Università Roma Tre

Receiving antennas. Reciprocity theorem and effective area. Polarization mismatch. Friis transmission formula. Noise in communication systems. Noise temperature of an antenna.
Array design. Binomial and polynomial arrays, Chebyshev method. Feeding networks, Butler Matrices. Parasitic and log-periodic arrays.
Aperture antennas. Analysis and synthesis. Radiation from a planar aperture: the Fourier transform method. Radiation from rectangular and circular aperture. Application of field-equivalence principles to aperture radiation. Open waveguides and horn antennas. Ray optics. Microwave lens. Paraboloidal reflector antennas: efficiency, directivity, cross-polarization. Induced current method. Feeds with low cross-polarization. Dual reflector systems. Radiation from slots. Microstrip antennas.
Scattering of the radiation: general environment and canonical cases. Plane-wave scattering by a conducting cylinder, E- and H- polarization. Dielectric cylinder. Simulation of complex objects by using Richmond’s method.
Propagation between fixed points. Surface-wave links. Antennas in visibility, effect of the earth curvature, roughness, and kind of soil.
Ionospheric propagation. Constitutive relations of ionized media. Attenuation. Effects of terrestrial magnetic field. The ionospheric wave for LF, MF, and HF.
Tropospheric propagation in clean air. Atmospheric refractivity. Layered refractivity, and curvature of electromagnetic rays. Visibility on flat and spherical earth. Tropospheric propagation in presence of precipitations. Scattering by a single particle. Rain induced depolarization.

Reference books: A. Paraboni, “Antenne”, Mc-Graw-Hill Libri Italia; C. Balanis “Antenna theory, analysis and design”, 3rd edition, Wiley; A. Paraboni, M. D’Amico, “Radiopropagazione” Mc Graw Hill Libri Italia; Robert E. Collin, “Antennas and radiowave propagation”, Mc-Graw Hill Book Company.