Università Roma Tre

THE COURSE PROVIDES THE FUNDAMENTAL MATHEMATICAL TOOLS FOR ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS APPLICATIONS.

The course provides an overview of basic macroeconomic issues. Models for the determination of national income, the interaction between markets for goods, labour and financial assets, growth models are the core of the programme.

THE COURSE IS DIVIDED INTO TWO SECTIONS: 1. THE FIRST ONE FACES INSTITUTIONAL THEMES RELATED TO FOR PROFIT AND NOT FOR PROFIT BUSINESS. PARTICULARLY, MAIN FEATURES OF PROFIT FIRMS ARE ADDRESSED: BUSINESS AND ENTREPREUNERSHIP; PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTOR; BUSINESS COMBINATIONS; FIRMS STRATEGIES; ECONOMIC EQUILIBRIUM OF FOR PROFIT BUSINESS; ONTHOLOGICAL RISK AND BUSINESS RISKS; FINANCIAL CAPITAL NEEDS: THE CHOICE BETWEEN DEBTS AND EQUITY; INTERNAL SOURCES OF FINANCING; BUSINESS ETHICS. 2. ACCOUNTING RECOGNITION. DOUBLE-ENTRY ACCOUNTING: THEORY AND METHODOLOGY.

IN A PRACTICAL SENSE, THE NUMBERED SECTIONS ARE DEVELOPED JOINTLY, IN ORDER TO HIGHLIGHT THE COMMON LOGICAL PATH BETWEEN THEORETICAL LEVEL OF DEEPENING AND QUANTITATIVE AND INFORMATION-RELATED INVESTIGATION.

PRIVATE LAW IS A COMPULSORY COURSE CHARACTERIZED BY A FORMATIVE FUNCTION.
THIS COURSE PROVIDES AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE MAIN CONCEPTS OF PRIVATE LAW, RELATING PARTICULARLY TO CULTURAL AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OFFERED BY THE DEGREE PROGRAMS OF THE FACULTY, OFFERING STUDENTS THE OPPORTUNITY TO APPROACH THE TOPIC IN A METHODOLOGICAL MANNER. THE COURSE PROVIDES THE LEGAL INSTRUMENTS ANALYSING DIFFERENT RULES. AS SUCH, OVER THE LENGTH OF THE COURSE AND WHILE PERUSING THE RECOMMENDED READING, USE OF AN UPDATED CIVIL CODE IS ESSENTIAL.

THIS COURSE EXAMINES THE RECENT, ECONOMIC POLICY DEBATE IN THE EURO AREA. THIS IS ACCOMPLISHED EXPLOITING ECONOMIC THEORIES AND METHODS, ALSO THROUGH THE LENS OF STATISTICAL AND HISTORICAL EVIDENCE. THE COURSE MAIN OBJECTIVE IS TO PROVIDE STUDENTS WITH SOME OF THE BASIC METHODS AND KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED TO ANALYZE AND UNDERSTAND ECONOMIC POLICY DECISIONS AND THEIR ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS WITHIN THE CURRENT INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT. THESE INCLUDES BOTH KEY MICROECONOMIC DECISIONS, SUCH AS POLLUTION ABATEMENT, COMPETITION, PUBLIC GOODS SUPPLY, AS WELL AS KEY MACROECONOMIC DECISIONS, SUCH AS BUSINESS CYCLE FLUCTUATIONS, PRODUCTIVITY AND GROWTH, PRICE INSTABILITY, BALANCE OF PAYMENT IMBALANCES.

The course aims to provide students with the basics concepts and techniques of corporate management. To this aim a firm is represented as a dynamic system, in its fundamental components and relations, according to the system theory principles. This representation allows explaining how a firm works and it is useful for managers’ decisions. The analysis principally refers to the industrial firms.

