Università Roma Tre

plasma membrane and membrane transport; DNA, nucleus, cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis; cellular organelles, proteins, cytoplasmic pathway, secretory pathway, vesicular trafficking; mitochondria and energy; cytoskeleton; cellular junctions; epithelial tissue; nerve tissue; muscle tissue; connective tissue; bone tissue; Blood; immunity. (2) Elements of Genetics. Basic elements of genetics: organization of chromatin, hetero and euchromatin, the gene, the allele. The chromosome: structure and function. Homologous chromosomes, sister chromatids. Cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Defects of cell division and its consequences. Mendel and the concept of gene. Mendel's laws, numerical exercises. Extension of Mendelian genetics (incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, pleiotropy, epistasis). The chromosomal basis of inheritance, X-linked characters, crossing over and linkage maps, two-point cross, three-point cross, numerical exercises. Basic concepts of population genetics, numerical exercises. The molecular basis of heredity, semi-conservative DNA replication. Numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations. (3) Developmental Biology and Comparative Anatomy. (Developmental Biology). From a single cell to a multicellular organism: differentiation and morphogenesis. Sexual reproduction. Gametogenesis. Structural differences between the egg and the sperm. Fertilization: recognition of gametes at a distance and by contact. General information on the various stages of development: segmentation, gastrulation, organogenesis. Protostomes and deuterostomes. Early stages of development of echinoderms, cephalochordates, amphibians, birds, and mammals. Neurulation and the formation of encephalic vesicles. The mesoderm and the fate of the regions into which it is divided. The extraembryonic annexes: amnios, chorion, allantoid and yolk sac. The placenta. (Comparative Anatomy). Origin of vertebrates. The first agnates and the appearance of gnathostomes. Diversity and evolutionary success of aquatic vertebrates read based on their anatomy and reproductive biology. Origin of tetrapods and conquest of the emerged lands. Chondroichthyes, osteichthyes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Comparative anatomy of the organic systems of vertebrates: integumentary, respiratory, digestive and circulatory and uro-genital systems.

1) Cytology and Histology: Miscellaneous authors. Biologia - Cellula e Tessuti, Colombo&Olmo eds, edi-ermes.
2) Elements of Genetics: Campbell. Biologia e genetica, Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky and Orr. Pearson
3) Developmental Biology: Menegola et al. "Manuale di Biologia dello Sviluppo Animale", EdiSES
4) Comparative anatomy: Stingo "Anatomia Comparata", Edi-Ermes