Università Roma Tre

Biomaterials (I module)


1. Introduction
History of biomaterials. Definition of biomaterials. Biocompatibility. Sterilization, prevention of infection. Classification of Biomaterials

2. Material properties
Mechanical properties: Young's modulus; Stress–strain curves of different types of materials. Dynamic fatigue failure. Viscoelasticity. Hardness. Thermal Properties.

3. Organic Chemistry
The Origins of Organic Chemistry. Principles of Atomic Structure. Bond Formation: The Octet Rule. Ionic and covalent Bonding. Electronegativity and Bond Polarity. Lewis Structures. Multiple Bonding. Resonance. Pi Bonding. Hybridization and geometry. Bond rotation. Structure and properties of Hydrocarbons: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons. Intermolecular Forces. Functional groups. Structure and properties of organic compounds: Halogenated compounds; Alcohols; Thiols; Ethers; Amines; Aldehydes; Ketones; Carboxylic acids. Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases. Condensation reaction of Acids with Alcohols: Esters. Condensation reaction of carboxylic acid and ammonia or an amine: Amides. Stereochemistry.

4. Polymers
Definition. Classification of polymers. Characteristics and properties of polymeric materials: Degree of Polymerization; Molecular Weight; Degree of Polydispersity; Reticulation degree; Glass transition temperature; Melting temperature. Condensation polymers: Polyamides; Polyesters; Polyurethanes. Disadvantages of condensation polymers. Addition Polymers: Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC); polymethacrylate (PMA); Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA); Hydrogels; Teflon (TFPE). Stereochemistry of polymers. The physical state of the polymers: Crystalline Polymers, Semi-Crystalline Polymers, Amorphous Polymers. Fibers. Elastomers: Natural Rubber, Synthetic rubbers, Silicones. Behavior of polymers as a function of temperature: thermoplastic polymers, thermosetting polymers. Thermoplastic polymers with high resistance: Polyacetals, Polysulfones, Polycarbonates. Biodegradable polymers.

5. Metallic biomaterials
Structure, Properties and Applications. Types and Composition of Stainless Steels. Cobalt-based alloys: CoCrMo and CoNiCrMo alloy. Ti and Ti-based alloys (Ti6Al4V). Shape–memory alloys: Ni–Ti alloy. Corrosion of metallic implants.

6. Ceramic biomaterials
Physical Properties. Sintering. Use of ceramic materials. Bioinert ceramics: alumina, zirconia and pyrolytic carbon. Bioactive ceramics: hydroxyapatite (HA), bioglasses or glass-ceramics. bioresorbable ceramics: tricalcium phosphate (TCP).

7. Hip prostheses
Characteristics of hip prostheses and biomaterials used. Cementless and Cemented hip prostheses. Stress-shielding. Bone cement.

8. Heart Valve Implants
The Functions of the Heart and natural Heart valves. Valvular heart disease. Mechanical valves: Caged ball valve, Monoleaflet mechanical valve, Bileaflet mechanical valve. Bioprosthetic valves: Porcine bioprosthetic valves, Pericardial bioprosthetic valves, Stentless Bioprostheses, Percutaneous Bioprostheses. Selecting the Optimal Prosthesis in the Individual Patient.

9. Vascular Prostheses
Arterial disease: stenosis and aneurysm. Ideal characteristics of a graft. Implants of biological origin and implants of synthetic origin. Materials used in synthetic Implants. Porosity/permeability and Compliance of synthetic vascular prostheses.

10. Ophthalmic implants
Contact lenses and intraocular lenses. General Properties of Materials of Relevance to Contact Lenses. Hard contact lenses. Soft contact lenses. Biomimetic lenses. Materials used for intraocular lenses.

11. Tissue response to implants
Cellular Response to Implants: Ceramics, metals and polymers. Systemic Effects by Implants. Blood Compatibility.

"Biomaterials An introducion”
Joon Park and R.S. Lakes Third Edition (Springer)

“Biomaterials”
Véronique Migonney (Wiley)