THE COURSE HAS BEEN DESIGNED IN ORDER TO PROVIDE STUDENTS WITH A THOROUGH EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND ANALYTICAL TOOLS OF FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING OF FIRMS IN MANUFACTURING AND TERTIARY INDUSTRY, IN LINE WITH THE MOST UP-TO-DATE INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS IN MODERN FINANCE THEORY AND PRACTICE. THE COURSE PRESENTS THE CORNERSTONES OF CORPORATE FINANCE AND COVERS CUTTING-EDGE CONCEPTS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE FINANCIAL MANAGER. IT COVERS THE MAJOR TOPICAL AREAS FOR AN INTRODUCTORY-LEVEL DISCUSSION OF THEORY AND PRACTICE OF CORPORATE FINANCIAL DECISIONS, SUCH AS CAPITAL BUDGETING, ESTIMATING COST OF CAPITAL, CAPITAL STRUCTURE CHOICE.

The aim of the course is to provide to the students the analytical tools and the institutional information necessary to understand and to assess the role of the public sector in market economies. In particular, the role of the public sector will be studied in its allocative, redistributive and stabilization function. Special attention will also be paid to the theory of taxation, to its economic aspects and to the application of taxes in the Italian tax system.

The course aims at providing students the basic elements of critical knowledge of public law with special focus on the relations among public institutions and individuals. Moreover the course provides the tools for an assessment of the role of the domestic, European and international institutional system in the current circumstances.

This course introduces students to the basic concepts and logic of statistical reasoning and gives the students introductory-level practical ability to choose, generate, and properly interpret appropriate descriptive and inferential methods.

THE GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS ARE SUBJECT TO DISCIPLINARY STUDY OF SEVERAL AREAS. PURPOSE OF THIS COURSE IS GRASP THE "SIZE COMPANY" IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE INTERDISCIPLINARY CONNECTIONS IN ORDER TO INTRODUCE LEARNER ECONOMY OF FARMS AND GOVERNMENT, UNDERSTOOD AS AN INDEPENDENT AND ORGANIC FRAMEWORK OF ECONOMY BUSINESS AND NOT AS A VARIETY OF RULES AND PRACTICES THAT ARE WRITTEN IN ILLUSTRATION MONOGRAPHIC AND SECTOR. THE CAREFUL INVESTIGATION OF A NUMBER OF ISSUES WHICH IS SPECIAL IMPORTANCE EXPONENTIALLY BUY ONLY IF CONDUCTED IN A COORDINATED SYSTEM DESIGNED AND GENERAL SCIENCE. FOR THAT REASON THE FOLLOWING COURSE HIS TRAINING "TRADITIONAL" A COURSE OF BUSINESS IN WHICH WE FOCUS ONLY ON DIFFERENT SYSTEMS THAT MAKE THE GOVERNMENT, INTENDED AS PRODUCTION COMPANY FOR DELIVERY IN WHICH THE COMMON NATURE "PUBLIC" OF THE ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ENTITY REQUIRES A REVIEW OF BUSINESS PRINCIPLES THAT GOVERN DIFFERENT SUB-SYSTEMS: THE GOODS AND HERITAGE, THE PEOPLE AND ORGANIZATION, OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT.

THE COURSE HAS BEEN DESIGNED IN ORDER TO PROVIDE STUDENTS WITH A THOROUGH EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND ANALYTICAL TOOLS OF FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING OF FIRMS IN MANUFACTURING AND TERTIARY INDUSTRY, IN LINE WITH THE MOST UP-TO-DATE INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS IN MODERN FINANCE THEORY AND PRACTICE. THE COURSE PRESENTS THE CORNERSTONES OF CORPORATE FINANCE AND COVERS CUTTING-EDGE CONCEPTS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE FINANCIAL MANAGER. IT COVERS THE MAJOR TOPICAL AREAS FOR AN INTRODUCTORY-LEVEL DISCUSSION OF THEORY AND PRACTICE OF CORPORATE FINANCIAL DECISIONS, SUCH AS CAPITAL BUDGETING, ESTIMATING COST OF CAPITAL, CAPITAL STRUCTURE CHOICE.

