. Hybridization. Dative bond. Resonance. Nomenclature and chemical structures.
Mole, weight composition, minimal and molecular formula.
States of aggregation of the matter. The gas. Gas laws. Ideal and real gas. Liquids and Solids.
Chemical reactions. Stoichiometry. Redox reactions. Acid-Base reactions.
The solutions: concentration and vapor tension. Colligative properties.
Basics of chemical kinetics
Thermodynamics I and II Principle. III Principle. Gibbs Free Energy and spontaneity of a chemical reaction. Chemical equilibrium.
Acids and Bases. Equilibria and pH calculation. Saline hydrolysis and tampons.
laboratory exercises

Cytology – Microscopic and submicroscopic organization of cells and tissues of the human body; their interactions and morpho-functional correlations. The cell: shape, size and cellular differences, chemical composition. Permeability and active Transport. Membrane potential. Intercellular junctions. Cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Somatic and germinal cells.
Histology - Embryonic derivation, structure, classification, functions and locations of the following tissues: epithelial tissues, connective tissues, muscle tissues, nervous tissues. Exocrine glandular epithelium. Endocrine glands and their function. Transformed epithelials: the Crystalline. The connective tissues, cartilage, bone, adipose tissue; blood. Myeloid and lymphoid haematopoiesis; Lymphoid tissue and immunity (generality); Muscle tissue: smooth, skeletal and cardiac; Nervous tissue: the neuron and its structure; Retina Structure.
Human anatomy - Fundamentals and general organization of the human body. General organization of the apparatus and systems: a) circulatory system b) respiratory apparatus c) uro-genital apparatus d) digestive system e) hematopoietic system f) endocrine apparatus g) Male and Female Reproductive apparatus h) tegumentary apparatus i) locomotor apparatus l ) Nervous system m) visual apparatus n) auditory apparatus.
Ocular anatomy – The orbit and paranasal sinuses; The lacrimal system; The eyelids; The conjunctiva; The cornea; The ciliary body; The iris; The lens; The choroid and sclera; The retina; The visual pathways; The extraocular muscles; Orbital vasculature and the cavernous sinus; Skull osteology; Visual acuity and adaptation; Colour vision; Binocular vision and stereopsis; General physiology of eye structure; The Orbital Blood Vessels; The Nerve Supply of the Orbit; Embryology.

Cooper G.M. - Hausman R.E., “Fondamenti di Citologia”, PICCIN
Monesi V. “Istologia”, PICCIN
Dalle Donne I., Gagliano N., et al. "Istologia ed elementi di anatomia microscopica", EDISES Young B., Heath J.W., Woodford P., “Wheater. Istologia e anatomia microscopica”, Edra Masson Kerr J.B. “Atlante di istologia funzionale”, Casa Editrice Ambrosiana
Saladin K.S., “Anatomia Umana”, PICCIN
Caporossi A. "Oftalmologia”, PICCIN

The theoretical lessons will focus on the following topics:

Tools and measures. Measurement units - Trigonometry angles and definitions - Sizes and errors - Systematic error and random error - Instrument error - Standard deviation and standard error - Error propagation - Representing data: significant figures, comparison of measurements, tables and graphs, histograms

Descriptive statistics. Indices of central tendency: average, median and mode - Percentiles - Indices of variability: variance and standard deviation - Limit distributions

Correlation between variables. Linear regression, least squares method - Linearization of a function - Verification of the acceptability of a fit: Chi square test and determination coefficient - Pearson r coefficient, Spearman correlation coefficient for ranks

Probability. Definition and fundamental properties - Probability distributions (binomial, Poisson and uniform distribution - Gaussian and error integral, justification of sum in quadrature and standard deviation of the mean, standard normal distribution) - Average and variance of a random variable - Confidence intervals - Standard deviation as acceptability percentage - Applications and verifications: correlation index and chi-square test - Student's t test for comparison between measurements

Inferential statistics. Hypothesis test and significance - The null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis - Types of studies and sampling - Sample distributions - Criterion of significance and critical values - Errors and decisions of a statistical test - Sign test - Chi square test as test of significance - z-test and t-test - Distribution F - Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with one and two ways

