Università Roma Tre

Cell and Tissue Compartmentalization(2.5 CFU):
Functional compartments of the organism include biological membranes, membrane dynamics, and intracellular compartments. These compartments enable segregation of cellular processes by creating distinct microenvironments, often bounded by lipid membranes, which regulate biochemical reactions efficiently. Tissue structure and remodeling are also fundamental aspects of compartmentalization, ensuring proper organization and function within multicellular systems.
Homeostasis and Control
The organization of the central nervous system, including somatic and autonomic divisions, underpins homeostatic control. Key elements include the chemical and electrical properties of the cell membrane, transport mechanisms, ion channels, and the generation of transmembrane potentials such as resting, electrotonic, and action potentials. Signal propagation and transmission involve neurotransmitters and synapses. Sensory physiology and reflex arcs (somatic and autonomic) contribute to rapid responses. The endocrine system regulates cellular communication through hormones, whose chemical nature, release, and signal transduction pathways maintain internal stability.

Organ and System Function (4.5 CFU):
The muscular system encompasses skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles, with contraction mechanics, refractory periods, tetanus, and motor control. The cardiovascular system involves electrical properties of the heart, pacemaker and myocardial potentials, cardiac pumping function, and intrinsic/extrinsic regulation of cardiac output. Blood vessels regulate flow, filtration, absorption, arterial pressure, and its control. Blood properties, globular resistance, distribution, and coagulation are critical. The respiratory system manages mechanics of ventilation, gas exchange, and pH regulation. The renal system handles glomerular filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion, and hormonal regulation. The digestive system includes enteric nervous control, glandular secretions, and nutrient digestion and absorption.

Integrated Physiology (1.0 CFU):
Metabolism and energy balance are tightly regulated by hormones such as insulin and glucagon, which control homeostatic metabolic processes. Thermoregulation and hydro-electrolytic balance, including water and salt homeostasis, are essential for physiological stability. The organism adapts to physical exercise and environmental changes through integrated physiological responses.

D.U. Silverthorn Fisiologia umana Pearson, Milano –Torino, Italia.
Aicardi et al. (a cura di) Fisiologia: dalle molecole ai sistemi integrati III Edizione EDISES, Napoli
Belfiore e colleghi Fisiologia Umana-Fondamenti Edi-Ermes