THE COURSE AIMS TO EXPOSE SOME FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT. THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE AUTHORS THAT WILL BE CONSIDERED HERE WILL BE PLACED IN THEIR HISTORICAL MOMENT, IN ORDER TO BETTER EXPLAIN SOME ASPECTS OF THOSE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE LIGHT OF THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PHENOMENA THAT WERE THEN IN PROGRESS. PARTICULAR ATTENTION WILL BE GIVEN, IN THIS RESPECT, TO THE DRASTIC CHANGE OF APPROACH IN ECONOMIC THEORY THAT BEGAN IN THE IMMEDIATE AFTERMATH OF RICARDO, AND FOR WHICH IT IS DIFFICULT TO FIND A JUSTIFICATION ON THE ANALYTICAL GROUND ONLY. THE WORKSHOP IS INTENDED, INTER ALIA, TO HIGHLIGHT THE CHARACTER OF SOCIAL SCIENCE OF POLITICAL ECONOMY, WHICH IN PART CAN BRING IN PART BASIC COURSES IN ECONOMICS, WHERE THE FOCUS IS PRIMARILY ON THE FORMAL LOGIC OF ECONOMIC THEORY.

THE COURSE AIMS AT GIVING AN OVERVIEW OF THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS AND PROCESSES OF THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY’S TRANSFORMATIONS FROM THE 18 TH TO THE 20TH CENTURY, LOOKING ESPECIALLY AT THE ITALIAN CASE.

THE COURSE PROVIDES THE FUNDAMENTAL MATHEMATICAL TOOLS FOR ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS APPLICATIONS.

The course provides an overview of basic macroeconomic issues. Models for the determination of national income, the interaction between markets for goods, labour and financial assets, growth models are the core of the programme.

THE COURSE IS DIVIDED INTO TWO SECTIONS: 1. THE FIRST ONE FACES INSTITUTIONAL THEMES RELATED TO FOR PROFIT AND NOT FOR PROFIT BUSINESS. PARTICULARLY, MAIN FEATURES OF PROFIT FIRMS ARE ADDRESSED: BUSINESS AND ENTREPREUNERSHIP; PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTOR; BUSINESS COMBINATIONS; FIRMS STRATEGIES; ECONOMIC EQUILIBRIUM OF FOR PROFIT BUSINESS; ONTHOLOGICAL RISK AND BUSINESS RISKS; FINANCIAL CAPITAL NEEDS: THE CHOICE BETWEEN DEBTS AND EQUITY; INTERNAL SOURCES OF FINANCING; BUSINESS ETHICS. 2. ACCOUNTING RECOGNITION. DOUBLE-ENTRY ACCOUNTING: THEORY AND METHODOLOGY.

IN A PRACTICAL SENSE, THE NUMBERED SECTIONS ARE DEVELOPED JOINTLY, IN ORDER TO HIGHLIGHT THE COMMON LOGICAL PATH BETWEEN THEORETICAL LEVEL OF DEEPENING AND QUANTITATIVE AND INFORMATION-RELATED INVESTIGATION.

PRIVATE LAW IS A COMPULSORY COURSE CHARACTERIZED BY A FORMATIVE FUNCTION.
THIS COURSE PROVIDES AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE MAIN CONCEPTS OF PRIVATE LAW, RELATING PARTICULARLY TO CULTURAL AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OFFERED BY THE DEGREE PROGRAMS OF THE FACULTY, OFFERING STUDENTS THE OPPORTUNITY TO APPROACH THE TOPIC IN A METHODOLOGICAL MANNER. THE COURSE PROVIDES THE LEGAL INSTRUMENTS ANALYSING DIFFERENT RULES. AS SUCH, OVER THE LENGTH OF THE COURSE AND WHILE PERUSING THE RECOMMENDED READING, USE OF AN UPDATED CIVIL CODE IS ESSENTIAL.