The topics of the laboratory exercises will be chosen from the following list

1) Use of precision instruments (decimal and twentieth caliber, spherometer) for the measurement of quantities. Statistical treatment of the error.
2) Verification of the law of light reflection from a plane mirror.
3) Verification of the law of refraction in a plexiglass plate.
4) Verification of Kepler's law on the reduction of light intensity as a function of distance.
5) Verification of the Lambert-Beer law on the attenuation of luminous intensity on passing through an opaque medium.
6) Determination of the focal distance and dioptric power of a thin lens through an optical measurement.
7) Determination of the focal distance and dioptric power of a lens system with the Bessel method.
8) Determination of the focal distance and dioptric power of an ophthalmic lens by measuring with a spherometer and with a dioptrometer and characterization of an astigmatic lens
9) Verification of Gullstrand's law and search for the main planes of an optical system consisting of two thin lenses.
10) Dispersion of light through a prism: verification of Cauchy's law and determination of the number of Abbe
11) Estimate of the magnification of an optical system: the magnifying lens
12) Use of Student's t test to compare experimental data and the chi-square test to assess how well a theoretical trend reproduces the behavior of experimental data; construction of a histogram and its limit function.

- Lecture notes distributed by the teacher during the course

- D. Halliday, R. Resnick, S. Walker, Fondamenti di Fisica (Casa Editrice Ambrosiana, 2015)

- R. Meyer-Arendt, Introduction to classical and modern optics (Prentice Hall, 1995)

- R. Taylor, Introduzione all’analisi dell’errore (Zanichelli, 2010)

- M. Bland, Statistica medica (Maggioli Editore, 2014)

- M. M. Triola e M. F. Triola, Fondamenti di Statistica (Pearson, 2013)

- J. Welkowitz, B. Cohen e R. Ewen, Statistica per le scienze del comportamento (Apogeo)

- S. A. Glantz, Statistica per Discipline Biomediche (McGraw-Hill, 2007)

Introduction to the optics of vision: historical backgrounds, conventions and symbols, geometric optics in relation to the applications of vision optics.
Anatomical structure of the eye and nods on the physiology of the visual system.
Schematic models of eye optics. Schematic eyes and Emsley's reduced eye. Calculation tutorials.
Axes of the eye and size of the retinal image.
The condition of emmetropy, definition of remote point.
Astigmatism and classification of eye astigmatism.
Compensation with ophthalmic lenses and contact lenses.
Accommodation, definition of near point, the condition of presbyopia.
Eye aberrations and retinal image quality.
From retinal image to visual information processing: hints of vision psychophysics, visual acuity and criteria in the construction of optometric boards, sensitivity to contrast, field of vision, color perception, anomalies of sense Color.

F. ZERI, A. ROSSETTI, A. FOSSETTI, A.CALOSSI (2012): Ottica Visulae, Società editrice Universo, Roma
A. ROSSETTI, P. GHELLER (2003): Manuale di Optometria e contattologia, Edizioni Zanichelli
L. Lupelli (2014): Optometria A-Z, dizionario di SCienze, tecnica e Clinica della Visione, Edizioni Medicl Books

Part I - Outlines of Organic Chemistry
Hydrocarbons and derivatives - Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Aromatic Compounds - Alcohols, Phenols, Thiols, Ethers - Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Anhydrides - Amines and Amides - Heterocyclic compounds - Stereoisomerism
Part II - General biochemistry
Water and its properties - Water properties - Hydrogen bond - Basic acid equilibria, pH and pK
Biomolecules - Amino acids, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleotides, Vitamins - Peptides and Proteins
Nucleic acids - DNA, RNA - Transcription and Translation
Metabolism - Catabolism and anabolism - Energy metabolism - Ocular metabolism - Ocular fluids - Carbohydrate metabolism
The process of vision - ion channels - rhodopsins and opsins - transduction of the light impulse into a nerve impulse - chromatic vision - proteins of the lens

David R. Whikehart
Biochemistry of the Eye
Elsevier

Available in the Library (Biblioteca di Area Scientifica)

1. Electrostatics: introduction to electrical phenomena, charge and Coulomb's law, charge distributions and Gauss's law, electric field.

2. Magnetism: electrical currents, magnetic phenomena, Ampère's and Biot-Savart's law.

3. Electromagnetism: induction, Faraday-Lens law, displacement current. Maxwell's equations, and electromagnetic waves.

4. Wave optics: polarisation, interference, diffraction.

5. Applications: wavefront sensors, Optical Coherence Tomography, light pulses.

Three laboratory sessions are part of this course, each made of two sessions. The subjects of the sessions are part of the syllabus.

parts 1-4: J.S. Walker, Fondamenti di fisica (5A ed., Pearson)

parts 1-4: H.D. Young, R.A. Friedman, Principi di fisica, vol. 2 (Pearson)

part 5: Lecture notes, as made available by the teacher

Complex numbers:
Algebraic operations; Cartesian, trigonometric and exponential forms; Powers and roots; Equations.

