Università Roma Tre

1. General. Scales, purposes and methods of inorganic qualitative analysis. The dry way: theoretical assumptions. Dry way essays for the research of cations and anions: flame tests, pearl essays, tube tests. Specific recognition tests. (6 hours)
The wet way: theoretical assumptions. Chemical characteristics of the compounds. The states of matter. Ionic, metallic, and molecular solids and liquids; covalent or reticular solids, amorphous solids. Safety in the chemical laboratory: evaluation of the chemical risk. (6 hours)
2. Thermodynamics of solutions. Solubility of solids in liquids; miscibility between liquids; solubility of gases in liquids. (4 hours)
The equilibria in solution (theoretical aspects and calculations): A) Hydrolysis equilibria. Types of salts and corresponding types of hydrolysis. Hydrolysis of anion. Hydrolysis of the cation. Simultaneous hydrolysis of cation and anion. (4 hours)
B) Complexation equilibria. Coordination compounds (complexes). Chelates. The chemical bond in the coordination compounds: theories of the valence bond, of the crystalline field and of the molecular orbitals. Stability of the complexes; the instability constant. Masking effect of the complexes. Effect of pH on complexation equilibria: hydrolysis of the cation; hydrolysis of the ligand. Influence of hydrolysis equilibria on complexes stability. Changes of pH due to formation of complexes. (8 hours)
3. Precipitation equilibria (theoretical aspects and calculations). Solubility; solubility product. Effect of the common ion on solubility. Dynamics of the formation of precipitates; crystalline and colloidal precipitates. Physical and chemical factors that influence the formation of precipitates: temperature, ionic strength of the solution, hydrolysis, pH of the solution. Pollution of precipitates; co-precipitation and post-precipitation. Adsorption, isomorphic substitution and occlusion. Aging of precipitates. (4 hours)
Precipitation and hydrolysis; amphoteric hydroxides. Precipitation and complexation: silver halides and ammonia; Ni2+, Co2+ and Zn2+ ions and ammonia; separation Cu2+/Cd2+. (6 hours)
Redox equilibria. General information on redox reactions. Influence of pH on redox reactions. Influence of the formation of precipitates (case of HgS) and of the complexes (case of the recognition of Bi3+ with Sn(OH)3 on redox reactions). (4 hours)
Classical systematic analysis: methods and reactions for the research and recognition of cations and anions. Italian FU IX and X ed .: identification reactions for inorganic cations and anions (10 hours)
4. PHARMACEUTICAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS. 1. Principles of general Medicinal Chemistry. Definition of medication,drug, and poison. Therapeutic Index. Absorption, distribution, metabolism (phase 1 and phase 2) and drug excretion. 2. Principles of general toxicology. Definition of toxic. Acute and chronic intoxication. Mechanisms of pharmacological and toxic action. Antidotes for heavy metal poisoning. (4 hours)
3. Special Part: A) Heavy metal poisoning: Lead, Mercury, Silver, Cadmium, Bismuth, Antimony, Nickel. B) Pharmacological and toxicological properties of Arsenic (arsenic trioxide in the treatment of APL). C) Pharmacological and toxicological properties of ions of biological interest: Copper, Tin, Aluminum, Iron, Manganese, Chromium, Cobalt, Calcium, Barium, Magnesium, Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Ammonium, Halides, Nitrates, Oxalates, Sulfates, Carbonates, Acetates, Borates, Cyanides. (4 hours)

1) Fedele Manna. Analysis of Medicines. CISU ed. Rome.
2) Antonio Araneo. Qualitative Analytical Chemistry. Ambrosiana ed. Milan.
3) Arnaldo Peloso. Qualitative Inorganic Chemistry Analysis. Cortina ed. Padua.
4) Italian F.U. IX and X ed.