THE COURSE HAS BEEN DESIGNED IN ORDER TO PROVIDE STUDENTS WITH A THOROUGH EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND ANALYTICAL TOOLS OF FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING OF FIRMS IN MANUFACTURING AND TERTIARY INDUSTRY, IN LINE WITH THE MOST UP-TO-DATE INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS IN MODERN FINANCE THEORY AND PRACTICE. THE COURSE PRESENTS THE CORNERSTONES OF CORPORATE FINANCE AND COVERS CUTTING-EDGE CONCEPTS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE FINANCIAL MANAGER. IT COVERS THE MAJOR TOPICAL AREAS FOR AN INTRODUCTORY-LEVEL DISCUSSION OF THEORY AND PRACTICE OF CORPORATE FINANCIAL DECISIONS, SUCH AS CAPITAL BUDGETING, ESTIMATING COST OF CAPITAL, CAPITAL STRUCTURE CHOICE.

The aim of the course is to provide to the students the analytical tools and the institutional information necessary to understand and to assess the role of the public sector in market economies. In particular, the role of the public sector will be studied in its allocative, redistributive and stabilization function. Special attention will also be paid to the theory of taxation, to its economic aspects and to the application of taxes in the Italian tax system.

The course aims at providing students the basic elements of critical knowledge of public law with special focus on the relations among public institutions and individuals. Moreover the course provides the tools for an assessment of the role of the domestic, European and international institutional system in the current circumstances.

This course introduces students to the basic concepts and logic of statistical reasoning and gives the students introductory-level practical ability to choose, generate, and properly interpret appropriate descriptive and inferential methods.

THIS COURSE EXAMINES THE RECENT, ECONOMIC POLICY DEBATE IN THE EURO AREA. THIS IS ACCOMPLISHED EXPLOITING ECONOMIC THEORIES AND METHODS, ALSO THROUGH THE LENS OF STATISTICAL AND HISTORICAL EVIDENCE. THE COURSE MAIN OBJECTIVE IS TO PROVIDE STUDENTS WITH SOME OF THE BASIC METHODS AND KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED TO ANALYZE AND UNDERSTAND ECONOMIC POLICY DECISIONS AND THEIR ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS WITHIN THE CURRENT INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT. THESE INCLUDES BOTH KEY MICROECONOMIC DECISIONS, SUCH AS POLLUTION ABATEMENT, COMPETITION, PUBLIC GOODS SUPPLY, AS WELL AS KEY MACROECONOMIC DECISIONS, SUCH AS BUSINESS CYCLE FLUCTUATIONS, PRODUCTIVITY AND GROWTH, PRICE INSTABILITY, BALANCE OF PAYMENT IMBALANCES.

THE GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS ARE SUBJECT TO DISCIPLINARY STUDY OF SEVERAL AREAS. PURPOSE OF THIS COURSE IS GRASP THE "SIZE COMPANY" IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE INTERDISCIPLINARY CONNECTIONS IN ORDER TO INTRODUCE LEARNER ECONOMY OF FARMS AND GOVERNMENT, UNDERSTOOD AS AN INDEPENDENT AND ORGANIC FRAMEWORK OF ECONOMY BUSINESS AND NOT AS A VARIETY OF RULES AND PRACTICES THAT ARE WRITTEN IN ILLUSTRATION MONOGRAPHIC AND SECTOR. THE CAREFUL INVESTIGATION OF A NUMBER OF ISSUES WHICH IS SPECIAL IMPORTANCE EXPONENTIALLY BUY ONLY IF CONDUCTED IN A COORDINATED SYSTEM DESIGNED AND GENERAL SCIENCE. FOR THAT REASON THE FOLLOWING COURSE HIS TRAINING "TRADITIONAL" A COURSE OF BUSINESS IN WHICH WE FOCUS ONLY ON DIFFERENT SYSTEMS THAT MAKE THE GOVERNMENT, INTENDED AS PRODUCTION COMPANY FOR DELIVERY IN WHICH THE COMMON NATURE "PUBLIC" OF THE ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ENTITY REQUIRES A REVIEW OF BUSINESS PRINCIPLES THAT GOVERN DIFFERENT SUB-SYSTEMS: THE GOODS AND HERITAGE, THE PEOPLE AND ORGANIZATION, OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT.