Taylor expansion:
Taylor formula; Taylor expansion of the elementary functions; Operations on the Taylor expansion.

Numerical series:
Numerical sequences; numerical series; positive term series; alternate sign term series; algebraic operations on series.

Fourier series:
Trigonometric polynomials; Fourier series and coefficients; Exponential form of the Fourier series; Derivation of the Fourier series; Convergence of the Fourier series; Periodic functions with period T0.

Fourier Transform:
Dirac delta function; Introduction to the Fraunhofer diffraction; Definition of the Fourier transform and antitransform; Examples of Fourier transforms; Mathematical properties of the Fourier transform; Physical properties of the Fourier transform; Multidimension transforms; Spatial filter.

Zernike Polynomials

Ordinary differential equations:
General definitions; First order equations; Second order linear differential equations with constant coefficients.

Claudio Canuto, Anita Tabacco ``Analisi Matematica I" [C.T.I]
Claudio Canuto, Anita Tabacco ``Analisi Matematica II" [C.T.II]
Greg Gbur ``Mathematical Methods for Optical Physics and Engineering" [Gbur]

homeostasis, fedback, structure/function relationship,
Cell physiology, cell membranes, osmosis, excitability of cells, cell metabolism. ,
Nervous system: - action potential, refractariety, synapses, reflexes, neurotransmitters and receptors
Muscles, contraction. Smooth and skeletal muscle working mechanisms
Breathing: Breathing physiology, excanges of gas
Kidney: philtration, absorbption, electrolitic homeostasis.
Heart functions, contractility mechanisms
Sensor Physiology: - Ihow nervous signals are decoded, sense organs. Olfactory, taste, hearing systems.
Visual system: retina functions and mecanismganglion cell functions and mechanisms of action, color vision, vision pathways and brain areas involved in.

Taglietti, Fondamenti di Fisiologia generale e integrata, Edises
DU SILVERTHORN, FISIOLOGIA;
Stanfield, Fisiologia, Edises.
C. L. Stanfield, Fisiologia

LIBRI CONSIGLIATI DISPONIBILI NELLA BIBLIOTECA D'AREA: RANDALL ET AL., FISIOLOGIA DEGLI ANIMALI; CASELLA E TAGLIETTI, FISIOLOGIA.
GUSSONI ET AL., FISIOLOGIA DEGLI ORGANI DI SENSO.

the professor meets students on Monday 10-13 by mail appointment.

INTRODUCTION: THE WORLD AT THE NANOSCALE. SPECTROSCOPY: ABSORPTION AND EMISSION. SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTIONS. BLACK BODY RADIATION AND THE PLANCK EQUATION. THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT: PHENOMENOLOGY AND THE INTERPRETATION OF EINSTEIN. ATOMIC MODELS. BOHR'S POSTULATES. ELECTRONIC TRANSITIONS. DE BROGLIE’S HYPOTHESIS, STATIONARY WAVES. INTRODUCTION TO THE WAVE FUNCTION. DETERMINISTIC AND PROBABILITY DESCRIPTION OF THE MOTION. HEISENBERG'S INDETERMINATION PRINCIPLE. THE PARTICLE CONFINED IN A SEGMENT. ONE DIMENSIONAL SCHRÖDINGER EQUATION. STATIONARY STATES. THE PARTICLE CONFINED IN A SEGMENT REVISITED. ONE-DIMENSIONAL POTENTIALS. WAVE FUNCTION OF MANY PARTICLES. FERMIONS AND BOSONS (MENTION). FERMI DISTRIBUTION (MENTION). PAULI’S EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE. SCHRÖDINGER'S EQ. FOR A CENTRAL POTENTIAL. THE QUANTUM NUMBERS. THE SPIN. DIPOLE SELECTION RULES. THE AUFBAU PRINCIPLE. THE HUND’S PRINCIPLE. THE PERIODIC TABLE. AFFINITY AND ELECTRONEGATIVITY. IONIC BOND AND COVALENT BOND. THE MOLECULAR ORBITALS. ROTATIONAL AND VIBRATIONAL ENERGIES OF BIATOMIC MOLECULES. HYBRIDIZATION AND POLYATOMIC MOLECULES. INTRODUCTION TO THE CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OF SOLIDS. BINDING ENERGY IN SOLIDS. THE ENERGY BANDS. CONDUCTORS, INSULATORS AND SEMICONDUCTORS. LINEAR OPTICS. ABSORPTION AND EMISSION: LUMINESCENCE: FLUORESCENCE AND PHOSPHORESCENCE. THE COLOR: RADIATION-MATTER INTERACTION. PRINCIPLE OF LASER OPERATION. HE-NE, AR + ION AND SEMICONDUCTOR LASER.