THE COURSE HAS BEEN DESIGNED IN ORDER TO PROVIDE STUDENTS WITH A THOROUGH EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND ANALYTICAL TOOLS OF FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING OF FIRMS IN MANUFACTURING AND TERTIARY INDUSTRY, IN LINE WITH THE MOST UP-TO-DATE INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS IN MODERN FINANCE THEORY AND PRACTICE. THE COURSE PRESENTS THE CORNERSTONES OF CORPORATE FINANCE AND COVERS CUTTING-EDGE CONCEPTS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE FINANCIAL MANAGER. IT COVERS THE MAJOR TOPICAL AREAS FOR AN INTRODUCTORY-LEVEL DISCUSSION OF THEORY AND PRACTICE OF CORPORATE FINANCIAL DECISIONS, SUCH AS CAPITAL BUDGETING, ESTIMATING COST OF CAPITAL, CAPITAL STRUCTURE CHOICE.

THE COURSE AIMS AT GIVING AN OVERVIEW OF THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS AND PROCESSES OF THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY’S TRANSFORMATIONS FROM THE 18 TH TO THE 20TH CENTURY, LOOKING ESPECIALLY AT THE ITALIAN CASE.

THE COURSE PROVIDES THE FUNDAMENTAL MATHEMATICAL TOOLS FOR ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS APPLICATIONS.

The course provides an overview of basic macroeconomic issues. Models for the determination of national income, the interaction between markets for goods, labour and financial assets, growth models are the core of the programme.

THE COURSE IS DIVIDED INTO TWO SECTIONS: 1. THE FIRST ONE FACES INSTITUTIONAL THEMES RELATED TO FOR PROFIT AND NOT FOR PROFIT BUSINESS. PARTICULARLY, MAIN FEATURES OF PROFIT FIRMS ARE ADDRESSED: BUSINESS AND ENTREPREUNERSHIP; PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTOR; BUSINESS COMBINATIONS; FIRMS STRATEGIES; ECONOMIC EQUILIBRIUM OF FOR PROFIT BUSINESS; ONTHOLOGICAL RISK AND BUSINESS RISKS; FINANCIAL CAPITAL NEEDS: THE CHOICE BETWEEN DEBTS AND EQUITY; INTERNAL SOURCES OF FINANCING; BUSINESS ETHICS. 2. ACCOUNTING RECOGNITION. DOUBLE-ENTRY ACCOUNTING: THEORY AND METHODOLOGY.

IN A PRACTICAL SENSE, THE NUMBERED SECTIONS ARE DEVELOPED JOINTLY, IN ORDER TO HIGHLIGHT THE COMMON LOGICAL PATH BETWEEN THEORETICAL LEVEL OF DEEPENING AND QUANTITATIVE AND INFORMATION-RELATED INVESTIGATION.

PRIVATE LAW IS A COMPULSORY COURSE CHARACTERIZED BY A FORMATIVE FUNCTION.
THIS COURSE PROVIDES AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE MAIN CONCEPTS OF PRIVATE LAW, RELATING PARTICULARLY TO CULTURAL AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OFFERED BY THE DEGREE PROGRAMS OF THE FACULTY, OFFERING STUDENTS THE OPPORTUNITY TO APPROACH THE TOPIC IN A METHODOLOGICAL MANNER. THE COURSE PROVIDES THE LEGAL INSTRUMENTS ANALYSING DIFFERENT RULES. AS SUCH, OVER THE LENGTH OF THE COURSE AND WHILE PERUSING THE RECOMMENDED READING, USE OF AN UPDATED CIVIL CODE IS ESSENTIAL.