PAUL A. TIPLER : “CORSO DI FISICA” VOL. 3 ED. ZANICHELLI, TERZA EDIZIONE ITALIANA
PAUL A. TIPLER, GENE MOSCA: “CORSO DI FISICA” VOL. 3 ED. ZANICHELLI, QUARTA EDIZIONE ITALIANA
NOTES DISTRIBUTED BY THE TEACHER

THE ROLE AND PURPOSE OF OPTOMETRY

ABNORMALITIES OF REFRACTION
- The optical system of the eye
- Ocular aberrations
- Visual acuity
- Emmetropia and ametropia
- Astigmatism
- Presbyopia
- Anisometropia
- Amblyopia
- Prescription

THE OPTOMETRIC EXAMINATION
- The patient's history
- The preliminary examinations
- Objective refraction
- Subjective refraction
- The examination of binocular vision
- The eye health examination

INTRODUCTION TO BINOCULAR VISION ABNORMALITIES

- Introduction to the course: purpose and presentation of the program.
- Outlines of Physics of Matter and Optics.
- Diffraction (X-rays and neutrons), Phase transitions, Nucleation of crystals and Gibbs free energy.
- Formation and processing of silica glasses
- Mechanical properties of materials.
- Description of soft matter, polymers and Random Walk.
- Entropy, entropic forces and free energy.
- Viscoelastic response and mechanical properties of soft matter.
- Processing of "soft" glass.
- Forced harmonic oscillator. Response of an electron distribution to an oscillating electric field.
- Origin of the refractive index and its dependence on the wavelength.
- Optical properties of metals and non-metals. Color. Absorption, dispersion and reflection of light. Diffusion of light. Abbe number and its relationship with the refractive index. Polarizers.
- Shape memory materials.
- Optical fibers.
- Surface treatments of the lenses.
- In-depth study of new materials for the production of contact lenses

Suggested book:
- William D. Callister, Jr – Scienza e ingegneria dei materiali. Un introduzione. Edises
- Lecture notes

Procedures for fitting and examination of soft toric contact lenses
Procedures for fitting rigid scleral contact lenses
Quantification of contact lens-induced complications
Contact lens management of presbyopia
Determination of contact lens parameters

(possible modifications or additions)

REFERENCE BOOK:
Lupelli L, Fletcher R, Rossi A
Contattologia. Una Guida Clinica
1998, Medical Books, Palermo

BOOKS FOR FREE CONSULTATION AND RESEARCH:
Veys J, Meyler J, Davies I: Elementi Essenziali nella
Pratica delle Lenti a Contatto. TVCI , 2008 (cap: 7-12)

Lupelli L: Optometria A-Z. Dizionario di Scienza,Tecnica
e Clinica della Visione. 2014, Medical Books, Palermo

Introduce optometric approaches characterized by standardized sequences.
Know the principles of interdisciplinary collaboration in compliance with professional ethics.
The course takes place in the first semester of the third year.
Each lesson lasts 4 hours.
Introduction to the Study of Vision
Binocular Vision Reminders
The Stereoscopic Sense
Binocular abnormalities
AC/A ratio and its alterations
Asthenopia
Amblyopia
Aniseikonia
Eccentric fixation
Abnormal retinal correspondence
Strabismus
The numbers of the visual system
Visual Analysis of Mathematical Models
OEP – Morgan – Scheiman & Rouse - integrated analysis Scheiman &Wick
Geriatric optometry
Fundus examination
Pediatric Optometry
NSUCO
DEM test
MEM and Mohindra Schiascopy
Advanced Optometry:
Relationship between visual – vestibular and postural tonic system
Visual Skills and Space-Time Relationship
Vision and Balance Disturbances
Principles of Visual Training
Use of lenses and prisms in visual training
The role of the optometrist in the diagnosis and treatment of the above
Each topic is presented in its theoretical aspects and with the detailed explanation of optometric tests for evaluation. Presentations are made in Power Point in lectures

Clinical management of binocular vision , Scheiman & Wick ed wolter kluwer Lippincott Williams&Wilkins
Visione binoculare e motilità oculare , Burian – Von Norden ed Medical Books
Testi di supporto:
Rossetti Gheller Manuale di Optometria e Contattologia Zanichelli
Optometric management of learning related vision problem , Scheiman & Rouse OEPF
Articoli scientifici relativi
Tutto il materiale didattico è disponibile sulla piattaforma online