THE COURSE HAS BEEN DESIGNED IN ORDER TO PROVIDE STUDENTS WITH A THOROUGH EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND ANALYTICAL TOOLS OF FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING OF FIRMS IN MANUFACTURING AND TERTIARY INDUSTRY, IN LINE WITH THE MOST UP-TO-DATE INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS IN MODERN FINANCE THEORY AND PRACTICE. THE COURSE PRESENTS THE CORNERSTONES OF CORPORATE FINANCE AND COVERS CUTTING-EDGE CONCEPTS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE FINANCIAL MANAGER. IT COVERS THE MAJOR TOPICAL AREAS FOR AN INTRODUCTORY-LEVEL DISCUSSION OF THEORY AND PRACTICE OF CORPORATE FINANCIAL DECISIONS, SUCH AS CAPITAL BUDGETING, ESTIMATING COST OF CAPITAL, CAPITAL STRUCTURE CHOICE.

The aim of the course is to provide to the students the analytical tools and the institutional information necessary to understand and to assess the role of the public sector in market economies. In particular, the role of the public sector will be studied in its allocative, redistributive and stabilization function. Special attention will also be paid to the theory of taxation, to its economic aspects and to the application of taxes in the Italian tax system.

The course aims at providing students the basic elements of critical knowledge of public law with special focus on the relations among public institutions and individuals. Moreover the course provides the tools for an assessment of the role of the domestic, European and international institutional system in the current circumstances.

This course introduces students to the basic concepts and logic of statistical reasoning and gives the students introductory-level practical ability to choose, generate, and properly interpret appropriate descriptive and inferential methods.

THIS COURSE EXAMINES THE RECENT, ECONOMIC POLICY DEBATE IN THE EURO AREA. THIS IS ACCOMPLISHED EXPLOITING ECONOMIC THEORIES AND METHODS, ALSO THROUGH THE LENS OF STATISTICAL AND HISTORICAL EVIDENCE. THE COURSE MAIN OBJECTIVE IS TO PROVIDE STUDENTS WITH SOME OF THE BASIC METHODS AND KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED TO ANALYZE AND UNDERSTAND ECONOMIC POLICY DECISIONS AND THEIR ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL IMPLICATIONS WITHIN THE CURRENT INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT. THESE INCLUDES BOTH KEY MICROECONOMIC DECISIONS, SUCH AS POLLUTION ABATEMENT, COMPETITION, PUBLIC GOODS SUPPLY, AS WELL AS KEY MACROECONOMIC DECISIONS, SUCH AS BUSINESS CYCLE FLUCTUATIONS, PRODUCTIVITY AND GROWTH, PRICE INSTABILITY, BALANCE OF PAYMENT IMBALANCES.

THE COURSE HAS BEEN DESIGNED IN ORDER TO PROVIDE STUDENTS WITH A THOROUGH EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND ANALYTICAL TOOLS OF FINANCIAL DECISION MAKING OF FIRMS IN MANUFACTURING AND TERTIARY INDUSTRY, IN LINE WITH THE MOST UP-TO-DATE INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS IN MODERN FINANCE THEORY AND PRACTICE. THE COURSE PRESENTS THE CORNERSTONES OF CORPORATE FINANCE AND COVERS CUTTING-EDGE CONCEPTS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE FINANCIAL MANAGER. IT COVERS THE MAJOR TOPICAL AREAS FOR AN INTRODUCTORY-LEVEL DISCUSSION OF THEORY AND PRACTICE OF CORPORATE FINANCIAL DECISIONS, SUCH AS CAPITAL BUDGETING, ESTIMATING COST OF CAPITAL, CAPITAL STRUCTURE CHOICE.

THE COURSE AIMS AT GIVING AN OVERVIEW OF THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS AND PROCESSES OF THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY’S TRANSFORMATIONS FROM THE 18 TH TO THE 20TH CENTURY, LOOKING ESPECIALLY AT THE ITALIAN CASE.